메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 93, Issue 1-3, 2009, Pages 3-10

Tornadogenesis: Our current understanding, forecasting considerations, and questions to guide future research

Author keywords

Downdraft; Mesocyclogenesis; Mesocyclone; Supercell; Thunderstorm; Tornado; Tornadogenesis

Indexed keywords

DOWNDRAFT; MESOCYCLOGENESIS; MESOCYCLONE; SUPERCELL; TORNADOGENESIS;

EID: 67349102281     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (120)

References (53)
  • 2
    • 0033509981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of preexisting boundaries on supercell evolution
    • Atkins N.T., Weisman M.L., and Wicker L.J. The influence of preexisting boundaries on supercell evolution. Mon. Weather Rev. 127 (1999) 29102927
    • (1999) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 29102927
    • Atkins, N.T.1    Weisman, M.L.2    Wicker, L.J.3
  • 3
    • 0014809488 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of a severe, right-moving thunderstorm deduced from mesonetwork rawinsonde observations
    • Barnes S.L. Some aspects of a severe, right-moving thunderstorm deduced from mesonetwork rawinsonde observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 27 (1970) 634-648
    • (1970) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 634-648
    • Barnes, S.L.1
  • 4
    • 0001440639 scopus 로고
    • Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis: some observations
    • Brandes E.A. Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis: some observations. Mon. Weather Rev. 106 (1978) 995-1011
    • (1978) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 995-1011
    • Brandes, E.A.1
  • 5
    • 0001941922 scopus 로고
    • Environmental helicity and the maintenance and evolution of low-level mesocyclones. Tornadoes and tornadic storms: a review of conceptual models
    • The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Amer. Geophys. Union No. 79
    • Brooks H.E., Doswell III C.A., and Davies-Jones R.P. Environmental helicity and the maintenance and evolution of low-level mesocyclones. Tornadoes and tornadic storms: a review of conceptual models. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr. (1993), Amer. Geophys. Union 97-104 No. 79
    • (1993) Geophys. Monogr. , pp. 97-104
    • Brooks, H.E.1    Doswell III, C.A.2    Davies-Jones, R.P.3
  • 6
    • 0025662241 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: a climatology
    • Colman B.R. Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: a climatology. Mon. Weather Rev. 118 (1990) 1103-1122
    • (1990) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1103-1122
    • Colman, B.R.1
  • 7
    • 0025662242 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: organization and instability mechanisms
    • Colman B.R. Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: organization and instability mechanisms. Mon. Weather Rev. 118 (1990) 1123-1144
    • (1990) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1123-1144
    • Colman, B.R.1
  • 8
    • 0020277456 scopus 로고
    • A new look at the vorticity equation with application to tornadogenesis
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc, San Antonio, TX
    • Davies-Jones R.P. A new look at the vorticity equation with application to tornadogenesis. Preprints 12th Conf. on Severe Local Storms (1982), Amer. Meteor. Soc, San Antonio, TX 249-252
    • (1982) Preprints 12th Conf. on Severe Local Storms , pp. 249-252
    • Davies-Jones, R.P.1
  • 9
    • 0001862615 scopus 로고
    • Observational and theoretical aspects of tornadogenesis
    • Bengtsson L., and Lighthill J. (Eds), Springer-Verlag
    • Davies-Jones R.P. Observational and theoretical aspects of tornadogenesis. In: Bengtsson L., and Lighthill J. (Eds). Intense Atmospheric Vortices (1982), Springer-Verlag 175-189
    • (1982) Intense Atmospheric Vortices , pp. 175-189
    • Davies-Jones, R.P.1
  • 10
    • 0021504213 scopus 로고
    • Streamwise vorticity: the origin of updraft rotation in supercell storms
    • Davies-Jones R.P. Streamwise vorticity: the origin of updraft rotation in supercell storms. J. Atmos. Sci. 41 (1984) 2991-3006
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 2991-3006
    • Davies-Jones, R.P.1
  • 11
    • 0000637477 scopus 로고
    • Mesocyclogenesis from a theoretical perspective. Tornadoes and tornadic storms: a review of conceptual models
    • The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Amer. Geophys. Union No. 79
    • Davies-Jones R.P., and Brooks H.E. Mesocyclogenesis from a theoretical perspective. Tornadoes and tornadic storms: a review of conceptual models. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr. (1993), Amer. Geophys. Union 105-114 No. 79
    • (1993) Geophys. Monogr. , pp. 105-114
    • Davies-Jones, R.P.1    Brooks, H.E.2
  • 13
    • 0000685493 scopus 로고
    • Tornadoes and tornadic storms: a review of conceptual models
    • The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Amer. Geophys. Union No. 79
    • Doswell C.A., and Burgess D.W. Tornadoes and tornadic storms: a review of conceptual models. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr. (1993), Amer. Geophys. Union 161-172 No. 79
    • (1993) Geophys. Monogr. , pp. 161-172
    • Doswell, C.A.1    Burgess, D.W.2
  • 14
    • 4444315259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind and temperature retrievals in the 17 May 1981 Arcadia, Oklahoma supercell: ensemble Kalman filter experiments
    • Dowell D.C., Zhang F., Wicker L.J., Snyder C., and Crook N.A. Wind and temperature retrievals in the 17 May 1981 Arcadia, Oklahoma supercell: ensemble Kalman filter experiments. Mon. Weather Rev. 132 (2004) 1982-2005
    • (2004) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1982-2005
    • Dowell, D.C.1    Zhang, F.2    Wicker, L.J.3    Snyder, C.4    Crook, N.A.5
  • 15
    • 84858463145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulations of a supercell thunderstorm with radiative transfer, surface physics, and a soil model
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc., St. Louis, MO
    • Frame J., and Markowski P. Simulations of a supercell thunderstorm with radiative transfer, surface physics, and a soil model. Preprints 23rd Conf. on Severe Local Storms (2006), Amer. Meteor. Soc., St. Louis, MO
    • (2006) Preprints 23rd Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Frame, J.1    Markowski, P.2
  • 16
    • 3943064234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: comparison with liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics
    • Gilmore M.S., Straka J.M., and Rasmussen E.N. Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: comparison with liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics. Mon. Weather Rev. 132 (2004) 1897-1916
    • (2004) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1897-1916
    • Gilmore, M.S.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 17
    • 0004090488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glickman T.S. (Ed), Amer. Meteor. Soc. 855 pp.
    • In: Glickman T.S. (Ed). Glossary of Meteorology. 2d ed. (2000), Amer. Meteor. Soc. 855 pp.
    • (2000) Glossary of Meteorology. 2d ed.
  • 18
    • 0029412914 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a tornado vortex
    • Grasso L.D., and Cotton W.R. Numerical simulation of a tornado vortex. J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (1995) 1192-1203
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1192-1203
    • Grasso, L.D.1    Cotton, W.R.2
  • 19
    • 33846681857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS
    • Grzych M.L., Lee B.D., and Finley C.A. Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS. Mon. Weather Rev. 135 (2007) 240-246
    • (2007) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 240-246
    • Grzych, M.L.1    Lee, B.D.2    Finley, C.A.3
  • 20
    • 0020969404 scopus 로고
    • A study of the tornadic region within a supercell thunderstorm
    • Klemp J.B., and Rotunno R. A study of the tornadic region within a supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci. 40 (1983) 359-377
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 359-377
    • Klemp, J.B.1    Rotunno, R.2
  • 21
    • 33748541615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 19 April 1996 Illinois tornado outbreak. Part II: cell mergers and associated tornado incidence
    • Lee B.D., Jewett B.F., and Wilhelmson R.B. The 19 April 1996 Illinois tornado outbreak. Part II: cell mergers and associated tornado incidence. Weather Forecast. 21 (2006) 449464
    • (2006) Weather Forecast. , vol.21 , pp. 449464
    • Lee, B.D.1    Jewett, B.F.2    Wilhelmson, R.B.3
  • 22
    • 0001219695 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vertical stability on tornadogenesis
    • Leslie L.M., and Smith R.K. The effect of vertical stability on tornadogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci. 35 (1978) 1281-1288
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 1281-1288
    • Leslie, L.M.1    Smith, R.K.2
  • 23
    • 0019179584 scopus 로고
    • A study of tornadic thunderstorm interactions with thermal boundaries
    • Maddox R.A., Hoxit L.R., and Chappell C.F. A study of tornadic thunderstorm interactions with thermal boundaries. Mon. Weather Rev. 108 (1980) 322-336
    • (1980) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.108 , pp. 322-336
    • Maddox, R.A.1    Hoxit, L.R.2    Chappell, C.F.3
  • 24
    • 0036537709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hook echoes and rear-flank downdrafts: a review
    • Markowski P.M. Hook echoes and rear-flank downdrafts: a review. Mon. Weather Rev. 130 (2002) 852-876
    • (2002) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 852-876
    • Markowski, P.M.1
  • 25
    • 27344437045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simulation of a supercell thunderstorm with emulated radiative cooling beneath the anvil
    • Markowski P.M., and Harrington J. A simulation of a supercell thunderstorm with emulated radiative cooling beneath the anvil. J. Atmos. Sci. 62 (2005) 2607-2617
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 2607-2617
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Harrington, J.2
  • 26
    • 34047235469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of vertical wind shear heterogeneity in convective boundary layers
    • Markowski P.M., and Richardson Y.P. Observations of vertical wind shear heterogeneity in convective boundary layers. Mon. Weather Rev. 135 (2007) 843-861
    • (2007) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 843-861
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Richardson, Y.P.2
  • 27
    • 0032173186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of tornadoes in supercells interacting with boundaries during VORTEX-95
    • Markowski P.M., Rasmussen E.N., and Straka J.M. The occurrence of tornadoes in supercells interacting with boundaries during VORTEX-95. Weather Forecast. 13 (1998) 852-859
    • (1998) Weather Forecast. , vol.13 , pp. 852-859
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Rasmussen, E.N.2    Straka, J.M.3
  • 28
    • 0036645999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells
    • Markowski P.M., Straka J.M., and Rasmussen E.N. Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Weather Rev. 130 (2002) 1692-1721
    • (2002) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 1692-1721
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 29
    • 0348074676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft
    • Markowski P.M., Straka J.M., and Rasmussen E.N. Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft. J. Atmos. Sci. 60 (2003) 795-823
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 795-823
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 31
    • 64149094275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marquis, J.M., Richardson, Y., Wurman, J., and Markowski, P., 2008. Single- and dual-Doppler analysis of a tornadic vortex and surrounding storm-scale flow in the Crowell, TX, supercell of 30 April 2000. Submitted to Mon. Weather Rev.
    • Marquis, J.M., Richardson, Y., Wurman, J., and Markowski, P., 2008. Single- and dual-Doppler analysis of a tornadic vortex and surrounding storm-scale flow in the Crowell, TX, supercell of 30 April 2000. Submitted to Mon. Weather Rev.
  • 32
    • 0032434901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters
    • Rasmussen E.N., and Blanchard D.O. A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters. Weather Forecast. 13 (1998) 1148-1164
    • (1998) Weather Forecast. , vol.13 , pp. 1148-1164
    • Rasmussen, E.N.1    Blanchard, D.O.2
  • 33
    • 0034108377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of significant tornadoes with a baroclinic boundary on 2 June 1995
    • Rasmussen E.N., Richardson S.J., Straka J.M., and Markowski P.M. The association of significant tornadoes with a baroclinic boundary on 2 June 1995. Mon. Weather Rev. 128 (2000) 174-191
    • (2000) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 174-191
    • Rasmussen, E.N.1    Richardson, S.J.2    Straka, J.M.3    Markowski, P.M.4
  • 34
    • 0001305138 scopus 로고
    • The genesis of three nonsupercell tornadoes observed with dual-Doppler radar
    • Roberts R.D., and Wilson J.W. The genesis of three nonsupercell tornadoes observed with dual-Doppler radar. Mon. Weather Rev. 123 (1995) 3408-3436
    • (1995) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 3408-3436
    • Roberts, R.D.1    Wilson, J.W.2
  • 35
    • 0019711156 scopus 로고
    • On the evolution of thunderstorm rotation
    • Rotunno R. On the evolution of thunderstorm rotation. Mon. Weather Rev. 109 (1981) 577-586
    • (1981) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.109 , pp. 577-586
    • Rotunno, R.1
  • 36
    • 0022264220 scopus 로고
    • On the rotation and propagation of simulated supercell thunderstorms
    • Rotunno R., and Klemp J.B. On the rotation and propagation of simulated supercell thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci. 42 (1985) 271-292
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 271-292
    • Rotunno, R.1    Klemp, J.B.2
  • 37
    • 33744763994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface in situ observations within the outflow of forward-flank downdrafts of supercell thunderstorms
    • Shabbott C.J., and Markowski P.M. Surface in situ observations within the outflow of forward-flank downdrafts of supercell thunderstorms. Mon. Weather Rev. 134 (2006) 1422-1441
    • (2006) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 1422-1441
    • Shabbott, C.J.1    Markowski, P.M.2
  • 38
    • 0141571533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter
    • Snyder C., and Zhang F. Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Weather Rev. 131 (2003) 1663-1677
    • (2003) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.131 , pp. 1663-1677
    • Snyder, C.1    Zhang, F.2
  • 40
    • 53649102494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational and idealized numerical examination of low-level counter-rotating vortices toward the rear flank of supercells
    • http://www.ejssm/article/view/32
    • Straka J.M., Rasmussen E.N., Davies-Jones R.P., and Markowski P.M. An observational and idealized numerical examination of low-level counter-rotating vortices toward the rear flank of supercells. E.J. Severe Storms Met. 2 8 (2007) 1-22. http://www.ejssm/article/view/32 http://www.ejssm/article/view/32
    • (2007) E.J. Severe Storms Met. , vol.2 , Issue.8 , pp. 1-22
    • Straka, J.M.1    Rasmussen, E.N.2    Davies-Jones, R.P.3    Markowski, P.M.4
  • 41
    • 21844515946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supercell simulations with simple ice parameterization
    • Tartaglione N., Buzzi A., and Fantini M. Supercell simulations with simple ice parameterization. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 58 (1996) 149-159
    • (1996) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. , vol.58 , pp. 149-159
    • Tartaglione, N.1    Buzzi, A.2    Fantini, M.3
  • 42
    • 1642480201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Close proximity soundings within supercell environments obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle
    • Thompson R.L., Edwards R., Hart J.A., Elmore K.L., and Markowski P.M. Close proximity soundings within supercell environments obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle. Weather Forecast. 18 (2003) 1243-1261
    • (2003) Weather Forecast. , vol.18 , pp. 1243-1261
    • Thompson, R.L.1    Edwards, R.2    Hart, J.A.3    Elmore, K.L.4    Markowski, P.M.5
  • 43
  • 44
    • 27544499258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reassessment of the percentage of tornadic mesocyclones
    • Trapp R.J., Stumpf G.J., and Manross K.L. A reassessment of the percentage of tornadic mesocyclones. Weather Forecast. 20 (2005) 23-34
    • (2005) Weather Forecast. , vol.20 , pp. 23-34
    • Trapp, R.J.1    Stumpf, G.J.2    Manross, K.L.3
  • 45
    • 3943048755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of hail size on simulated supercell storms
    • van den Heever S.C., and Cotton W.R. The impact of hail size on simulated supercell storms. J. Atmos. Sci. 61 (2004) 1596-1609
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 1596-1609
    • van den Heever, S.C.1    Cotton, W.R.2
  • 48
    • 0001557184 scopus 로고
    • Tornado spin-up beneath a convective cell: required basic structure of the near-field boundary layer winds
    • The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Amer. Geophys. Union No. 79
    • Walko R.L. Tornado spin-up beneath a convective cell: required basic structure of the near-field boundary layer winds. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophys. Monogr. (1993), Amer. Geophys. Union 89-95 No. 79
    • (1993) Geophys. Monogr. , pp. 89-95
    • Walko, R.L.1
  • 49
    • 0032453246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for the generation of mesoscale vortices within quasi-linear convective systems
    • Weisman M.L., and Davis C.A. Mechanisms for the generation of mesoscale vortices within quasi-linear convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci. 55 (1998) 2603-2622
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2603-2622
    • Weisman, M.L.1    Davis, C.A.2
  • 50
    • 0029413973 scopus 로고
    • Simulation and analysis of tornado development and decay within a three-dimensional supercell thunderstorm
    • Wicker L.J., and Wilhelmson R.B. Simulation and analysis of tornado development and decay within a three-dimensional supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (1995) 2675-2703
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2675-2703
    • Wicker, L.J.1    Wilhelmson, R.B.2
  • 51
    • 0027076994 scopus 로고
    • The role of boundary-layer convergence zones and horizontal rolls in the initiation of thunderstorms: a case study
    • Wilson J.W., Foote G.B., Crook N.A., Fankhauser J.C., Wade C.G., Tuttle J.D., and Mueller C.K. The role of boundary-layer convergence zones and horizontal rolls in the initiation of thunderstorms: a case study. Mon. Weather Rev. 120 (1992) 1785-1815
    • (1992) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 1785-1815
    • Wilson, J.W.1    Foote, G.B.2    Crook, N.A.3    Fankhauser, J.C.4    Wade, C.G.5    Tuttle, J.D.6    Mueller, C.K.7
  • 52
    • 34047212877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornadogenesis within a simulated supercell storm
    • Amer. Meteor. Soc., Hyannis, MA
    • Xue M. Tornadogenesis within a simulated supercell storm. Preprints 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms (2004), Amer. Meteor. Soc., Hyannis, MA
    • (2004) Preprints 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Xue, M.1
  • 53


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.