The diffusion of new antipsychotic medications and formulary policy

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 95-104

  Domino, Marisa Elena ^a   Frank, Richard G ^b   Rosenheck, Robert ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^d YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antipsychotic; Diffusion; Formulary design

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT;

AGE; DRUG COST; DRUG MARKETING; ETHNIC GROUP; GENDER; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL PATIENT; POLICY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; RACE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 0038825302     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006995     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Berndt, E.R.; Bui, L.; Reiley, D.; and Urban, G. The roles of marketing, product quality and price competition in the growth and composition of the U.S. antiulcer drug industry. In: Bresnahan, T., and Gordon, R., eds. The Economics of New Products: Studies in Income and Wealth. Vol. 58. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997a. pp. 277-322.
2. Berndt, E.R.; Bui, L.T.; Reiley, D.H.; and Urban, G.L. Information, marketing and pricing in the U.S. anti-ulcer drug market. American Economic Review, 85(2):100-105, 1995.
3. Berndt, E.R.; Cockburn, I.M.; Cocks, D.L.; Epstein, A.M.; and Griliches, Z. Is price inflation different for the elderly? An empirical analysis of prescription drugs. In: Garber, A., ed. Frontiers in Health Policy Research. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. pp. 33-75.
4. Berndt, E.R.; Cockburn, I.M.; and Griliches, Z. Pharmaceutical innovations and market dynamics: Tracking effects on price indexes for antidepressant drugs. Brookings Papers: Microeconomics, 133-188, 1996.
5. Berndt, E.R.; Frank, R.G.; and McGuire, T.G. Alternative insurance arrangements and the treatment of depression: What are the facts? American Journal of Managed Care, 3(2):135-143, 1997b.
6. Berndt, E.R.; Pindyck, R.S.; and Azoulay, P. Network effects and diffusion in pharmaceutical markets: Antiulcer drugs. Working Paper 7024, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1999.
7. Bradley, C.P. Decision making and prescribing patterns: A literature review. Family Practice, 8(3):276-287, 1991.
8. Christensen, D.B., and Bush, P.J. Drug prescribing: Patterns, problems, and proposals. Social Science and Medicine, 15A:343-355, 1981.
9. Coffey, R.M.; Mark, T.; Kind, E.; Harwood, H.; McKusick, D.; Genuardi, J.; Dilonardo, J.; and Buck, J. National Estimates of Expenditures for Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment, 1997. SAMHSA Publication No. SMA-00-3499. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, July 2000.
10. Congressional Budget Office [CBO]. How Increased Competition From Generic Drugs Has Affected Prices and Returns in the Pharmaceutical Industry. 1998. http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=655&sequence= 0. Accessed March 17, 2003.
11. Covell, N.H.; Jackson, C.T.; Evans, A.C.; and Essock, S.M. Antipsychotic prescribing practices in Connecticut's public mental health system: Rates of changing medications and prescribing styles. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(1):17-30, 2002.
12. Crystal, S.; Sambamoorthi, U.; and Merzel, C. The diffusion of innovation in AIDS treatment - zidovudine use in two New Jersey cohorts. Health Services Research, 30(4):593-614, 1995.
13. Csernansky, J.G.; Mahmoud, R.; and Brenner, R. A comparison of risperidone and haloperidol for the prevention of relapse in patients with schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(1):16-22, 2002.
14. Denig, P.; Haaijer-Ruskamp, F.M.; and Zijsling, D.H. How physicians choose drugs. Social Science and Medicine, 27(12):1381-1386, 1988.
15. Domino, M.E., and Salkever, D.S. Spillover effects of managed care on treatment choice for depression. Working Paper, University of North Carolina, 2001.
16. Domino, M.E., and Salkever, D.S. Price elasticity and pharmaceutical selection: The influence of managed care. Health Economics, in press.
17. Domino, M.E.; Salkever, D.S.; Zarin, D.; and Pincus, H. The impact of managed care on psychiatry. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 26(2):149-157, 1998.
18. Ellison, S.K.; Cockburn, I.; Griliches, Z.; and Hausman, J. Characteristics of demand for pharmaceutical products: An examination of four cephalosporins. RAND Journal of Economics, 28(3):426-446, 1997.
19. Escarce, J.J. Externalities in hospitals and physician adoption of a new surgical technology: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Health Economics, 15(6):715-734, 1996.
20. Essock, S.M.; Frisman, L.K.; Covell, N.H.; and Hargreaves, W. Cost-effectiveness of clozapine compared with conventional antipsychotic medications for patients in state hospitals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(10):987-994, 2000.
21. Frank, R.G.; Epstein, A.; Huskamp, H.; Rosenthal, M.; Conti, R.; and Dorosh, E. "Prescription Drug Policy Issues in California: A Report to the California Health Care Foundation." Unpublished manuscript, May 1999.
22. Geddes, J.; Freemantle, N.; Harrison, P.; and Bebbington, P., for the National Schizophrenia Guideline Development Group. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic overview and meta regression analysis. British Medical Journal, 321:1371-1376, 2000.
23. Grazier, K.L.; Eselius, L.L.; Hu, T.W.; Shore, K.K.; and G'Sell, W.A. Effects of a mental health carve-out on use, costs, and payers: A four-year study. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 26(4):381-389, 1999.
24. Gresenz, C.R.; Stockdale, S.E.; and Wells, K.B. Community effects on access to behavioral health care. Health Services Research, 35(1 Pt 2):293-306, 2000.
25. The Hay Group. The Hay Group Study: Health Care Plan Design and Cost Trends - 1988 Through 1997. 1998. http://www.naphs.org/News/HayGroupReport.html. Accessed March 17, 2003.
26. Hellerstein, J.K. The importance of the physician in the generic versus trade-name prescription decision. RAND Journal of Economics, 29(1):108-136, 1998.
27. Hemminki, E. Review of literature on the factors affecting drug prescribing. Social Science and Medicine, 9:111-115, 1975.
28. Kane, J.M.; Honigfeld, G.; Singer, J.; Meltzer, H.Y.; and the Clozaril Collaborative Study Group. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: A double blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45:789-796, 1988.
29. Kerwin, R.W. The new atypical antipsychotics: A lack of extrapyramidal side effects and new routes in schizophrenia research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164:141-148, 1994.
30. Leibowitz, A.; Manning, W.G.; and Newhouse, J.P. The Demand for Prescription Drugs as a Function of Cost-Sharing. RAND Note N-2278-HHS. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1985.
31. Leslie, D., and Rosenheck, R.A. Third Annual Report on Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in the Department of Veterans Affairs. West Haven, CT: Northeast Program Evaluation Center, 2002.
32. Leslie, D.L., and Rosenheck, R.A. The effect of institutional fiscal stress on the use of atypical antipsychotic medications in the treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(6):377-383, 2001.
33. Luchins, D.J.; Hanrahan, P.; Schinderman, M.; Lagios, L.; and Fichtner, C.G. Initiating clozapine treatment in the outpatient clinic: Service utilization and cost trends. Psychiatric Services, 49(8):1034-1038, 1998.
34. Lyles, A.; Luce, B.R.; and Rentz, A.M. Managed care pharmacy, socioeconomic assessments and drug adoption decisions. Social Science and Medicine, 45(4):511-521, 1997.
35. Lyles, A., and Palumbo, F.B. The effect of managed care on prescription drug costs and benefits. Pharmacoeconomics, 15(2):129-140, 1999.
36. Marder, S.R.; Essock, S.M.; Miller, A.L.; Buchanan, R.W.; Davis, J.M.; Kane, J.M.; Lieberman, J.; and Schooler, N.R. The Mount Sinai Conference on the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(1):5-16, 2002.
37. Marder, S.R., and Meibach, R.C. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(6):825-835, 1994.
38. Meredith, L.S.; Sherbourne, C.D.; Jackson, C.A.; Camp, P.; and Wells, K.B. Treatment typically provided for comorbid anxiety disorders. Archives of Family Medicine, 6(3):231-237, 1997.
39. Meredith, L.S.; Wells, K.B.; and Camp, P. Clinician specialty and treatment style for depressed outpatients with and without medical comorbidities. Archives of Family Medicine, 3(12):1065-1072, 1994.
40. National Institute for Health Care Management [NIHCM]. Prescription Drug Expenditures in 2001: Another Year of Escalating Costs. 2002. http://www.nihcm.org/ spending2001.pdf. Accessed August 27, 2002.
41. Norquist, G.S., and Wells, K.B. How do HMOs reduce outpatient mental health care costs? American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(1):96-101, 1991.
42. Novartis. Pharmacy Benefit Report: Trends and Forecasts. Wayne, NJ: Novartis, 1998.
43. Novartis. Pharmacy Benefit Report: Facts and Figures. Wayne, NJ: Novartis, 1999.
44. Novartis. Pharmacy Benefit Report: Facts and Figures. Wayne, NJ: Novartis, 2000.
45. Olfson, M.; Mechanic, D.; Hansell, S.; Boyer, C.A.; Walkup, J.; and Weiden, P.J. Predicting medication noncompliance after hospital discharge among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 51(2):216-222, 2000.
46. Peay, M.Y., and Peay, E.R. Innovation in high risk drug therapy. Social Science and Medicine, 39(1):39-52, 1994.
47. Phelps, C.E. Health Economics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
48. Pincus, H.A.; Tanielian, T.L.; Marcus, S.C.; Olfson, M.; Zarin, D.A.; Thompson, J.; and Zito, J.M. Prescribing trends in psychotropic medication: Primary care, psychiatry, and other medical specialties. JAMA, 279(7):526-531, 1998.
49. Rogers, D. VA bid to trim drug costs may rile firms: Eli Lilly objects to policy promoting less-costly treatments. Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2002, p. 1.
50. Rosenheck, R.; Cramer, J.; Allan, E.; Erdos, J.; Frisman, L.K.; Xu, W.; Thomas, J.; Henderson, W.; and Charney, D. Cost-effectiveness of clozapine in patients with high and low levels of hospital use. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(6):565-572, 1999.
51. Rosenheck, R., and Leslie, D. Administrative prescription review procedures and use of atypical antipsychotic medications in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Journal of Mental Health Services Research, in press.
52. Rosenheck, R.; Leslie, D.; and Sernyak, M. From clinical trials to real-world practice: Use of atypical antipsychotic medication nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Medical Care, 39(3):302-308, 2001.
53. Rosenheck, R.A.; Cramer, J.; Xu, W.; Thomas, J.; Henderson, W.; Frisman, K.; Fye, C.; and Charney, D., for the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Clozapine in Refractory Schizophrenia. A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in the treatment of hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 337:809-815, 1997.
54. Rosenheck, R.A.; Hoff, R.A.; Steinwachs, D.; and Lehman, A. Benchmarking treatment of schizophrenia: A comparison of service delivery by the national government and by state and local providers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(4):209-216, 2000.
55. Rosenheck, R.A.; Lawson, W.; Crayton, J.; Cramer, J.; Xu, W.; Thomas, J.; and Chamey, D. Predictors of differential response to clozapine and haloperidol. Biological Psychiatry, 44(6):475-482, 1998.
56. Segal, R., and Hepler, C.D. Drug choice as a problem solving process. Medical Care, 23(8):967-976, 1985.
57. Sernyak, M.J.; Leslie, D.; and Rosenheck, R. Predictors of neuroleptic medication change. Submitted for publication.
58. Sirey, J.A.; Bruce, M.L.; Alexopoulos, G.S.; Perlick, D.A.; Raue, P.; Friedman, S.J.; and Meyers, B.S. Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(3):479-481, 2001.
59. Snowden, L.R., and Thomas, K. Medicaid and African American outpatient mental health treatment. Mental Health Services Research, 2(2):115-120, 2000.
60. Stern, S., and Trajtenberg, M. Empirical implications of physician authority in pharmaceutical decisionmaking. Working Paper 6851, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.
61. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA]. SAMHSA Managed Care Initiative State Profiles 1999. 2000. http://www.samhsa.gov/mcnew/frames/frame_studies.html. Accessed August 19, 2002.
62. Tollefson, G.D.; Beasley, C.M., Jr.; Tran, P.V.; Street, H.J.S.; Krueger, J.A.; Tamura, R.N.; Graffeo, K.A.; and Thieme, M.E. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders: Results of an international collaborative trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(4):457-465, 1997.
63. Viale, G.; Mechling, L.; Maislin, G.; Durkin, M.; Engelhart, L.; and Lawrence, B.J. Impact of risperidone on the use of mental health care resources. Psychiatric Services, 48(9):1153-1159, 1997.
64. Walkup, J.T.; McAlpine, D.D.; Olfson, M.; Labay, L.E.; Boyer, C.; and Hansell, S. Patients with schizophrenia at risk for excessive antipsychotic dosing. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(5):344-348, 2000.
65. Weiner, J.P.; Lyles, A.; Steinwachs, D.M.; and Hall, K.C. Impact of managed care on prescription drug use. Health Affairs, 10(1):140-154, 1991.
66. Weiss, R.; Charney, E.; Baumgardner, R.A.; German, P.S.; Mellits, E.D.; Skinner, E.A.; and Williamson, J.W. Changing patient management: What influences the practicing pediatrician? Pediatrics, 85(5):791-795, 1990.
67. Wells, K.B. Caring for depression in America: Lessons learned from early findings of the Medical Outcomes Study. Psychiatric Medicine, 9(4):503-519, 1991.
68. Wells, K.B., and Sturm, R. Informing the policy process: From efficacy to effectiveness data on pharmacotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4):638-645, 1996.
69. Young, A.S.; Klap, R.; Sherbourne, C.D.; and Wells, K.B. The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(1):55-61, 2001.