Intramedullary lesions of the conus medullaris: Differential diagnosis and surgical management

Neurosurgical Review

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 287-301

  Ebner, Florian H ^a,b   Roser, Florian ^a   Acioly, Marcus A ^a   Schoeber, Wolfgang ^a   Tatagiba, Marcos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Conus medullaris; Differential diagnosis; Intramedullary tumor; Surgical management

Indexed keywords

ANTHELMINTIC AGENT; ANTISCHISTOSOMAL AGENT; CISPLATIN; CORTICOSTEROID; GADOLINIUM; IRINOTECAN; METHOTREXATE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN ABSCESS; BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN LYMPHOMA; BRAIN TUMOR; CONUS MEDULLARIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG MEGADOSE; EPENDYMOMA; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOMA; LIPOMA; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; NEUROECTODERM TUMOR; NEURORADIOLOGY; NEUROSURGERY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SARCOIDOSIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SPINAL CORD LESION; SPINAL CORD METASTASIS; TERATOMA; VASCULAR AMYLOIDOSIS;

EID: 67349089246     PISSN: 03445607     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-008-0173-1     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. S Akyurek EL Chang TK Yu D Little PK Allen I McCutcheon A Mahajan MH Maor SY Woo 2006 Spinal myxopapillary ependymoma outcomes in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center J Neurooncol 80 177 183 (Pubitemid 44614800)
2. GA Alsina JP Johnson DQ McBride PR Rhoten CM Mehringer JK Stokes 2002 Spinal neurocysticercosis Neurosurg Focus 12 e8
3. A Amini SS Chin MH Schmidt 2007 Malignant transformation of conus medullaris ganglioglioma: case report J Neurooncol 82 313 315 (Pubitemid 46614395)
4. R Babu JJ Jafar PP Huang GN Budzilovich J Ransohoff 1992 Intramedullary abscess associated with a spinal cord ependymoma: case report Neurosurgery 30 121 124
5. A Bekar T Cordan T Evrensel S Tolunay 2001 A case of primary spinal intramedullary lymphoma Surg Neurol 55 261 264 (Pubitemid 32549802)
6. EM Bessell K Hoang-Xuan AJ Ferreri M Reni 2007 Primary central nervous system lymphoma: biological aspects and controversies in management Eur J Cancer 43 1141 1152 (Pubitemid 46590731)
7. A Biondi GK Ricciardi T Faillot L Capelle R Van Effenterre J Chiras 2005 Hemangioblastomas of the lower spinal region: report of four cases with preoperative embolization and review of the literature AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 936 945 (Pubitemid 43079796)
8. DA Bluemke H Wang 1990 Primary spinal cord lymphoma: MR appearance J Comput Assist Tomogr 14 812 814 (Pubitemid 20296295)
9. JL Brisman M Li D Hamilton MR Mayberg DW Newell 2006 Cystic dilation of the conus ventriculus terminalis presenting as an acute cauda equina syndrome relieved by decompression and cyst drainage: case report Neurosurgery 58 E585
10. GN Budzilovich H Most I Feigin 1964 Pathogenesis and latency of spinal cord schistosomiasis Arch Pathol 77 383 388
11. A Chawla JV Emmanuel WT Seow J Lou HE Teo CC Lim 2007 Paediatric PNET: pre-surgical MRI features Clin Radiol 62 43 52 (Pubitemid 44824746)
12. CY Chen PH Chen MS Yao JS Chu WP Chan 2008 MRI of hemangioblastoma in the conus medullaris Comput Med Imaging Graph 32 78 81 (Pubitemid 350052505)
13. BH Choi RC Kim M Suzuki W Choe 1992 The ventriculus terminalis and filum terminale of the human spinal cord Hum Pathol 23 916 920
14. JS Citow M Ammirati 1994 Intramedullary tuberculoma of the spinal cord: case report Neurosurgery 35 327 330 (Pubitemid 24236057)
15. F Cokca O Meco E Arasil A Unlu 1994 An intramedullary dermoid cyst abscess due to Brucella abortus biotype 3 at T11-L2 spinal levels Infection 22 359 360 (Pubitemid 24316426)
16. LT Coleman RA Zimmerman LB Rorke 1995 Ventriculus terminalis of the conus medullaris: MR findings in children AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 1421 1426
17. PR Cooper 1989 Outcome after operative treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adults: intermediate and long-term results in 51 patients Neurosurgery 25 855 859 (Pubitemid 20073375)
18. J Costa J Ruivo J Miguens J Pimentel 2006 Ganglioglioma of conus medullaris Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148 977 980 (Pubitemid 44338620)
19. L de Moura Batista MA Acioly CH Carvalho FH Ebner M Tatagiba 2008 Cystic lesion of the ventriculus terminalis: proposal for a new clinical classification J Neurosurg Spine 8 163 168 (Pubitemid 351230907)
20. S Deme LC Ang G Skaf DW Rowed 1997 Primary intramedullary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the spinal cord: case report and review of the literature Neurosurgery 41 1417 1420 (Pubitemid 27524659)
21. LL do Amaral RM Ferreira AJ da Rocha NP Ferreira 2005 Neurocysticercosis: evaluation with advanced magnetic resonance techniques and atypical forms Top Magn Reson Imaging 16 127 144 (Pubitemid 43361865)
22. H Duffau L Capelle J Sichez 1998 Direct spinal cord electrical stimulations during surgery of intramedullary tumoral and vascular lesions Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 71 180 189 (Pubitemid 29423325)
23. FJ Epstein JP Farmer D Freed 1993 Adult intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas: the result of surgery in 38 patients J Neurosurg 79 204 209 (Pubitemid 23215836)
24. T Faillot T Roujeau R Dulou JL Blanc F Chedru 2002 Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis: is there a place for surgery? Case report and review of literature Neurochirurgie 48 533 536 (Pubitemid 36168978)
25. D Farrokh P Fransen D Faverly 2001 MR findings of a primary intramedullary malignant melanoma: case report and literature review AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 1864 1866 (Pubitemid 33091954)
26. DR Freyer RJ Hutchinson PE McKeever 1989 Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the spinal cord associated with neural tube defect Pediatr Neurosci 15 181 187 (Pubitemid 20278356)
27. NR Gallani HJ Zambelli AA Roth-Vargas C Limoli Junior 1992 Spinal cord cysticercosis: report of 2 cases, review of the literature, and comments on its pathogeny Arq Neuropsiquiatr 50 343 350
28. TG Gasser J Pospiech D Stolke K Schwechheimer 2001 Spinal intramedullary metastases. Report of two cases and review of the literature Neurosurg Rev 24 88 92 (Pubitemid 32824025)
29. JF Guedes-Correa RC Macedo RP Vaitsman JG Mattos JM Agra 2006 Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis simulating a conus medullaris tumor: case report Arq Neuropsiquiatr 64 149 152
30. RK Gupta S Gupta S Kumar A Kohli UK Misra RB Gujral 1994 MRI in intraspinal tuberculosis Neuroradiology 36 39 43 (Pubitemid 24001256)
31. K Hasuo A Mizushima F Mihara S Matsumoto K Yoshida T Yoshiura K Masuda 1996 Contrast-enhanced MRI in spinal arteriovenous malformations and fistulae before and after embolisation therapy Neuroradiology 38 609 614 (Pubitemid 26343660)
32. RD Hayward 1976 Malignant melanoma and the central nervous system. A guide for classification based on the clinical findings J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39 526 530
33. N Hejazi W Hassler 1998 Microsurgical treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 38 266 271
34. N Hejazi A Witzmann 2003 Spinal intramedullary teratoma with exophytic components: report of two cases and review of the literature Neurosurg Rev 26 113 116 (Pubitemid 36735734)
35. D Hernandez S Moraleda A Royo M Martinez J Garcia MJ Vazquez 1999 Cavernous angioma of the conus medullaris as a cause of paraplegia Spinal Cord 37 65 67 (Pubitemid 29140139)
36. K Hida Y Iwasaki K Cho H Imamura H Abe 1994 Gliomas of the conus medullaris Paraplegia 32 52 58 (Pubitemid 24032727)
37. JK Houten PR Cooper 2000 Spinal cord astrocytomas: presentation, management and outcome J Neurooncol 47 219 224 (Pubitemid 30702185)
38. Y Izci R Moftakhar MS Salamat MK Baskaya 2008 Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis of the conus medullaris WMJ 107 37 39
39. H Jaksche W Wockel N Wernert 1988 Primary spinal medulloblastomas Neurosurg Rev 11 259 265
40. GI Jallo D Freed FJ Epstein 2004 Spinal cord gangliogliomas: a review of 56 patients J Neurooncol 68 71 77 (Pubitemid 39137352)
41. DR Jeffery RN Mandler LE Davis 1993 Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events Arch Neurol 50 532 535 (Pubitemid 23143146)
42. K Jellinger P Kothbauer E Sunder-Plassmann R Weiss 1979 Intramedullary spinal cord metastases J Neurol 220 31 41 (Pubitemid 9051315)
43. YG Jiang MM Zhang J Xiang 2008 Spinal cord schistosomiasis japonica: a report of 4 cases Surg Neurol 69 392 397
44. SS Junger BJ Stern SR Levine E Sipos JF Marti-Masso 1993 Intramedullary spinal sarcoidosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics Neurology 43 333 337 (Pubitemid 23060264)
45. H Kahan EM Sklar MJ Post JH Bruce 1996 MR characteristics of histopathologic subtypes of spinal ependymoma AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17 143 150 (Pubitemid 26024725)
46. K Kaiboriboon TJ Olsen GR Hayat 2005 Cauda equina and conus medullaris syndrome in sarcoidosis Neurologist 11 179 183
47. CH Kim KC Wang SK Kim YN Chung YL Choi JG Chi BK Cho 2003 Spinal intramedullary lipoma: report of three cases Spinal Cord 41 310 315 (Pubitemid 36606325)
48. DG Kim DH Nam HW Jung KS Choi DH Han 1996 Primary central nervous system lymphoma: variety of clinical manifestations and survival Acta Neurochir (Wien) 138 280 289 (Pubitemid 26096789)
49. LJ Kim JD Klopfenstein JM Zabramski VK Sonntag RF Spetzler 2006 Analysis of pain resolution after surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations Neurosurgery 58 106 111
50. YW Kim BH Jin TS Kim YE Cho 2004 Primary intraspinal primitive neuroectodermal tumor at conus medullaris Yonsei Med J 45 533 538 (Pubitemid 39010714)
51. M Kitano S Takayama T Nagao O Yoshimura 1987 Malignant ganglioglioma of the spinal cord Acta Pathol Jpn 37 1009 1018 (Pubitemid 17146224)
52. J Klekamp M Fusco M Samii 2001 Thoracic intradural extramedullary lipomas. Report of three cases and review of the literature Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143 767 773
53. Klekamp J, Samii M (2007) Surgery of spinal tumors. Springer, Berlin
54. KK Koeller RS Rosenblum AL Morrison 2000 Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation Radiographics 20 1721 1749
55. JL Koen RE McLendon TM George 1998 Intradural spinal teratoma: evidence for a dysembryogenic origin. Report of four cases J Neurosurg 89 844 851 (Pubitemid 28485548)
56. KK Krishna PA Agarwal SI Agarwal MM Jain 2004 Dermoid of the conus medullaris J Clin Neurosci 11 796 797 (Pubitemid 39165009)
57. A Ku E Lachmann R Tunkel W Nagler 1996 Neurosarcoidosis of the conus medullaris and cauda equina presenting as paraparesis: case report and literature review Paraplegia 34 116 120 (Pubitemid 26055890)
58. A Kurtsoy RK Koc IS Oktem O Kontas A Selcuklu A Pasaoglu 1997 Ganglioglioma of conus medullaris: a case report Neurosurg Rev 20 55 58 (Pubitemid 27116169)
59. OK Kwon KC Wang CJ Kim IO Kim JG Chi BK Cho 1996 Primary intramedullary spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor with intracranial seeding in an infant Childs Nerv Syst 12 633 636 (Pubitemid 26361761)
60. F La Marca JA Grant T Tomita DG McLone 1997 Spinal lipomas in children: outcome of 270 procedures Pediatr Neurosurg 26 8 16 (Pubitemid 27444014)
61. SW Lai WP Chan CY Chen JC Chien JS Chu WT Chiu 2005 MRI of epidermoid cyst of the conus medullaris Spinal Cord 43 320 323 (Pubitemid 40704995)
62. JR Lambertucci LC Silva RS do Amaral 2007 Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomal myeloradiculopathy Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 40 574 581 (Pubitemid 350099299)
63. FF Lang FJ Epstein J Ransohoff JC Allen J Wisoff IR Abbott DC Miller 1993 Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 2: clinical outcome J Neurosurg 79 867 873 (Pubitemid 23342451)
64. M Lee FJ Epstein AR Rezai D Zagzag 1998 Nonneoplastic intramedullary spinal cord lesions mimicking tumors Neurosurgery 43 788 794 (Pubitemid 28436319)
65. NJ Manno A Uihlein JW Kernohan 1962 Intraspinal epidermoids J Neurosurg 19 754 765
66. FB Maroun FJ O'Dea G Mathieson G Fox G Murray JC Jacob R Reddy R Avery 2001 Sarcoidosis presenting as an intramedullary spinal cord lesion Can J Neurol Sci 28 163 166 (Pubitemid 32521809)
67. P Mathew NV Todd 1993 Diagnosis of intradural conus and cauda equina tumours Br J Hosp Med 50 169 170
68. LJ Michaud KM Jaffe DR Benjamin JT Stuntz RJ Lemire 1988 Hemangioblastoma of the conus medullaris associated with cutaneous hemangioma Pediatr Neurol 4 309 312 (Pubitemid 18265603)
69. DC Miller 2000 Surgical pathology of intramedullary spinal cord neoplasms J Neurooncol 47 189 194 (Pubitemid 30702182)
70. DC Miller FF Lang FJ Epstein 1993 Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 1: pathology J Neurosurg 79 859 866 (Pubitemid 23342450)
71. A Mohanty SK Venkatrama S Das BS Das BR Rao MK Vasudev 1997 Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis Neurosurgery 40 82 87 (Pubitemid 26425653)
72. NA Mohile LE Abrey 2007 Primary central nervous system lymphoma Semin Radiat Oncol 17 223 229 (Pubitemid 46963033)
73. J Mora O Cruz S Gala R Navarro 2007 Successful treatment of childhood intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas with irinotecan and cisplatin Neuro-oncol 9 39 46 (Pubitemid 46543487)
74. K Muraszko A Youkilis 2000 Intramedullary spinal tumors of disordered embryogenesis J Neurooncol 47 271 281 (Pubitemid 30702190)
75. MW Najjar JA Kusske AN Hasso 2005 Dorsal intramedullary dermoids Neurosurg Rev 28 320 325 (Pubitemid 41317905)
76. EH Oldfield JL Doppman 1988 Spinal arteriovenous malformations Clin Neurosurg 34 161 183
77. U Patel RS Pinto DC Miller MS Handler LB Rorke FJ Epstein II Kricheff 1998 MR of spinal cord ganglioglioma AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 879 887 (Pubitemid 30415771)
78. A Pierre-Kahn M Zerah D Renier G Cinalli C Sainte-Rose A Lellouch-Tubiana F Brunelle M Le Merrer Y Giudicelli J Pichon B Kleinknecht F Nataf 1997 Congenital lumbosacral lipomas Childs Nerv Syst 13 298 334
79. GP Rao 2000 Spinal intramedullary tuberculous lesion: medical management. Report of four cases J Neurosurg 93 137 141
80. JP Rock S Ryu MS Shukairy FF Yin A Sharif F Schreiber M Abdulhak JH Kim ML Rosenblum 2006 Postoperative radiosurgery for malignant spinal tumors Neurosurgery 58 891 898
81. G Rodesch M Hurth H Alvarez P David M Tadie P Lasjaunias 2003 Embolization of spinal cord arteriovenous shunts: morphological and clinical follow-up and results-review of 69 consecutive cases Neurosurgery 53 40 49
82. G Rodesch P Lasjaunias 2003 Spinal cord arteriovenous shunts: from imaging to management Eur J Radiol 46 221 232 (Pubitemid 36579234)
83. DS Russell LJ Rubinstein 1962 Ganglioglioma: a case with long history and malignant evolution J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 21 185 193
84. F Sala G Palandri E Basso P Lanteri V Deletis F Faccioli A Bricolo 2006 Motor evoked potential monitoring improves outcome after surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors: a historical control study Neurosurgery 58 1129 1143
85. K Salame O Merimsky J Yosipov I Reider-Groswasser S Chaitchik GE Ouaknine 1998 Primary intramedullary spinal melanoma: diagnostic and treatment problems J Neurooncol 36 79 83 (Pubitemid 28230656)
86. FM Salpietro C Alafaci O Gervasio G La Rosa A Baio DC Francolini D Batolo F Tomasello 1998 Primary cervical melanoma with brain metastases. Case report and review of the literature J Neurosurg 89 659 666 (Pubitemid 28440939)
87. G Samandouras PJ Teddy T Cadoux-Hudson O Ansorge 2006 Amyloid in neurosurgical and neurological practice J Clin Neurosci 13 159 167 (Pubitemid 43294467)
88. M Samii J Klekamp 1994 Surgical results of 100 intramedullary tumors in relation to accompanying syringomyelia Neurosurgery 35 865 873 (Pubitemid 24338249)
89. AM Scarrow P Rajendran WC Welch 2000 Glioblastoma multiforme of the conus medullaris Clin Neurol Neurosurg 102 166 167
90. U Schick W Hassler 2003 Treatment and outcome of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas Eur Spine J 12 350 355 (Pubitemid 37108404)
91. TH Schwartz PC McCormick 2000 Intramedullary ependymomas: clinical presentation, surgical treatment strategies and prognosis J Neurooncol 47 211 218 (Pubitemid 30702184)
92. Schwartz TH, McCormick PC (2004) Spinal cord tumors in adults. In: Winn HR (ed) Youmans neurological surgery. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia
93. G Scotti G Scialfa N Colombo L Landoni 1987 Magnetic resonance diagnosis of intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord Neuroradiology 29 130 135 (Pubitemid 17041530)
94. RC Sealy 1984 Radicals in melanin biochemistry Methods Enzymol 105 479 483 (Pubitemid 14165414)
95. JK Simon JA Lazareff MJ Diament WA Kennedy 2003 Intramedullary abscess of the spinal cord in children: a case report and review of the literature Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 186 192 (Pubitemid 36230940)
96. J Soleiman P Demaerel S Rocher F Maes G Marchal 2005 Magnetic resonance imaging study of the level of termination of the conus medullaris and the thecal sac: influence of age and gender Spine 30 1875 1880 (Pubitemid 41208834)
97. RA Solomon BM Stein 1988 Unusual spinal cord enlargement related to intramedullary hemangioblastoma J Neurosurg 68 550 553 (Pubitemid 18099790)
98. U Spetzger H Bertalanffy B Huffmann L Mayfrank J Reul JM Gilsbach 1996 Hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord and the brainstem: diagnostic and therapeutic features Neurosurg Rev 19 147 151 (Pubitemid 26264500)
99. RF Spetzler PW Detwiler HA Riina RW Porter 2002 Modified classification of spinal cord vascular lesions J Neurosurg 96 145 156 (Pubitemid 34233524)
100. A Stecco C Quirico A Giampietro G Sessa R Boldorini A Carriero 2005 Glioblastoma multiforme of the conus medullaris in a child: description of a case and literature review AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 2157 2160
101. T Suzer E Coskun K Tahta H Bayramoglu E Duzcan 1998 Intramedullary spinal tuberculoma presenting as a conus tumor: a case report and review of the literature Eur Spine J 7 168 171 (Pubitemid 28223606)
102. L Tacconi T Arulampalam FG Johnston DG Thomas 1995 Intramedullary spinal cord abscess: case report Neurosurgery 37 817 819
103. MJ Tait R Chelvarajah N Garvan S Bavetta 2004 Spontaneous hemorrhage of a spinal ependymoma: a rare cause of acute cauda equina syndrome: a case report Spine 29 E502 505
104. M Teksam SO Casey E Michel M Benson CL Truwit 2001 Intraspinal epidermoid cyst: diffusion-weighted MRI Neuroradiology 43 572 574 (Pubitemid 32677193)
105. K Tureyen 2002 Tuberculoma of the conus medullaris: case report Neurosurgery 50 651 652
106. Y Uematsu S Yukawa H Yokote T Itakura S Hayashi N Komai 1992 Meningeal melanocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and pathological features. Case report J Neurosurg 76 705 709
107. GV Vajramani MB Nagmoti CS Patil 2005 Neurobrucellosis presenting as an intra-medullary spinal cord abscess Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 4 14
108. JW Van Goethem L van den Hauwe O Ozsarlak AM De Schepper PM Parizel 2004 Spinal tumors Eur J Radiol 50 159 176 (Pubitemid 38469967)
109. J Vaquero F de Prado M Pedrosa 1998 Primary intraparenchymatous spinal cord melanoma Spinal Cord 36 363 365 (Pubitemid 28220685)
110. Vates GE, Berger MS (2004) Hemangioblastomas. In: Winn HR (ed) Youmans neurological surgery. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia
111. F Wan L Li J Chen T Lei D Xue H Niu K Shu P Zhang Z Yang Y Wang 2006 Conus medullaris schistosomiasis J Neurosurg Spine 5 146 149 (Pubitemid 47325400)
112. FJ Wippold 2nd JG Smirniotopoulos CJ Moran JN Suojanen DG Vollmer 1995 MR imaging of myxopapillary ependymoma: findings and value to determine extent of tumor and its relation to intraspinal structures AJR Am J Roentgenol 165 1263 1267
113. QW Xu WM Bao RL Mao GY Yang 1994 Magnetic resonance imaging and microsurgical treatment of intramedullary hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord Neurosurgery 35 671 675
114. JS Yu MP Short J Schumacher PH Chapman GRt Harsh 1994 Intramedullary hemorrhage in spinal cord hemangioblastoma. Report of two cases J Neurosurg 81 937 940 (Pubitemid 24373479)
115. D Zevgaridis RJ Medele C Hamburger HJ Steiger HJ Reulen 1999 Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141 237 245 (Pubitemid 29137536)
116. RA Zimmerman LT Bilaniuk 1988 Imaging of tumors of the spinal canal and cord Radiol Clin North Am 26 965 1007 (Pubitemid 18228603)
117. YP Zozulya EI Slin'ko Q Al II 2006 Spinal arteriovenous malformations: new classification and surgical treatment Neurosurg Focus 20 E7