A simulation of a supercell thunderstorm with emulated radiative cooling beneath the anvil

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 62, Issue 7 II, 2005, Pages 2607-2617

  Markowski, Paul M ^a   Harrington, Jerry Y ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; COOLING; HEAT FLUX; NUMERICAL ANALYSIS; VORTEX FLOW;

COOLING RATE; RADIATIVE COOLING; SHORTWAVE RADIATION; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM;

THUNDERSTORMS;

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SUPERCELL; THUNDERSTORM;

EID: 27344437045     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS3497.1     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Adlerman, E. J., and K. K. Droegemeier, 2002: The sensitivity of numerically simulated cyclic mesocyclogenesis to variations in model physical and computational parameters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2671-2691.
2. Adlerman, E. J., K. K. Droegemeier, and R. Davies-Jones, 1999: A numerical simulation of cyclic mesocyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2045-2069.
3. Atkins, N. T., M. L. Weisman, and L. J. Wicker, 1999: The influence of preexisting boundaries on supercell evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2910-2927.
4. Biggerstaff, M. I., and R. A. Houze, 1993: Kinematics and microphysics of the transition zone of the 10-11 June 1985 squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3091-3110.
5. Blanchard, D. O., and J. M. Straka, 1998: Some possible mechanisms for tornadogenesis failure in a supercell. Preprints, 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, MN, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 116-119.
6. Braun, S. A., R. A. Houze, and M.-J. Yang, 1996: Comments on "The impact of the ice phase and radiation on a midlatitude squall line system." J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1343-1351.
7. Browning, K. A., 1964: Airflow and precipitation trajectories within severe local storms which travel to the right of the winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 634-639.
8. Chen, S., and W. R. Cotton, 1988: The sensitivity of a simulated extratropical mesoscale convective system to longwave radiation and ice-phase microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3897-3910.
9. Chin, H.-N., 1994: The impact of the ice phase and radiation on a midlatitude squall line system. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3320-3343.
10. Churchill, D. D., and R. A. Houze, 1991: Effects of radiation and turbulence on the diabatic heating and water budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 903-922.
11. Davies-Jones, R. P., 1984: Streamwise vorticity: The origin of updraft rotation in supercell storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2991-3006.
12. Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077-3107.
13. Dudhia, J., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1989: A three-dimensional numerical study of an Oklahoma squall line containing right-flank supercells. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3363-3391.
14. Finley, C. A., W. R. Cotton, and R. A. Pielke, 2001: Numerical simulation of tornadogenesis in a high-precipitation supercell. Part I: Storm evolution and transition into a bow echo. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1597-1629.
15. Fovell, R. G., and Y. Ogura, 1988: Numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line in two dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3846-3879.
16. Fritsch, J. M., J. Kapolka, and P. A. Hirschberg, 1992: The effects of subcloud-layer diabatic processes on cold air damming. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 49-70.
17. Gamanche, J. F., and R. A. Houze, 1983: Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850.
18. Gilmore, M. S., and L. J. Wicker, 1998: The influence of midtropospheric dryness on supercell morphology and evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1-26, 943-958.
19. Grasso, L. D., and W. R. Cotton, 1995: Numerical simulation of a tornado vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1192-1203.
20. Hane, C. E., 1973: The squall line thunderstorm: Numerical experimentation. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1672-1690.
21. Houze, R. A., 1977: Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall line system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1540-1567.
22. Johnson, K. W., P. S. Ray, B. C. Johnson, and R. P. Davies-Jones, 1987: Observations related to the rotational dynamics of the 20 May 1977 tornadic storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2463-2478.
23. Johnson, R. H., and P. J. Hamilton, 1988: The relationship of surface pressure features to the precipitation and airflow structure of an intense midlatitude squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1444-1471.
24. Klemp, J. B., 1987: Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 19, 369-402.
25. Klemp, J. B., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1978a: The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070-1096.
26. Klemp, J. B., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1978b: Simulations of right- and left-moving storms produced through storm splitting. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1097-1110.
27. Klemp, J. B., and R. Rotunno, 1983: A study of the tornadic region within a supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 359-377.
28. Klemp, J. B., R. B. Wilhelmson, and P. S. Ray, 1981: Observed and numerically simulated structure of a mature supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1558-1580.
29. Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.
30. Maddox, R. A., 1980: Mesoscale convective complexes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1374-1387.
31. Maddox, R. A., L. R. Hoxit, and C. F. Chappell, 1980: A study of tornadic thunderstorm interactions with thermal boundaries. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 322-336.
32. Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and J. M. Straka, 1998a: The occurrence of tornadoes in supercells interacting with boundaries during VORTEX-95. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 852-859.
33. Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, J. M. Straka, and D. C. Dowell, 1998b: Observations of low-level baroclinity generated by anvil shadows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2942-2958.
34. Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 1998c: A preliminary investigation of the importance of helicity "location" in the hodograph. Preprints, 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis, MN, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 230-233.
35. Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and J. M. Straka, 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721.
36. Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2003: Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 795-823.
37. McCaul, E. W., and M. L. Weisman, 2001: The sensitivity of simulated supercell structure and intensity to variations in the shapes of environmental buoyancy and shear profiles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 664-687.
38. Newton, C. W., and J. C. Fankhauser, 1964: On the movements of convective storms, with emphasis on size discrimination in relation to water budget requirements. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 651-668.
39. Purdom, J. F. W., 1976: Some uses of high-resolution GOES imagery in the mesoscale forecasting of convection and its behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1474-1483.
40. Rasmussen, E. N., S. J. Richardson, J. M. Straka, P. M. Markowski, and D. O. Blanchard, 2000: The association of significant tornadoes with a baroclinic boundary on 2 June 1995. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 174-191.
41. Ray, P. S., B. Johnson, K. W. Johnson, J. J. Stephens, K. K. Wagner, R. B. Wilhelmson, and J. B. Klemp, 1981: The morphology of severe tornadic storms on 20 May 1977. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1643-1663.
42. Rotunno, R., 1981: On the evolution of thunderstorm rotation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 577-586.
43. Rotunno, R., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The influence of the shear-induced pressure gradient on thunderstorm motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 136-151.
44. Rotunno, R., and J. B. Klemp, 1985: On the rotation and propagation of simulated supercell thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 271-292.
45. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
46. Rutledge, S. A., and R. A. Houze, 1987: A diagnostic modeling study of the trailing stratiform region of a midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2640-2656.
47. Schlesinger, R. E., 1975: A three-dimensional numerical model of an isolated deep convective cloud: Preliminary results. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 934-957.
48. Skamarock, W. C., M. L. Weisman, and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Three-dimensional evolution of simulated long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563-2583.
49. Smull, B. F., and R. A. Houze, 1985: A midlatitude squall line with a trailing region of stratiform rain: Radar and satellite observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 117-133.
50. Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, and S.-T. Soong, 1991: Numerical simulation of a subtropical squall line over Taiwan Strait. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2699-2723.
51. Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, C. H. Sui, B. Ferrier, S. Lang, J. Scala, M. D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673-690.
52. Thorpe, A. J., M. J. Miller, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1982: Two-dimensional convection in non-constant shear: A model of mid-latitude squall lines. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 739-762.
53. Trapp, R. J., 1999: Observations of non-tornadic low-level mesocyclones and attendant tornadogenesis failure during VORTEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1693-1705.
54. Trier, S. B., W. C. Skamarock, and M. A. LeMone, 1997: Structure and evolution of the 22 February 1993 TOGA COARE squall line: Organization mechanisms inferred from numerical simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 386-407.
55. Trier, S. B., M. A. LeMone, and W. C. Skamarock, 1998: Effect of three-dimensional structure on the stormwide horizontal accelerations and momentum budget of a simulated squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2580-2598.
56. Tucker, D. F., and N. A. Crook, 1999: The generation of a mesoscale convective system from mountain convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1259-1273.
57. Wakimoto, R. M., and H. Cai, 2000: Analysis of a nontornadic storm during VORTEX-95. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 565-592.
58. Weaver, J. F., and S. P. Nelson, 1982: Multiscale aspects of thunderstorm gust fronts and their effects on subsequent storm development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 707-718.
59. Weisman, M. L., 1992: The role of convectively generated rear-inflow jets in the evolution of long-lived mesoconvective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1826-1847.
60. Weisman, M. L., 1993: The genesis of severe, long-lived bow echoes. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 645-670.
61. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520.
62. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1984: The structure and classification of numerically simulated convective storms in directionally varying wind shears. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2479-2498.
63. Weisman, M. L., J. B. Klemp, and R. Rotunno, 1988: The structure and evolution of numerically simulated squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1990-2013.
64. Wicker, L. J., 1996: The role of near surface wind shear on low-level mesocyclone generation and tornadoes. Preprints, 18th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 115-119.
65. Wilhelmson, R. B., and J. B. Klemp, 1978: A numerical study of storm splitting that leads to long-lived storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1974-1986.
66. Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS): A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 161-193.
67. Xue, M., and Coauthors, 2001: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS): A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part II: Model physics and applications. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 76, 143-165.
68. Zipser, E. J., 1977: Mesoscale and convective-scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall line circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1568-1589.
69. Zipser, E. J., R. J. Meitin, and M. A. LeMone, 1981: Mesoscale motion fields associated with a slowly moving GATE convective band. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1725-1750.