Improving quality and diffusing best practices: The case of schizophrenia

Health Affairs

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 701-712

  Horvitz Lennon, Marcela ^a   Donohue, Julie M ^b   Domino, Marisa E ^c   Normand, Sharon Lise T ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARIPIPRAZOLE; CLOZAPINE; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZIPRASIDONE;

BLOOD TOXICITY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE FINANCING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; MEDICAID; MEDICARE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PREVALENCE; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION; DRUG COSTS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FINANCING, GOVERNMENT; FORECASTING; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; MEDICAID; MEDICARE; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 66749121350     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: 15445208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.701     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Although the literature on diffusion tends to distinguish between active efforts to promote the adoption of innovations and their passive spread, reserving the term diffusion to describe only the latter, our usage of the term encompasses both concepts. See M. Chassin, "Is Health Care Ready for Six Sigma Quality?" Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 565-591;
2. and Peter R. Orszag, Congressional Budget Office, "The Overuse, Underuse, and Misuse of Health Care," Statement before the Senate Finance Committee, 17 July 2008, http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/95xx/doc9567/07-17- HealthCare-Testimony.pdf (accessed 11 February 2009).
3. Institute of Medicine, Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance-Use Conditions (Washington: National Academies Press, 2006);
4. and President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America, Pub. no. SMA-03-3832 (Rockville, Md.: DHHS, 2003).
5. IOM, Improving the Quality.
6. R.G. Frank and S.A. Glied, Better but Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States since 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006);
7. and I.D. Rutman, "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services: Important or Irrelevant?" Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 21, no. 1 (1997): 1-2.
8. R. Drake, J. Skinner, and H.H. Goldman, "What Explains the Diffusion of Treatments for Mental Illness?" American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 11 (2008): 1385-1392.
9. S. Saha et al., "A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia," PLoS Medicine 2, no. 5 (2005): e141;
10. and C.J. Murray and A.D. Lopez, eds., The Global Burden of Disease (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
11. E.Q. Wu et al., "The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States in 2002," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, no. 9 (2006): 1122-1129.
12. American Diabetes Association et al., "Consensus Development Conference on Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity and Diabetes," Diabetes Care 27, no. 2 (2004): 596-601. (Pubitemid 38180442)
13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Sendees, MentalHealth: A Report of the Surgeon General (Rockville, Md.: Public Health Service, 1999).
14. D.M. Berwick, "Disseminating Innovations in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 289, no. 15 (2003): 1969-1975. (Pubitemid 37430229)
15. A.F. Lehman, "Quality of Care in Mental Health: The Case of Schizophrenia," Heaitli Affairs 18, no. 5 (1999): 52-65.
16. A.F. Lehman et al., "Patterns of Usual Care for Schizophrenia: Initial Results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Client Survey," Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, no. 1 (1998): 11-20.
17. See, for example, R.G. Frank et al., "Quality-Constant Prices for the Ongoing Treatment of Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study," Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 44, no. 3 (2004): 390-409. (Pubitemid 39145747)
18. Lehman et al., "Patterns of Usual Care";
19. and Drake et al., "What Explains the Diffusion?"
20. Frank et al., "Quality-Constant Prices."
21. A.F. Lehman et al., "The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated Treatment Recommendations 2003," Schizophrenia Bulletin 30, no. 2 (2004): 193-217;
22. and G.R. Bond, "Supported Employment: Evidence for an Evidence-Based Practice," Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 27, no. 4 (2004): 345-359.
23. A.B. Rothbard, E. Kuno, and K. Foley, "Trends in the Rate and Type of Antipsychotic Medications Prescribed to Persons with Schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, no. 3 (2003): 531-540. (Pubitemid 37339387)
24. T.S Stroup, J.P. McEvoy, and J.A. Lieberman, "Revised PORT Recommendations," Schizophrenia Bulletin 30, no. 3 (2004): 609-611.
25. R.R Conley et al., "Comparison of Clozapine Use in Maryland and in Victoria, Australia," Psychiatric Services 56, no. 3 (2005): 320-323. (Pubitemid 40333565)
26. Lehman et al., "The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team."
27. B. Dickey et al., "Guideline Recommendations for Treatment of Schizophrenia: The Impact of Managed Care," Archives of General Psychiatry 60, no. 4 (2003): 340-348;
28. J.C. West et al., "Patterns and Quality of Treatment for Patients with Schizophrenia in Routine Psychiatric Practice," Psychiatric Services 56, no. 3 (2005): 283-291;
29. and M. Tashjian et al., Best Practice Study of Vocational Rehabilitation Services to Severely Mentally Ill Persons (Washington: Policy Study Associates, 1989).
30. T. Marshall et al., "Key Factors for Implementing Supported Employment," Psychiatric Services 59, no. 8 (2008): 886-892.
31. Chassin, "Is Health Care Ready?";
32. and Orszag, "The Overuse, Underuse, and Misuse."
33. C.U. Correll et al., "Antipsychotic Combinations versus Monotherapy in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials," Schizophrenia Bulletin (21 April 2008);
34. and T.P. Gilmer et al., "Antipsychotic Polypharmacy Trends among Medicaid Beneficiaries with Schizophrenia in San Diego County, 1999-2004," Psychiatric Services 58, no. 7 (2007): 1007-1010.
35. S.A. Chong, G.J. Remington, and K.Z. Bezchlibnyk-Butler, "Effect of Clozapine on Polypharmacy," Psychiatric Services 51, no. 2 (2000): 250-252.
36. R.A. Rosenheck, D.L. Leslie, and J.A. Doshi, "Second-Generation Antipsychotics: Cost-Effectiveness, Policy Options, and Political Decision Making," Psychiatric Services 59, no. 5 (2008): 515-520;
37. and Alliance for Health Reform, "Comparative Effectiveness: Better Value for the Money?" August 2008, http://www.allhealth.org/Tublications/ Quality-of-care/Comparative-Effectiveness-Better-Value-for-the-Money-84.pdf (accessed 22 October 2008).
38. Orszag, "The Overuse, Underuse, and Misuse."
39. Drake et al., "What Explains the Diffusion?"
40. W.T. Carpenter and R.W. Buchanan, "Lessons to Take Home from CATIE," Psychiatric Services 59, no. 5 (2008): 523-525.
41. J.A. Lieberman et al., "Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia," New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 12 (2005): 1209-1223;
42. and M. Duggan, "Do New Prescription Drugs Pay for Themselves? The Case of Second-Generation Antipsychotics," Journal of Health Economics 24, no. 1 (2005): 1-31.
43. R.G. Frank, "Policy toward Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs: A Cautionary Note," Psychiatric Services 59, no. 5 (2008): 521-522;
44. and Drake et al., "What Explains the Diffusion?"
45. W.C. Torrey et al., "Implementing Evidence-Based Practices for Persons with Severe Mental Illnesses," Psychiatric Services 52, no. 1 (2001): 45-50. (Pubitemid 32039804)
46. K.R. Isett et al., "The State Policy Context of Implementation Issues for Evidence-Based Practices in Mental Health," Psychiatric Services 58, no. 7 (2007): 914-921. (Pubitemid 47122868)
47. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute, "Results of a Survey of State Directors of Adult and Child Mental Health Services on Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices," January 2005, http://www.nri-inc.org/reports-pubs/2005/EBPLillyFullReport2005. pdf (accessed 18 October 2008).
48. See, for example, T. Greenhalgh et al., "Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations," Milbank Quarterly 82, no. 4 (2004): 581-629;
49. and Drake et al., "What Explains the Diffusion?"
50. IOM, Improving the Quality;
51. and President's New Freedom Commission, Achieving the Promise.
52. IOM, Improving the Quality; and E.Q. Wu et al., "Annual Prevalence of Diagnosed Schizophrenia in the USA: A Claims Data Analysis Approach," Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (2006): 1535-1540. (Pubitemid 44575799)
53. IOM, Improving the Quality.
54. M.E. Domino, R.G. Frank, and R. Rosenheck, "The Diffusion of New Antipsychotic Medications and Formulary Policy," Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, no. 1 (2003): 95-104. (Pubitemid 36871060)
55. A.B. Busch, R.G. Frank, and A.F. Lehman, "The Effect of a Managed Behavioral Health Carve-Out on Quality of Care for Medicaid Patients Diagnosed as Having Schizophrenia," Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 5 (2004): 442-448. (Pubitemid 38620842)
56. See, for example, Dickey et al., "Guideline Recommendations."
57. D.C. Ling, E.R Berndt, and R.G. Frank, "Economic Incentives and Contracts: The Use of Psychotropic Medications," Contemporary Economic Policy 26, no. 1 (2008): 49-72.
58. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Dual Eligibles: Medicaid's Role in Filling Medicare's Gaps (Washington: KFF, 2004).
59. J. Donohue, H. Huskamp, and S. Zuvekas, "Dual Eligibles with Mental Disorders and Medicare Part D: How Are They Faring?" Health Affairs 28, no. 3 (2009): 746-759.
60. R.C. Hermann et al., "Process Measures for the Assessment and Improvement of Quality of Care for Schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Bulletin 28, no. 1 (2002): 95-104;
61. and National Committee for Quality Assurance, "HEDIS 2009 Summary Table of Measures, Product Lines, and Changes," http://www.ncqa.org/ Portals/0/HEDISQM/HEDIS2009/2009-Measures.pdf (accessed 12 February 2009).
62. C. Koyanagi, S. Forquer, and E. Alfano, "Medicaid Policies to Contain Psychiatric Drug Costs," Health Affairs 24, no. 2 (2005): 536-544. (Pubitemid 40528973)
63. L.M. Flynn, "Commentary on the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Studies," Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, no. 1 (1998): 20-32;
64. and Mental Health America, "Factsheet: Schizophrenia: What You Need to Know," 1 February 2007, http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/ schizophrenia/schizophrenia-what-you-need-to-know (accessed 21 January 2009).
65. E.R. Berndt and J.M. Donohue, "The Economics of Advertising in Health Care Markets," in Incentives and Choice in Health Care, ed. F. Sloan and H. Kasper (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008), 131-162.
66. Drake et al., "What Explains the Diffusion?"
67. H.H. Goldman and S.T. Azrin, "Public Policy and Evidence-Based Practice," Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26, no. 4 (2003): 899-917;
68. and IOM, Improving the Quality, chap. 7, 286-324.
69. S.K. Schoenwald and K. Hoagwood, "Effectiveness, Transportability, and Dissemination of Interventions: What Matters When?" Psychiatric Services 52, no. 9 (2001): 1190-1197 (Pubitemid 32823190)
70. Alliance for Health Reform, "Comparative Effectiveness."
71. IOM, Improving the Quality, chap. 6, 259-285.
72. Goldman and Azrin, "Public Policy."
73. K. Kuhmerker and T. Hartman, Pay-for-Performance in State Medicaid Programs: A Survey of State Medicaid Directors and Programs (New York: Commonwealth Fund, April 2007).
74. B. Berman, "The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Approach to Value-Based Purchasing," 17 June 2008, http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=vbp (accessed 30 October 2008);
75. and Orszag, "The Overuse, Underuse, and Misuse."
76. R. Steinbrook, "Saying No Isn't NICE - The Travails of Britain's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence," New England Journal of Medicine 359, no. 19 (2008): 1977-1981;
77. and Orszag, "The Overuse, Underuse, and Misuse."
78. See Rosenheck et al., "Second-Generation";
79. and Richard Frank's "cautionary note" that appears in the same issue: Frank, "Policy toward Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs."
80. IOM, Improving the Quality, 317-319.
81. Goldman and Azrin, "Public Policy."
82. V. Ganju, "Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices in State Mental Health Systems: Implications for Research and Effectiveness Studies," Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, no. 1 (2003): 125-131. (Pubitemid 36871063)
83. D. Dougherty and P.H. Conway, "The '3T's' Road Map to Transform U.S. Health Care: The 'How' of High-Quality Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 299, no. 19 (2008): 2319-2321.
84. Goldman and Azrin, "Public Policy."
85. Alliance for Health Reform, "Comparative Effectiveness."
86. IOM, Improving the Quality, 196.
87. S. Lohr, "Technology Gets a Piece of Stimulus," New York Times, 25 January 2009.
88. R.C. Birkel et al., "Consumers and Families as Partners in Implementing Evidence-Based Practices," Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26, no. 4 (2003): 867-881.