The galactic positron annihilation radiation and the propagation of positrons in the interstellar medium

Astrophysical Journal

Volumn 698, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 350-379

  Higdon, J C ^a   Lingenfelter, R E ^b   Rothschild, R E ^b  

^a KECK GRADUATE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cosmic rays; Elementary particles; Gamma rays: theory; ISM: general; Nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances; Supernovae: general

Indexed keywords

EID: 66649136771     PISSN: 0004637X     EISSN: 15384357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/350     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Almy, R. C., McCammon, D., Digel, S. W., Bronfman, L., & May, J. 2000, ApJ, 545, 290
2. Anantharamaiah, K. R. 1985, JA&A, 6, 203
3. Bale, S. D., Kellogg, P. J., Moser, F. S., Horbury, T. S., & Reme, H. 2005, Phys.Rev.Lett., 94, 215002-1
4. Beck, R. 2001, SpaceSci.Rev., 99, 243
5. Belcher, J. W. & Davis, L. 1971, J.Geophys.Res., 76, 3534
6. Beresnyak, A. & Lazarian, A. 2006, ApJ, 640, 185
7. Beresnyak, A. & Lazarian, A. 2008, ApJ, 682, 1070
8. Berger, M. J. & Seltzer, S. M. 1964, Tables of Energy Loses and Ranges of Electrons and Positrons (NASA SP-3012; Washington, DC: NASA)
9. Bieber, J. W., Wanner, W., & Matthaeus, W. H. 1996, J.Geophys.Res., 101, 2511
10. Binney, J. & Merrifield, M. 1998, Galactic Astronomy (Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ. Press)
11. Biskamp, D. 2003, Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 99
12. Blinnikov, S. & Sorokina, E. 2004, Ap&SS, 290, 13
13. Blitz, L. et al. 1993, Nature, 361, 417
14. Bregman, J. 1980, ApJ, 237, 280
15. Bregman, J. N. & Harrington, J. P. 1986, ApJ, 309, 833
16. Burger, J. J., Stephens, S. A., & Swanenburg, B. N. 1970, Ap&SS, 8, 20
17. Cappellaro, E., Evans, R., & Turatto, M. 1999, A&A, 351, 459
18. Carral, P. et al. 1994, ApJ, 423, 223
19. Chan, K.-W. & Lingenfelter, R. E. 1993, ApJ, 405, 614
20. Cho, J., Lazarian, L., & Vishniac, E. T. 2002, ApJ, 564, 291
21. Cho, J. & Vishniac, E. T. 2000, ApJ, 539, 273
22. Churazov, E., Sunyaev, R., Sazonov, S., Revnivtsev, M., & Varshalovich, D. 2005, MNRAS, 357, 377
23. Clayton, D. D. 1973, Nat Phys. Sci., 244, 137
24. Colgate, S. A. 1970, Ap&SS, 8, 457
25. Colgate, S. A., Petschek, A. G., & Kriese, J. T. 1980, ApJ, 237, L81
26. Cordes, J. M., Weisberg, J. M., Frail, D. A., Spangler, S. R., & Ryan, M. 1991, Nature, 354, 121
27. Crutcher, R. M. 1999, ApJ, 520, 706
28. de Avillez, M. A. & Breitschwerdt, D. 2004, Proc. of the Magnetized Plasma in Galaxy Evolution, ed. K. T. Chyźy et al. (Kraków: Jagiellonian University), 66
29. Dehnen, W. & Binney, J. 1998, MNRAS, 294, 429
30. Dermer, C. D. & Murphy, R. J. 2001, Proc. 4th INTEGRAL Workshop (Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division), 115, ESA SP-459
31. Diehl, R. et al. 2006, Nature, 439, 45
32. Dove, J. B. & Shull, J. M. 1994, ApJ, 423, 196
33. Dove, J. B., Shull, J. M., & Ferrara, A. 2000, ApJ, 531, 846
34. Drimmel, R. & Spergel, D. N. 2001, ApJ, 556, 181
35. Esquivel, A., Benjamin, R. A., Lazarian, A., Cho, J., & Leitner, S. N. 2006, ApJ, 648, 1043
36. Faber, S. M. & Gallagher, J. S. 1976, ApJ, 204, 365
37. Falceta-Goncalves, D., Lazarian, A., & Kowal, G. 2008, ApJ, 679, 537
38. Felice, G. M. & Kulsrud, R. M. 2001, ApJ, 553, 198
39. Ferreira, S. E. S., Potgieter, M. S., Burger, R. A., Heber, B., & Fichtner, H. 2001a, J.Geophys.Res., 106, 24979
40. Ferreira, S. E. S., Potgieter, M. S., Burger, R. A., Heber, B., Fichtner, H., & Lopate, C. 2001b, J.Geophys.Res., 106, 29313
41. Ferreira, S. E. S., Potgieter, M. S., Moeketsi, D. M., Heber, B., & Fichtner, H. 2003, ApJ, 594, 552
42. Ferrière, K. 1998, ApJ, 497, 759
43. Ferrière, K. 2001, Rev. Mod. Phys., 73, 1031
44. Ferrière, K., Gillard, W., & Jean, P. 2007, A&A, 467, 611
45. Filippenko, A. V. et al. 1992, AJ, 104, 1543
46. Fredricks, R. W. & Coroniti, F. V. 1976, J.Geophys.Res., 81, 5591
47. Freeman, K. C. 1985, Proc. IAU Colloquium 88, Stellar Radial Velocities, ed. A. G. D. PhilipD. W. Latham (Schenectady: Davis Press), 223
48. Gillard, W., Jean, P., Marcowith, A., & Ferrière, K. 2007, Proc. 6th INTEGRAL Workshop (Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division), 65, ESA SP-622
49. Goldreich, P. & Sridhar, S. 1995, ApJ, 438, 763
50. Goldreich, P. & Sridhar, S. 2006, ApJ, 640, L159
51. Greggio, L. 2005, A&A, 441, 1055
52. Guessoum, N., Jean, P., & Gillard, W. 2005, A&A, 436, 171
53. Guessoum, N., Jean, P., & Prantzos, N. 2006, A&A, 457, 753
54. Guessoum, N., Ramaty, R., & Lingenfelter, R. E. 1991, ApJ, 378, 170
55. Güsten, R. 1989, IAU Symp. 136, The Center of the Galaxy, ed. M. Morris (Kluwer: Dordrecht), 89
56. Haverkorn, M., Gaensler, B. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Dickey, J. M., & Green, A. J. 2004, ApJ, 609, 776
57. Heiles, C. 1987, ApJ, 354, 483
58. Heiles, C. 1990, ApJ, 315, 555
59. Heiles, C., Reach, W. T., & Koo, B.-C. 1996, ApJ, 466, 191
60. Higdon, J. C. 1984, ApJ, 285, 109
61. Higdon, J. C. & Lingenfelter, R. E. 2005, ApJ, 628, 738
62. Horbury, T. S., Balog, A., Forsyth, R. J., & Smith, E. J. 1996, A&A, 316, 333
63. Horbury, T. S., Forman, M., & Oughton, S. 2005, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 47, B703
64. Iroshnikov, P. S. 1964, SAJ, 7, 566
65. Jean, P. et al. 2006, A&A, 445, 579
66. Johnson, W. N., Harnden, F. R., & Haymes, R. C. 1972, ApJ, 172, 1
67. Jokipii, J. R. 1969, ApJ, 156, 1107
68. Kallenrode, M.-B. 1993, J.Geophys.Res., 98, 190327
69. Kennicutt, R. C. 2001, Tetons 4: Galactic Structure, Stars, & Interstellar Medium (ASP Conf. Ser. 231), ed. C. E. Woodward, M. D. Bicay, & J. M. Shull (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 2
70. Knödlseder, J. 1999, ApJ, 510, 915
71. Knödlseder, J. et al. 2005, A&A, 441, 513
72. Kolmogorov, A. 1941, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 30, 301
73. Koyama, K. 1989, PASJ, 41, 664
74. Koyama, K., Maeda, Y., Sonobe, T., Takeshima, T., Tanaka, Y., & Yamauchi, S. 1996, PASJ, 48, 249
75. Kraichnan, R. H. 1965, Phys. Fluids, 8, 1385
76. Kulkarni, S. R. & Heiles, C. 1987, Interstellar Processes, ed. D. J. Hollenbach & H. A. Thronson (Dordrecht: Reidel), 87
77. Kulsrud, R. M. 2005, Plasma Physics for Astrophysics, 346 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press), 352
78. Kulsrud, R. & Pearce, W. P. 1969, ApJ, 156, 445
79. Lazio, T. J. & Cordes, J. M. 1998, ApJ, 505, 715
80. Leamon, R. J., Smith, C. W., Ness, N. F., Matthaeus, W. H., & Wong, H. K. 1998, J.Geophys.Res., 103, 4775
81. Leventhal, M., MacCallum, C. J., & Stang, P. D. 1979, ApJ, 225, 11
82. Li, H. et al. 2006, ApJ, 648, 340
83. Lingenfelter, R. E., Ramaty, R., & Fisk, L. A. 1971, Astrophys. Lett., 8, 93
84. Liszt, H. S. & Burton, W. B. 1980, ApJ, 236, 779
85. Lithwick, Y. & Goldreich, P. 2001, ApJ, 562, 279
86. Lockman, F. J. 1984, ApJ, 23, 90
87. Lodders, K. 2003, ApJ, 591, 1220
88. Mac Low, M.-M. & McCray, R. 1988, ApJ, 324, 776
89. Maron, J. & Goldreich, P. 2001, ApJ, 554, 1175
90. Mason, J., Cattaneo, F., & Boldyrev, S. 2006, Phys.Rev.Lett., 97, 255002
91. Mathis, J. S. 1986, ApJ, 301, 423
92. Mathis, J. S. 2000, ApJ, 544, 347
93. Matthaeus, W. H., Goldstein, M. L., & Roberts, D. A. 1990, J.Geophys.Res., 95, 20673
94. McKee, C. F. & Ostriker, J. P. 1977, ApJ, 218, 148
95. McKee, C. F. & Williams, J. P. 1997, ApJ, 476, 144
96. Mezger, P. G. & Pauls, T. 1979, IAU Symp. 84, The Large Scale Characteristics of Galaxy, ed. W. B. Burton (Dordrecht: Reidel), 357
97. Mihalas, D. & Binney, J. 1981, Galactic Astronomy, 2nd ed. (San Francisco, CA: Freeman), 252
98. Milne, P. A., The, L.-S., & Leising, M. D. 1999, ApJS, 124, 503
99. Mininni, P. D. & Pouquet, A. 2007, Phys.Rev.Lett., 99, 254502
100. Miyazaki, A. & Tsuboi, M. 2000, ApJ, 536, 357
101. Muno, M. P. et al. 2004, ApJ, 613, 326
102. Nomoto, K., Thielemann, F.-K., & Yoko, K. 1984, ApJ, 286, 644
103. Norman, C. A. & Ikeuchi, S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 372
104. Oka, T., Hasegawa, T., Hayashi, M., Handa, T., & Sakamoto, S. 1998, ApJ, 493, 730
105. Osman, K. T. & Horbury, T. S. 2007, ApJ, 654, L103
106. Oughton, S., Dmitruk, P., & Matthaeus, W. H. 2004, Phys. Plasmas, 11, 2214
107. Oughton, S., Dmitruk, P., & Matthaeus, W. H. 2006, Phys. Plasmas, 13, 042306
108. Oughton, S. & Matthaeus, W. H. 2005, Nonlinear Proc. Geophys., 12, 299
109. Parker, E. N. 1979, Cosmical Magnetic Fields (Oxford: Clarendon)
110. Perez, J. C. & Boldyrev, S. 2008, ApJ, 672, L61
111. Pietz, J., Kerp, J., Kalberla, P. M. W., Burton, W. B., Hartmann, D., & Mebold, U. 1998, A&A, 332, 55
112. Pope, S. B. 2000, Turbulent Flows (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 288
113. Prantzos, N. 2006, A&A, 449, 869
114. Ramaty, R. & Lingenfelter, R. E. 1979, Nature, 278, 127
115. Reynolds, R. J. 1984, ApJ, 282, 191
116. Reynolds, R. J. 1991, IAU Symp. 144, The Interstellar Disk-Halo Connection in Galaxies, ed. H. Bloemen (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 67
117. Robinson, B. J., Manchester, R. N., Whiteoak, J. B., Otrupek, R. E., & McCutcheon, W. H. 1988, A&A, 193, 60
118. Rodriguez-Fernandez, N. J. & Martin-Pintado, J. 2005, A&A, 429, 938
119. Rodríguez-Fernndez, N. J. et al. 2004, A&A, 427, 217
120. Sanders, D. B., Solomon, P. M., & Scoville, N. Z. 1984, ApJ, 276, 182
121. Schlickeiser, R. 2002, Cosmic Ray Astrophysics (Berlin: Springer)
122. Schekochihin, A. A. & Cowley, S. C. 2007, Magnetohydrodynamics: Historical Evolution and Trends, ed. S. Molokov et al. (Berlin: Springer), 85, (arXiv:astro-ph/0507686v3)
123. Shebalin, J. V., Matthaeus, W. H., & Montgomery, D. 1983, J. Plasma Phys., 29, 525
124. Simien, F. & de Vaucouleurs, G. 1986, ApJ, 302, 564
125. Sjouwerman, L. O., Habing, H. J., Lindqvist, M., van Langevelde, H. J., & Winnberg, A. 1998, The Central Parsecs of the Galaxy, ed. H. Falcke, V. Cotera, W. J. Duschl, F. Melia, & M. J. Rieke (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 379
126. Slavin, J. D., McKee, C. F., & Hollenbach, D. J. 2000, ApJ, 541, 218
127. Smith, L. F., Biermann, P., & Mezger, P. G. 1978, A&A, 66, 65
128. Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Finkbeiner, D. P., Freyberg, M. J., & Plucinsky, P. P. 1998, ApJ, 493, 715
129. Spergel, D. N. & Blitz, L. 1992, Nature, 357, 665
130. Stark, A. A. & Lee, Y. 2006, ApJ, 641, L113
131. Taylor, J. H. & Cordes, J. M. 1993, ApJ, 411, 674
132. Tenorio-Tagle, G. 1979, A&A, 71, 59
133. Teufel, A. & Schlickeiser, R. 2002, A&A, 393, 703
134. The, L.-S. et al. 2006, A&A, 450, 1037
135. Tielens, A. G. G. M. 2005, The Physics and Chemistry of Interstellar Medium (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 7
136. Tielens, A. G. G. M. & Hollenbach, D. 1985, ApJ, 291, 722
137. Timmes, F. X., Woosley, S. E., & Weaver, T. A. 1995, ApJS, 98, 617
138. Tomisaka, K. & Ikeuchi, S. 1986, PASJ, 38, 697
139. Townsend, A. A. 1976, The Structure of Turblent Shear Flows (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 188
140. Turatto, M. et al. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 1
141. Vallée, J. P. 2005a, ApJ, 619, 297
142. Vallée, J. P. 2005b, AJ, 130, 569
143. van den Bergh, S. & Tammann, G. A. 1991, ARA&A, 29, 363
144. van Loon, J. Th. et al. 2003, MNRAS, 338, 857
145. Weidenspointner, G. et al. 2006, A&A, 450, 1013
146. Weidenspointner, G. et al. 2007, Sixth INTEGRAL Workshop, ed. S. Grebenev, R. Sunyaev, & C. Winkler (Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division), 25, ESA SP-622 (arXiv:astrop-ph/0702621)
147. Weidenspointner, G. et al. 2008a, New Astron. Rev., 52, 454
148. Weidenspointner, G. et al. 2008b, Nature, 451, 159
149. Whitworth, A. 1979, MNRAS, 186, 59
150. Wolfire, M. G., Hollenbach, D., & Tielens, A. M. 1993, ApJ, 402, 195
151. Wolfire, M. G., Tielens, A. M., & Hollenbach, D. 1990, ApJ, 358, 116
152. Wolfire, M. G., McKee, C. F., Hollenbach, D., & Tielens, A. M. 2003, ApJ, 587, 278
153. Woosley, S. E. & Pinto, P. A. 1988, Nuclear Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Sources, ed. N. GehrelsG. Share (New York: AIP), 98
154. Woosley, S. E., Taam, R. E., & Weaver, T. A. 1986, ApJ, 301, 601
155. Woosley, S. E. & Weaver, T. A. 1994, ApJ, 423, 371
156. Yamauchi, S., Kawada, M., Kyama, K., Kunieda, H., Tawara, Y., & Hatsukade, I. 1990, ApJ, 365, 532
157. Yan, H. & Lazarian, A. 2004, ApJ, 614, 757