Emotion and aggression in the psychopathic personality

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 303-338

  Patrick, Christopher J ^a   Zempolich, Kristin A ^b  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Aggression; Emotion; Psychopathy

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANGER; BEHAVIOR; CONCEPT FORMATION; EMOTION; EMOTIONALITY; MOTIVATION; PERSONALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPATHY; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; REVIEW; TEMPERAMENT; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0031724679     PISSN: 13591789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00003-7     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Ax, A. F. (1953). The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 433-442.
4. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social-psychological analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Berkowitz, L. (1983). Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans. American Psychologist, 38, 1135-1144.
7. Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45, 494-503.
8. Blackburn, R. (1975). An empirical classification of psychopathic personality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 456-460.
9. Blackburn, R. (1979). Psychopathy and personality: the dimensionality of self-report and behaviour ratings data in abnormal offenders. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 111-119.
10. Blackburn, R. (1986). Patterns of personality deviation among violent offenders: Replication and extension of an empirical taxonomy. British Journal of Criminology, 26, 254-269.
11. Blackburn, R., & Lee-Evans, J. M. (1985). Reactions of primary and secondary psychopaths to anger-evoking situations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 93-100.
12. Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., & Takahashi, L. K. (1977). Reflexive fighting in the albino rat: Aggressive or defensive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 3, 145-155.
13. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Volume 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
14. Brain, P. F. (1979). Hormones, drugs, and aggression (Vol. 3). Montreal: Eden Press.
15. Buss, A. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
16. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
17. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, A. K. S. (1958). IPAT Culture Free Intelligence Test. Champaign, IL: Institute of Personality and Ability Testing.
19. Ciarkowska, W., & Fraczek, A. (1986). Intensity of interpersonal aggression in relation to neuroticism and psychopathy. In J. Strelau, F. H. Farley, & A. Gale (Eds.), The biological bases of personality and behavior (pp. 185-193). New York: Hemisphere.
20. Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby.
21. Coccaro, E. F. (1989). Central serotonin and impulsive aggression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155(Suppl. 8), 52-62.
22. Cook, E. W., Hawk, L. W., Davis, T. L., & Stevenson, V. E. (1991). Affective individual differences and startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 5-13.
23. Davidson, R. J., & Fox, N. A. (1982). Asymmetrical brain activity discriminates between positive and negative affective stimuli in human infants. Science, 218, 1235-1237.
24. Davis, M. (1989). Neural systems involved in fear-potentiated startle. In M. Davis, B. L. Jacobs, & R. I. Schoenfeld (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 563: Modulation of defined neural vertebrate circuits (pp. 165-183). New York: Author.
25. Dengerink, H. A., & Bertilson, H. S. (1975). Psychopathy and physiological arousal in an aggressive task. Psychophysiology, 12, 682-684.
26. Dennett, D. C. (1978). Brainstorms. Montgomery, VT: Bradford Books.
27. Depue, R. A., & Spoont, M. R. (1986). Conceptualizing a serotonin trait: A behavioral dimension of constraint. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 487, 47-63.
28. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1984). Emotion, attention, and temperament. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 132-166). New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162-170.
30. Dodge, K. A. (1991) The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201-218). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
31. Dodge, K. A., & Somberg, D. R. (1987). Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threats to the self. Child Development, 58, 213-224.
32. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.
33. Endler, N. S., & Hunt, J. M. (1968). S-R inventories of hostility and comparisons of the proportions of variance from persons, responses, and situations for hostility and anxiousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 309-315.
34. Fagan, T. J., & Lira, F. T. (1980). The primary and secondary sociopathic personality: Differences in frequency and severity of antisocial behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 493-496.
35. Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57-63.
36. Feshbach, S. (1964). The function of aggression and the regulation of aggressive drive. Psychological Review, 71, 257-272.
37. Feshbach, S. (1970). Aggression. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of child psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 159-259). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
38. Forth, A. E., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1990). Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychological Assessment, 2, 342-344.
39. Fowles, D. C. (1980). The three arousal model: Implications of Gray's two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity, and psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 17, 87-104.
40. Fox, N. A. (1991). If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 863-872.
41. Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1987). Electroencephalogram asymmetry in response to the approach of a stranger and maternal separation in 10-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 233-240.
42. Fox, N. A., & Davidson, R. J. (1988). Patterns of brain electrical activity during facial signs of emotion in 10-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 24, 230-236.
43. Goldsmith, H. H., & Campos, J. J. (1982). Toward a theory of infant temperament. In R. N. Emde, & R. J. Harmon (Eds.), The development of attachment and affiliative systems (pp. 161-193). New York: Plenum Press.
44. Gorenstein, E. E., & Newman, J. P. (1980). Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and a model for research. Psychological Review, 87, 301-315.
45. Gough, G. H. (1957). Manual for the California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
46. Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress (2nd ed.). Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
47. Haapasalo, J. (1994). Types of offense among the Cleckley psychopaths. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 38, 59-67.
48. Hare, R. D. (1978). Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. In R. D. Hare & D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research (pp. 107-143). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
49. Hare, R. D. (1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111-119.
50. Hare, R. D. (1981). Psychopathy and violence. In J. R. Hays, T. K. Roberts, & K. S. Solway (Eds.), Violence and the violent individual (pp. 53-74). New York: Spectrum.
51. Hare, R. D. (1985a). Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 7-16.
52. Hare, R. D. (1985b) The psychopathy checklist. Unpublished manuscript. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
53. Hare, R. D. (1986). Twenty years of experience with the Cleckley psychopath. In W. H. Reid, D. Dorr, J. I. Walker, & J. W. Bonner (Eds.), Unmasking the psychopath (pp. 3-27). New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
54. Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
55. Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the proposed DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 391-398.
56. Hare, R. D., & Jutai, J. W. (1983). Criminal history of the male psychopath: Some preliminary data. In K. T. Van Dusen & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Prospective studies of crime and delinquency (pp. 225-236). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.
57. Hare, R. D., & McPherson, L. M. (1984). Violent and aggressive behavior by criminal psychopaths. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 35-50.
58. Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Factor structure of the psychopathy checklist. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 741-747.
59. Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1991). Psychopathy and violent behavior: Two factors are better than one. Paper presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
60. Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 6-17.
61. Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1991). Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 625-637.
62. Hartup, W. W., & deWit, J. (1974). The development of aggression: Problems and perspectives. In J. deWit & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Determinants and origins of aggressive behavior (pp. 595-620). The Hague: Mouton.
63. Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
64. Heilbrun, A. B. (1979). Psychopathy and violent crime. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 47, 509-516.
65. Heilbrun, A. B. (1982). Cognitive models of criminal violence based upon intelligence and psychopathy levels. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 546-557.
66. Heilbrun, A. B. (1990a). Differentiation of death-row murderers and life-sentence murderers by antisociality and intelligence measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 617-627.
67. Heilbrun, A. B. (1990b). The measurement of criminal dangerousness as a personality construct: Further validation of a research index. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 141-148.
68. Heilbrun, A. B., & Heilbrun, M. R. (1985). Psychopathy and dangerousness: Comparison, integration and extension of two psychopathic typologies. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 181-195.
69. Hinde, R. A. (1974). The study of aggression: Determinants, consequences, goals and functions. In J. deWit & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Determinants and origins of aggressive behavior (pp. 3-27). The Hague: Mouton.
70. Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
71. Holland, T. R., Beckett, G. E., & Levi, M. (1981). Intelligence, personality, and criminal violence: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 106-111.
72. Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68-90.
73. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1989). Issues in the study of temperament. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 133-144). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
74. Kagan, J., & Snidman, N. (1991). Temperamental factors in human development. American Psychologist, 46, 856-862.
75. Kaufmann, H. (1970). Aggression and altruism. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
76. Kellogg, C. E., & Morton, N. W. (1957). Manual for the Revised Beta Examination. New York: Psychological Corporation.
77. Klass, E. T. (1980). Cognitive appraisal of transgression among sociopaths and normals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 353-367.
78. Konorski, J. (1967). Integrative activity of the brain: An interdisciplinary approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
79. Kosson, D. S., Sullivan, J. C., & White, J. W. (1997). Psychopathy-related traits predict self-reported sexual aggression among college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 241-254.
80. Krueger, R. F., Schmutte, P. S., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Campbell, K., & Silva, P. A. (1994). Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 328-338.
81. Lang, P. J. (1988). Fear, anxiety, and panic: Context, cognition, and visceral arousal. In S. Rachman & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 219-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
82. Lang, P. J. (1994). The motivational organization of emotion: Affect-reflex connections. In S. Van Goozen, N. E. Van de Poll, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds)., The emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 61-93). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
83. Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372-385.
84. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-398.
85. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M, Cuthbert, B. N., & Patrick, C.J. (1993). Emotion and psychopathology: A startle probe analysis. In L. Chapman & D. Fowles (Eds.), Progress in experimental personality and psychopathology research (Vol. 16, pp. 163-199). New York: Springer.
86. Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press.
87. LeDoux, J. E. (1995). Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 209-235.
88. Lykken, D. T. (1957). A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, 55, 6-10.
89. Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
90. Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E. & Roth, M. (1954). Clinical psychiatry. London: Cassel.
91. Megargee, E. I. (1982). Psychological determinants and correlates of criminal violence. In M. E. Wolfgang & N. A. Weiner (Eds.), Criminal violence (pp. 81-170). London: Sage Publications.
92. Megargee, E. I., Cook, P. E., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1967). Development and validation of an MMPI scale of assaultiveness in overcontrolled individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 519-528.
93. Moyer, K. E. (1968). Kinds of aggression and their physiological basis. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 2, 65-87.
94. Newlove, T., Gretton, H., & Hare, R. D. (1992). Plasma serotonin and psychopathy [Abstract]. Psychophysiology, 29, S54.
95. Newman, J. P., & Kosson, D. S. (1986). Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 252-256.
96. Newman, J. P., Widom, C. S., & Nathan, S. (1985). Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: Psychopathy and extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1316-1327.
97. Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
98. Patrick, C. J. (1994). Emotion and psychopathy: Startling new insights. Psychophysiology, 31, 319-330.
99. Patrick, C. J. (1995). Emotion and temperament in psychopathy. Clinical Science, Fall, 5-8.
100. Patrick, C. J., & Berthot, B. D. (1995). Startle potentiation during anticipation of a noxious stimulus: Active versus passive response sets. Psychophysiology, 32, 72-80.
101. Patrick, C. J., Berthot, B. D., & Moore, J. D. (1996). Diazepam blocks fear-potentiated startle in humans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 89-96.
102. Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1993). Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 82-92.
103. Patrick, C. J., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1994) Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Fear image processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 523-534.
104. Plutchik, R. (1984). Emotions: A general psychoevolutionary theory. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 197-219). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
105. Raine, A. (1993). The psychopathology of crime. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
106. Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., & Cormier, C. A. (1992). An evaluation of a maximum security therapeutic community for psychopaths and other mentally disordered offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 399-412.
107. Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., & Quinsey, V. L. (1990). A follow-up of rapists assessed in a maximum-security psychiatric facility. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 435-448.
108. Rule, B. G. (1974). The hostile and instrumental functions of human aggression. In J. deWit & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Determinants and origins of aggressive behavior (pp. 125-145). The Hague: Mouton.
109. Russell, J. A. (1978). Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1152-1168.
110. Russell, J. A., & Mehrabian, A. (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 273-294.
111. Schalling, D. (1978). Psychopathy-related personality variables and the psychophysiology of socialization. In R. D. Hare & D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research (pp. 85-106). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
112. Schmauk, F. J. (1970). Punishment, arousal, and avoidance learning in sociopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 325-335.
113. Schneirla, T. C. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1959 (pp. 1-42). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
114. Serin, R. C. (1991). Psychopathy and violence in criminals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 423-431.
115. Serin, R. C. (1996). Violent recidivism in criminal psychopaths. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 207-217.
116. Serin, R. C., & Amos, N. L. (1995). The role of psychopathy in the assessment of dangerousness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 18, 231-238.
117. Siddle, D. A. T., & Trasler, G. B. (1981). The psychophysiology of psychopathic behavior. In M. J. Christie & P. G. Mellett (Eds.), Foundations of psychosomatics (pp. 283-303). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
118. Silva, P. A. (1990). The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study: A fifteen year longitudinal study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 4, 96-127.
119. Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Alcohol and drug abuse-dependence disorders in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminal offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 430-439.
120. Soumi, S. J. (1984). The development of affect in rhesus monkeys. In N. A. Fox & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The psychobiology of affective development (pp. 119-159). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
121. Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-86.
122. Tellegen, A. (1982). Brief manual for the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota.
123. Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
124. Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031-1039.
125. Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. (1994). Exploring personality through test construction: Development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. In S. R. Briggs & J. M. Cheek (Eds.), Personality measures: Development and evaluation (Vol. 1, pp. 133-161). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
126. Valzelli, L. (1981). Psychobiology of aggression and violence. New York: Raven Press.
127. Virkkunen, M., & Linnoila, M. (1993). Serotonin in personality disorders with habitual violence and impulsivity. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 227-243). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
128. Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.
129. Widom, C. S. (1989). Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 3-28.
130. Wiggins, J. S. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 395-412.
131. Williamson, S., Hare, R. D., & Wong, S. (1987). Violence: criminal psychopaths and their victims. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 19, 454-462.
132. Zillman, D. (1979). Hostility and aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.