Clinical MRI in children and adults with focal epilepsy: A critical review

Epilepsy and Behavior

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 40-49

  Woermann, Friedrich G ^a   Vollmar, Christian ^b  

^a EPILEPSY CENTER BETHEL   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Epilepsy; MRI

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT;

BRAIN MALFORMATION; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SURGERY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CORTICAL DYSPLASIA; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FOCAL EPILEPSY; GLIOMA; HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NEUROEPITHELIOMA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SYMPTOM; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; BRAIN MAPPING; CHILD; EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT; SCLEROSIS;

EID: 67349176038     PISSN: 15255050     EISSN: 15255069     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.032     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Semah F., Picot M.C., Adam C., et al. Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence?. Neurology 51 (1998) 1256-1262
2. Koepp M.J., and Woermann F.G. Imaging structure and function in refractory focal epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 4 (2005) 42-53
3. Spooner C.G., Berkovic S.F., Mitchell L.A., Wrennall J.A., and Harvey A.S. New-onset temporal lobe epilepsy in children: lesion on MRI predicts poor seizure outcome. Neurology 67 (2006) 2147-2153
4. Cardoso T.A., Coan A.C., Kobayashi E., Guerreiro C.A., Li L.M., and Cendes F. Hippocampal abnormalities and seizure recurrence after antiepileptic drug withdrawal. Neurology 67 (2006) 134-136
5. Spencer S., and Huh L. Outcomes of epilepsy surgery in adults and children. Lancet Neurol 7 (2008) 525-537
6. Berkovic S.F., McIntosh A.M., Kalnins R.M., et al. Preoperative MRI predicts outcome of temporal lobectomy: an actuarial analysis. Neurology 45 (1995) 1358-1363
7. Jeha L.E., Najm I., Bingaman W., Dinner D., Widdess-Walsh P., and Lüders H. Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery. Brain 130 (2007) 574-584
8. Lerner JT, Salamon N, Hauptman JS, et al. Assessment and surgical outcomes for mild type I and severe type II cortical dysplasia: a critical review and the UCLA experience. Epilepsia 2009 January 19. [Epub ahead of print]
9. Wieshmann U.C. Clinical application of neuroimaging in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 (2003) 466-470
10. Li L.M., Fish D.R., Sisodiya S.M., Shorvon S.D., Alsanjari N., and Stevens J.M. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging in adults with partial or secondary generalised epilepsy attending a tertiary referral unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59 (1995) 384-387
11. Liu R.S., Lemieux L., Bell G.S., et al. Progressive neocortical damage in epilepsy. Ann Neurol 53 (2003) 312-324
12. Von Oertzen J., Urbach H., Jungbluth S., et al. Standard magnetic resonance imaging is inadequate for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 (2002) 643-647
13. Lev M.H., Rhea J.T., and Bramson R.T. Avoidance of variability and error in radiology. Lancet 354 (1999) 272
14. Knake S., Triantafyllou C., Wald L.L., et al. 3T phased array MRI improves the presurgical evaluation in focal epilepsies: a prospective study. Neurology 65 (2005) 1026-1031
15. Bautista J.F., Foldvary-Schaefer N., Bingaman W.E., and Lüders H.O. Focal cortical dysplasia and intractable epilepsy in adults: clinical, EEG, imaging, and surgical features. Epilepsy Res 55 (2003) 131-136
16. Salmenpera T.M., Symms M.R., Rugg-Gunn F.J., et al. Evaluation of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging contrasts in MRI-negative refractory focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 48 (2007) 229-237
17. Huppertz H.J., Kurthen M., and Kassubek J. Voxel-based 3D MRI analysis for the detection of epileptogenic lesions at single subject level. Epilepsia 50 (2009) 155-156
18. Rugg-Gunn F.J., Eriksson S.H., Symms M.R., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in refractory epilepsy. Lancet 359 (2002) 1748-1751
19. Urbach H., Hattingen J., von Oertzen J., et al. MR imaging in the presurgical workup of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 (2004) 919-926
20. Commission on Neuroimaging of the International League Against Epilepsy. Recommendations for neuroimaging of patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997;38:1255-6.
21. Wright N.B. Imaging in epilepsy: a paediatric perspective. Br J Radiol 74 (2001) 575-589
22. ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Strategies. Recommendations for functional neuroimaging of persons with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000;41:1350-6.
23. Symms M., Jäger H.R., Schmierer, and Yousry T.A. A review of structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 (2004) 1235-1244
24. Bergin P.S., Fish D.R., Shorvon S.D., Oatridge A., deSouza N.M., and Bydder G.M. Magnetic resonance imaging in partial epilepsy: additional abnormalities shown with the fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58 (1995) 439-443
25. Lenclos N., Oppenheim C., Dormont D., Hasboun D., Baulac M., and Marsault C. MRI of drug-resistant epilepsies: contribution of FLAIR sequence in a series of 150 patients. J Neuroradiol 27 (2000) 164-172
26. Jack CR J., Rydberg C.H., Krecke K.N., et al. Mesial temporal sclerosis: diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery versus spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 199 (1996) 367-373
27. Wieshmann U.C., Barker G.J., Symms M.R., Bartlett P.A., Stevens J.M., and Shorvon S.D. Fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery imaging: first experience with a 3D version in epilepsy. Neuroradiology 40 (1998) 483-489
28. Barkovich AJ. Techniques and methods in pediatric neuroimaging. In: Pediatric neuroimaging. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2005. p. 1-16.
29. Wieshmann U.C., Free S.L., Everitt A.D., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in epilepsy with a fast FLAIR sequence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61 (1996) 357-361
30. Hirai T., Korogi Y., Yoshizumi K., Shigematsu Y., Sugahara T., and Takahashi M. Limbic lobe of the human brain: evaluation with turbo fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology 215 (2000) 470-475
31. Gralla J., Guzman R., Brekenfeld C., Remonda L., and Kiefer C. High-resolution three-dimensional T2-weighted sequence for neuronavigation: a new setup and clinical trial. J Neurosurg 102 (2005) 658-663
32. Bast T., Ramantani G., Seitz A., and Rating D. Focal cortical dysplasia: prevalence, clinical presentation and epilepsy in children and adults. Acta Neurol Scand 113 (2006) 72-81
33. Jansen FE, Van Huffelen AC, Van Rijen PC, et al., for the Dutch Collaborative Epilepsy Surgery Program. Epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis: the Dutch experience. Seizure 2007;16:445-53.
34. Focke N.K., Symms M.R., Burdett J.L., and Duncan J.S. Voxel-based analysis of whole brain FLAIR at 3T detects focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 49 (2008) 786-793
35. Kuzniecky R.I., and Jackson G.D. Magnetic resonance in epilepsy: neuroimaging techniques. 2nd ed. (2005), Elsevier, Amsterdam
36. Woermann F.G., Free S.L., Koepp M.J., Ashburner J., and Duncan J.S. Voxel-by-voxel comparison of automatically segmented cerebral gray matter: a rater-independent comparison of structural MRI in patients with epilepsy. NeuroImage 10 (1999) 373-384
37. Bernasconi A., Antel S.B., Collins D.L., et al. Texture analysis and morphological processing of magnetic resonance imaging assist detection of focal cortical dysplasia in extra-temporal partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol 49 (2001) 770-775
38. Huppertz H.J., Grimm C., Fauser S., et al. Enhanced visualization of blurred gray-white matter junctions in focal cortical dysplasia by voxel-based 3D MRI analysis. Epilepsy Res 67 (2005) 35-50
39. Vattipally V.R., and Bronen R.A. MR imaging of epilepsy: strategies for successful interpretation. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 14 (2004) 349-372
40. Tuxhorn I.E., and Woermann F. Imaging malformations of cortical development. Handb Clin Neurol 87 (2007) 477-501
41. Sisodiya S.M., Stevens J.M., Fish D.R., Free S.L., and Shorvon S.D. The demonstration of gyral abnormalities in patients with cryptogenic partial epilepsy using three-dimensional MRI. Arch Neurol 53 (1996) 28-34
42. Meiners L.C., Witkamp T.D., de Kort G.A., et al. Relevance of temporal lobe white matter changes in hippocampal sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Invest Radiol 34 (1999) 38-45
43. Choi D., Na D.G., Byun H.S., et al. White-matter change in mesial temporal sclerosis: correlation of MRI with PET, pathology, and clinical features. Epilepsia 40 (1999) 1634-1641
44. Okujava M., Schulz R., Ebner A., and Woermann F.G. Measurement of temporal lobe T2 relaxation times using a routine diagnostic MR imaging protocol in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 48 (2002) 131-142
45. Phal P.M., Usmanov A., Nesbit G.M., et al. Qualitative comparison of 3-T and 1.5-T MRI in the evaluation of epilepsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 (2008) 890-895
46. Briellmann R.S., Pell G.S., Wellard R.M., Mitchell L.A., Abbott D.F., and Jackson G.D. MR imaging of epilepsy: state of the art at 1.5 T and potential of 3 T. Epileptic Disord 5 (2003) 3-20
47. Eriksson S.H., Thom M., Bartlett P.A., et al. PROPELLER MRI visualizes detailed pathology of hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsia 49 (2008) 33-39
48. Fatterpekar G.M., Naidich T.P., Delman B.N., et al. Cytoarchitecture of the human cerebral cortex: MR microscopy of excised specimens at 9.4 Tesla. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23 (2002) 1313-1321
49. Cendes F. Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 17 (2004) 161-164
50. King M.A., Newton M.R., Jackson G.D., et al. Epileptology of the first-seizure presentation: a clinical, electroence phalographic, and magnetic resonance imaging study of 300 consecutive patients. Lancet 352 (1998) 1007-1011
51. Harvey A.S., Berkovic S.F., Wrennall J.A., and Hopkins I.J. Temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood: clinical, EEG, and neuroimaging findings and syndrome classification in a cohort with new-onset seizures. Neurology 49 (1997) 960-968
52. Harvey A.S., Grattan-Smith J.D., Desmond P.M., Chow C.W., and Berkovic S.F. Febrile seizures and hippocampal sclerosis: frequent and related findings in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy of childhood. Pediatr Neurol 12 (1995) 201-206
53. Mohamed A., Wyllie E., Ruggieri P., et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis in pediatric candidates for epilepsy surgery. Neurology 56 (2001) 1643-1649
54. Lewis D.V., Barboriak D.P., MacFall J.R., Provenzale J.M., Mitchell T.V., and VanLandingham K.E. Do prolonged febrile seizures produce medial temporal sclerosis? Hypotheses, MRI evidence and unanswered questions. Prog Brain Res 135 (2002) 263-278
55. DeLong G.R., and Heinz E.R. The clinical syndrome of early-life bilateral hippocampal sclerosis. Ann Neurol 42 (1997) 11-17
56. Woermann F.G., Barker G.J., Birnie K.D., Meencke H.J., and Duncan J.S. Regional changes in hippocampal T2 relaxation and volume: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65 (1998) 656-664
57. Blümcke I., Pauli E., Clusmann H., et al. A new clinico-pathological classification system for mesial temporal sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 113 (2007) 235-244
58. Jackson G.D., Berkovic S.F., Tress B.M., Kalnins R.M., Fabinyi G.C., and Bladin P. Hippocampal sclerosis can be reliably detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 40 (1990) 1869-1875
59. Stevens J.M. Neuroradiology in epilepsy. In: Scaravilli F. (Ed). Neuropathology of epilepsy (1997), World Scientific, Singapore 77-139
60. Moore K.R., Swallow C.E., and Tsuruda J.S. Incidental detection of hippocampal sclerosis on MR images: is it significant?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 (1999) 1609-1612
61. Kobayashi E., Lopes-Cendes I., Guerreiro C.A., Sousa S.C., Guerreiro M.M., and Cendes F. Seizure outcome and hippocampal atrophy in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 56 (2001) 166-172
62. Benbadis S.R., Tatum IV W.O., Murtagh F.R., and Vale F.L. MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology 55 (2000) 1061-1062
63. Benbadis S.R., Wallace J., and Reed Murtagh F. MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis in subjects without seizures. Seizure 11 (2002) 340-343
64. Bartlett P.A., Symms M.R., Free S.L., and Duncan J.S. T2 relaxometry of the hippocampus at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (2007) 1095-1098
65. Okujava M., Schulz R., Hoppe M., Ebner A., Jokeit H., and Woermann F.G. Bilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: comparison of scalp EEG and hippocampal MRI-T2 relaxometry. Acta Neurol Scand 110 (2004) 148-153
66. Provenzale J.M., Barboriak D.P., VanLandingham K., MacFall J., Delong D., and Lewis D.V. Hippocampal MRI signal hyperintensity after febrile status epilepticus is predictive of subsequent mesial temporal sclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190 (2008) 976-983
67. Bien C.G., Urbach H., Schramm J., et al. Limbic encephalitis as a precipitating event in adult-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 69 (2007) 1236-1244
68. Cendes F., Cook M.J., Watson C., et al. Frequency and characteristics of dual pathology in patients with lesional epilepsy. Neurology 45 (1995) 2058-2064
69. Mitchell L.A., Harvey A.S., Coleman L.T., Mandelstam S.A., and Jackson G.D. Anterior temporal changes on MR images of children with hippocampal sclerosis: an effect of seizures on the immature brain?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 (2003) 1670-1677
70. Fauser S., Schulze-Bonhage A., Honegger J., et al. Focal cortical dysplasias: surgical outcome in 67 patients in relation to histological subtypes and dual pathology. Brain 127 (2004) 2406-2418
71. Ryvlin P., Coste S., Hermier M., and Mauguière F. Temporal pole MRI abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epileptic Disord 4 Suppl. 1 (2002) 33-39
72. Keller S.S., and Roberts N. Voxel-based morphometry of temporal lobe epilepsy: an introduction and review of the literature. Epilepsia 49 (2008) 741-757
73. Pell G.S., Briellmann R.S., Waites A.B., Abbott D.F., and Jackson G.D. Voxel-based relaxometry: a new approach for analysis of T2 relaxometry changes in epilepsy. NeuroImage 21 (2004) 707-713
74. McLean MA, Koepp M, Woermann FG. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with epilepsy. In: Lüders HO, editor. Textbook of epilepsy surgery. London: Informa; 2008. p. 755-63
75. Woermann F.G., McLean M.A., Bartlett P.A., Parker G.J., Barker G.J., and Duncan J.S. Short echo time single-voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in magnetic resonance imaging-negative temporal lobe epilepsy: different biochemical profile compared with hippocampal sclerosis. Ann Neurol 45 (1999) 369-376
76. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pre-operative evaluation for epilepsy surgery: a meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 71 (2006) 149-158
77. Rugg-Gunn F.J., Eriksson S.H., Symms M.R., Barker G.J., and Duncan J.S. Diffusion tensor imaging of cryptogenic and acquired partial epilepsies. Brain 124 (2001) 627-636
78. Janszky J., Jokeit H., Kontopoulou K., et al. Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 46 (2005) 244-250
79. Powell H.W., Richardson M.P., Symms M.R., et al. Preoperative fMRI predicts memory decline following anterior temporal lobe resection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2008) 686-693
80. Richardson M.P., Strange B.A., Duncan J.S., and Dolan R.J. Memory fMRI in left hippocampal sclerosis: optimizing the approach to predicting postsurgical memory. Neurology 66 (2006) 699-705
81. Woermann F.G., Jokeit H., Luerding R., et al. Language lateralization by Wada test and fMRI in 100 patients with epilepsy. Neurology 61 (2003) 699-701
82. Binder J.R., Sabsevitz D.S., Swanson S.J., Hammeke T.A., Raghavan M., and Mueller W.M. Use of preoperative functional MRI to predict verbal memory decline after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 49 (2008) 1377-1394
83. Powell H.W., Parker G.J., Alexander D.C., et al. MR tractography predicts visual field defects following temporal lobe resection. Neurology 65 (2005) 596-599
84. Nilsson D., Starck G., Ljungberg M., et al. Intersubject variability in the anterior extent of the optic radiation assessed by tractography. Epilepsy Res 77 (2007) 11-16
85. Taoka T., Sakamoto M., Nakagawa H., et al. Diffusion tensor tractography of the Meyer loop in cases of temporal lobe resection for temporal lobe epilepsy: correlation between postsurgical visual field defect and anterior limit of Meyer loop on tractography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 (2008) 1329-1334
86. Rosenow F., and Lüders H. Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124 (2001) 1683-1700
87. Li L.M., Cendes F., Antel S.B., et al. Prognostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for surgical outcome in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and bilateral hippocampal atrophy. Ann Neurol 47 (2000) 195-200
88. Li L.M., Cendes F., Andermann F., et al. Surgical outcome in patients with epilepsy and dual pathology. Brain 122 (1999) 799-805
89. Palmini A., Andermann F., Olivier A., et al. Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: a study of 30 patients. Ann Neurol 30 (1991) 741-749
90. Chassoux F., Devaux B., Landré E., et al. Stereoelectroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia: a 3D approach to delineating the dysplastic cortex. Brain 123 (2000) 1733-1751
91. Tassi L., Colombo N., Garbelli R., et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome. Brain 125 (2002) 1719-1732
92. Francione S., Vigliano P., Tassi L., et al. Surgery for drug resistant partial epilepsy in children with focal cortical dysplasia: anatomical-clinical correlations and neurophysiological data in 10 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 (2003) 1493-1501
93. Mackay M.T., Becker L.E., Chuang S.H., et al. Malformations of cortical development with balloon cells: clinical and radiologic correlates. Neurology 60 (2003) 580-587
94. Kloss S., Pieper T., Pannek H., Holthausen H., and Tuxhorn I. Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome. Neuropediatrics 33 (2002) 21-26
95. Lortie A., Plouin P., Chiron C., Delalande O., and Dulac O. Characteristics of epilepsy in focal cortical dysplasia in infancy. Epilepsy Res 51 (2002) 133-145
96. Sisodiya S.M., Lin W.R., Harding B.N., Squier M.V., and Thom M. Drug resistance in epilepsy: expression of drug resistance proteins in common causes of refractory epilepsy. Brain 125 (2002) 22-31
97. Barkovich A.J., Kuzniecky R.I., Jackson G.D., Guerrini R., and Dobyns W.B. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development. Neurology 65 (2005) 1873-1887
98. Palmini A., and Lüders H.O. Classification issues in malformations caused by abnormalities of cortical development. Neurosurg Clin North Am 13 (2002) 1-16
99. Taylor D.C., Falconer M.A., Bruton C.J., and Corsellis J.A. Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34 (1971) 369-387
100. Sisodiya S.M. Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy. Brain 123 (2000) 1075-1091
101. Krsek P., Maton B., Korman B., et al. Different features of histopathological subtypes of pediatric focal cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 63 (2008) 758-769
102. Krsek P., Pieper T., Karlmeier A., et al. Different presurgical characteristics and seizure outcomes in children with focal cortical dysplasia type I or II. Epilepsia 50 (2009) 125-137
103. Guerrini R., Dobyns W.B., and Barkovich A.J. Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options. Trends Neurosci 31 (2008) 154-162
104. Besson P., Andermann F., Dubeau F., and Bernasconi A. Small focal cortical dysplasia lesions are located at the bottom of a deep sulcus. Brain 131 (2008) 3246-3255
105. Barkovich A.J., Kuzniecky R.I., Bollen A.W., and Grant P.E. Focal transmantle dysplasia: a specific malformation of cortical development. Neurology 49 (1997) 1148-1152
106. Baron Y., and Barkovich A.J. MR imaging of tuberous sclerosis in neonates and young infants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 (1999) 907-916
107. Cepeda C., André V.M., Levine M.S., et al. Epileptogenesis in pediatric cortical dysplasia: the dysmature cerebral developmental hypothesis. Epilepsy Behav 9 (2006) 219-235
108. Rastogi S., Lee C., and Salamon N. Neuroimaging in pediatric epilepsy: a multimodality approach. Radiographics 28 (2008) 1079-1095
109. Lee S.K., Kim D.I., Mori S., Kim J., Kim H.D., Heo K., and Lee B.I. Diffusion tensor MRI visualizes decreased subcortical fiber connectivity in focal cortical dysplasia. NeuroImage 22 (2004) 1826-1829
110. Eriksson S.H., Rugg-Gunn F.J., Symms M.R., Barker G.J., and Duncan J.S. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development. Brain 124 (2001) 617-626
111. Janszky J., Ebner A., Kruse B., et al. Functional organization of the brain with malformations of cortical development. Ann Neurol 53 (2003) 759-767
112. Marusic P., Najm I.M., Ying Z., et al. Focal cortical dysplasias in eloquent cortex: functional characteristics and correlation with MRI and histopathologic changes. Epilepsia 43 (2002) 27-32
113. Kral T., von Lehe M., Podlogar M., et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: long term seizure outcome after surgical treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78 (2007) 853-856
114. Jonas R., Asarnow R.F., LoPresti C., et al. Surgery for symptomatic infant-onset epileptic encephalopathy with and without infantile spasms. Neurology 64 (2005) 746-750
115. Freitag H., and Tuxhorn I. Cognitive function in preschool children after epilepsy surgery: rationale for early intervention. Epilepsia 46 (2005) 561-567