"Cam ye o'er frae france?" exile and the mind of scottish jacobitism, 1716-1727

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 357-390

  Szechi, Daniel ^a  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 66349105793     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386172     Document Type: Article

References (234)

1. John Baynes, The Jacobite Rising of 1715 (London, 1970), pp. 180-81;
2. Alastair Tayler and Henrietta Tayler, 1715: The Story of the Rising (London, 1936), pp. 154-55.
3. Historical Manuscript Commission (HMC), Calendar of the Stuart Papers, (hereafter cited as Stuart) 7 vols. (London, 1904-20)
4. Mar to John Menzies, [Avignon], 20 May 1716 New Style (N.S.), 2:171-74.
5. Daniel Szechi, The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688-1788 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 107-10.
6. Anthony Aufrere, ed., The Lockhart Papers, 2 vols. (London, 1817), 2:18-23 (hereafter cited as Lockhart Papers);
7. Ralph Brown Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., Stuart Papers (microfilm), representation by several Highland chieftains to James Stuart, the Old Pretender, 15 July 1719 N.S., vol. 44, letter 21 (hereafter cited as Stuart Papers). I am grateful to Her Majesty the Queen for permission to cite this micro-film of the Stuart Papers held at Windsor.
8. Stuart Papers, "Considerations by Some of the King's Friends in France upon the Present State of Affairs, and What Has Been Lately Proposed to his Majesty from England," 15 October 1721 N.S., vol. 65, letter 18;
9. James Stuart to Lord Balmerino and Stuart of Appin, [Rome], 13 December 1721 N.S., vol. 56, letters 52-53;
10. James Stuart to Henry Straton, [Rome], 15 December 1721 N.S., vol. 56, letter 66;
11. and James Stuart to Lieutenant-General Arthur Dillon, [Rome], 8 June 1722 N.S., vol. 60, letter 13;
12. Lockhart Papers, 2:91-92.
13. George Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 18 December 1725 O.S., in Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath, 1698-1732, ed. Daniel Szechi, 5th ser., vol. 2 (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1989), p. 255 (hereafter cited as Lockhart Letters).
14. Szechi, The Jacobites, pp. 30-32.
15. Lockhart Letters, p. 232.
16. Daynes, The Jacobite Rising, pp. 126, 152. There were also over 1,500 Jacobites taken prisoner at Preston, a large number of whom were Scots. The bulk of these were transported to America and the West Indies. Their experience of exile (and its ramifications) is a subject unto itself that is well worth exploring, but because it was a separate, distinct phenomenon whose impact on the Jacobite community was less visible than that of the European exiles, it will not be dealt with here.
17. Baynes, The Jacobite Rising, p. 153;
18. Daniel Szechi, "The Jacobite Theatre of Death," in The Jacobite Challenge, ed. Eveline Cruickshanks and Jeremy Black (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 66.
19. Daniel Szechi, Jacobitism and Tory- Politics, 1710-14 (Edinburgh, 1984), pp. 36-42;
20. William Donaldson, The Jacobite Song: Political Myth and National Identity (Aberdeen, 1988), pp. 34-35;
21. Henrietta Tayler, ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome in 1719, 3d ser., vol. 31 (Edinburgh, 1938), p. 34;
22. J. Black, British Foreign Policy in the Age of Walpole (Edinburgh, 1985), p. 138.
23. John G. Simms, "The Irish on the Continent, 1691-1800," in A New History of Ireland, vol. 4, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1691-1800, ed. Theodore W. Moody and William E. Vaughan (Oxford, 1986), pp. 629-50;
24. Francis J. McLynn, The Jacobites (London, 1985), pp. 136-38.
25. Christopher Smout, Ned C. Landsman, and Thomas M. Devine, "Scottish Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500-1800, ed. Nicholas Canny (Oxford, 1994), pp. 76-90;
26. Elsa-Britta Grage, "Scottish Merchants in Gothenburg, 1621-1850,"
27. and Anna Bieganska, "A Note on the Scots in Poland, 1550-1800," in Scotland and Europe, 1200-1850, ed. Christopher Smout (Edinburgh, 1986), pp. 112-19, 157-59.
28. Compare Claude Nordmann, "Les Jacobites ècossois en France au XVIIP siècle," in Regards sur LΈcosse au XVIII' siècle, ed. M. S. Plaisant (Lille, 1977), pp. 80-108.
29. John G. Simms, "The War of the Two Kings, 1685-91," in A New History of Ireland, vol. 3, Early Modern Ireland, 1534-1691, ed. Theodore W. Moody, Francis X. Martin, and Francis J. Byrne (Oxford, 1976), pp. 504-7;
30. Paul Dukes, "Problems Concerning the Departure of Scottish Soldiers from Seventeenth Century Muscovy," in Smout, ed., Scotland and Europe, pp. 143-52.
31. Bruce Lenman, "The Scottish Episcopal Clergy and the Ideology of Jacobitism," in Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689-1759, ed. Eveline Cruickshanks (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 36-48;
32. Edward Gregg, "The Politics of Paranoia," and Daniel Szechi, "The Jacobite Theatre of Death," in Cruickshanks and Black, eds., The Jacobite Challenge, pp. 42-56, 57-73;
33. Paul Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, 1688-1788 (Cambridge, 1989);
34. Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth- Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 1994);
35. Daniel Szechi, "The Jacobite Revolution Settlement, 1689-1696," English Historical Review 108 (1993): 610-28
36. and "Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Carnwath," Historical Journal 40 (1997): 977-96 (this article is part of a full-scale exploration of the mind of Lockhart that I am currently writing).
37. Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 345-50.
38. Broader treatments of the Jacobite diaspora than that offered here can be found in Nordmann, "Les Jacobites ècossois"; Bruce Lenman, "The Jacobite Diaspora, 1688-1746: From Despair to Integration," History Today 29 (1980), pp. 7-10;
39. and McLynn, The Jacobites, pp. 126-41.
40. HMC, Stuart, William Pigault to Mar, Calais, 20 March 1716 N.S., 2:31-32.
41. HMC, Stuart, Abercromby to Mar, Saint Germain, 7 April 1716 N.S., 2:71.
42. Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 157-58, 159-60.
43. HMC, Stuart, Clephane to Mar, Amsterdam, 10/21 May 1716, 2:175.
44. HMC, Stuart, 5:180, 188.
45. Stuart Papers, list of pensioners, [1718], vol. 40, letter 149.
46. Nordmann, "Les Jacobites ècossois," p. 84, puts the number of Scots in the French army after 1715 at 5,000, in addition to others who found alternative employments in France. The French army was large, and it is conceivable that there were 5,000 expatriate Scots in it, but I differ with Nordmann over their origins. The government of Regent Orleans refused to employ the refugees of 1716 except as ordinary enlisted men and punished Irish officers who had gone to Scotland to participate in the rising. See Scottish Record Office (SRO), Edinburgh, Dalhousie Papers, earl of Panmure to John Oliphant, Avignon, 2 October 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/3/2;
47. HMC, Stuart, Mr. Gaydon to Mar, Caen, 16 July 1716 N.S., 2:283. It would seem likely, therefore, that Scots serving in the French army in the years immediately following 1715 were recruited before then or were the children of the Jacobite exiles of the 1690s, rather than men taken in from among the new emigres.
48. Cited in Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 158.
49. See, e.g., HMC, Stuart, Colonel John Hay of Cromlix to Mar, Dunkirk, 3 April 1716 N.S., 2:55-56;
50. and Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Forbes to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104-5.
51. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, 2 June 1716 Old Style (O.S.), letter GD 45/14/219/1/1.
52. L. Stephen, ed., Dictionary of National Biography, 63 vols. (London, 1885-1900), 8:64-65.
53. Scottish Catholic Archives, Columba House, Edinburgh, Blairs Letters, Aber-cromby to Thomas Innes, Avignon, 17 September 1716 N.S., MS 2/200/2 (hereafter cited as Blairs Letters).
54. HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 20 July 1716 N.S., 2:295-96.
55. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lieutenant-General Arthur Dillon, Avignon, 26 April 1716 N.S., 2:118-19.
56. HMC, Stuart, vols. 20-21. The Jacobite court also received two gifts, amounting to 65,230 livres, from the Spanish government in 1716. See Stuart Papers, "An Account of What Mony Was Advanced by Foreign Princes or Lent by Particular Persons for the King's Use," [Saint Germain], 29 August 1719 N.S., vol. 44, letter 82.
57. Compare L. B. Smith, Spain and Britain, 1715-1719: The Jacobite Issue (New York, 1987), p. 90.
58. HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Orléans, 6 March 1716 N.S., 2:5.
59. HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to the pope via Cardinal Albani, [Avignon], 26 May 1716 N.S., 2:188.
60. HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Philip V of Spain and Queen Elizabeth Famese, Avignon, 31 August 1716 N.S., 2:398.
61. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Dillon, Avignon, 26 April 1716 N.S., 2:118-19;
62. and [G. Bagnall to James Stuart], [Turin?], [8?] July 1716 N.S., 2:266-67.
63. HMC, Stuart, Lady Anne Lytcott to James Stuart, Paris, 26 November 1718 N.S., 7:573;
64. William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 21 May 1716 N.S., 2:174-75;
65. Dίcconson to John Paterson, [Saint Germain], 10 August and 25 September 1716 N.S., 2:336-37, 470;
66. Mar to Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn, [Avignon], 26 August 1716 N.S., 2:376;
67. and Dic-conson to Mar, Saint Germain, 9 September 1716 N.S., 2:414.
68. Stuart Papers, List of pensions, [1718], vol. 40, letter 149.
69. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Harry Maule of Kellie, 26 May 1717 N.S., 4:278.
70. HMC, Stuart, Account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 6 October 1717 N.S., 5:593-95.
71. HMC, Stuart, Murray of Abercarny to Mar, 4 April 1716 N.S., 2:89-90;
72. Captain David Naime to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104;
73. and Sir James Sharp to Mar, Paris, 8 July 1716 N.S., 2:264.
74. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Lilie, 28 October 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/5/1.
75. HMC, Smart, Mar to Archibald Seton of Touch, Avignon, 17 April 1716 N.S., 2:94-95.
76. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Harry Maule of Kellie, [Avignon], 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216-18.
77. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, [Avignon], 9 June 1716 N.S., 2:211-13;
78. and Mar to Maule, 10 June 1716 RS., 2:216-17.
79. HMC, Stuart, Account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 31 January 1718 N.S., 5:425-28.
80. HMC, Stuart, Captain Robert Erskine to John Paterson, Avalon, 3 September 1716 N.S., 2:405.
81. HMC, Stuart, Captain Robert Kay to John Paterson, Paris, 26 May 1716 N.S., 2:182.
82. HMC, Stuart, Andrew Ramsay to John Walkinshaw of Barrowfield, Bordeaux, 10 December 1716 N.S., 3:305.
83. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Southesk, Avignon, 19 May 1716 N.S., 2:163, 164.
84. HMC, Stuart, Lewis Innes to Mar, [Saint Germain], 15 October 1716 N.S., 3:83.
85. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Dicconson, Avignon, 2 February 1717 N.S., 3:503-4;
86. Stuart Papers, "List of Those That Are to Stay in France, or Flanders," vol. 17, letter 55.
87. HMC, Stuart, Abercromby to Mar, Paris, 18 January 1717 N.S., 3:459;
88. Stuart Papers, "List of His Majestie's Subjects That Are to Goe to Italy," vol. 17, letter 55.
89. W. Michael, England under George I: The Beginnings of the Hanoverian Dynasty (London, 1936; reprint, Westport, Conn., 1981), p. 13;
90. HMC, Stuart, Hay to Mar, Dunkirk, 3 April 1716 N.S., 2:55;
91. and Thomas Bruce to Mar, Brussels, 29 May/9 June 1717, 4:334-35.
92. HMC, Stuart, [G. Bagnall to James Stuart], [Turin?], [8?] July 1716 N.S., 2:266-67.
93. HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn to Mar, Leyden, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:191.
94. HMC, Stuart, John Walkinshaw [of Scottstovvn] to Mar, Brussels, 1 July 1716 N.S., 2:246-47;
95. Michael, England under George I, p. 323.
96. HMC, Stuart, [Marquis de Magny] to [Queen Mary?], 14 June 1716 N.S., 2:220.
97. HMC, Stuart, Marquess of Tullibardine to Mar, 9 July 1718 N.S., 7:22-23;
98. William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 19 July 1718 N.S., 7:61;
99. and Dillon to Mar, [Paris], 23 August 1718 N.S., 7:195.
100. HMC, Stuart, Fanny Oglethorpe to Mar, [Paris?], 17 June 1718 N.S., 6:539-41;
101. HMC, Stuart, Sir John Erskine of Alva to Mar, Beaune, 6 April 1716 N.S., 2:63-64;
102. Thomas Forster to Mar, Paris, 13 May 1716 N.S., 2:148;
103. Clephane to Mar, Avignon, 13 July 1716 N.S., 2:277-78;
104. James Edgar to John Paterson, 7 August 1716 [N.S.], 2:333-34;
105. Lord George Murray to Mar, Turin, 31 October 1716 N.S., 3:162;
106. Colonel Arthur Elphinston to John Paterson, Blois, 1 November 1716 N.S., 3:164;
107. and Mar to James Stuart, Liége, 22 September 1717 N.S., 5:68.
108. Despite the presence of many Highlanders among them and the fact that many of the soldiers of the Irish Brigades spoke the language (William D. Griffin, "The Irish on the Continent in the Eighteenth Century," Eighteenth Century Studies, 5 [1976]: 461), there appear to have been no exclusively Gaelic-speaking communities of Scots exiles.
109. HMC, Stuart, Leslie to Mar, 21 April 1716 N.S., 2:102-3.
110. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 22 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376;
111. Tayler and Tayler, 77/5, p. 274;
112. HMC, Stuart, Pitsligo to Mar, Leyden, 11 January 1717 N.S., 3:428-29.
113. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Panmure, Urbino, 17 February 1718 N.S., 5:487.
114. Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 295;
115. Gregg, "Politics of Paranoia," pp. 42-56.
116. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, Avignon, 19 May and 9 June 1716 N.S., 2:164-67, 211-13;
117. Mar to Maule, [Avignon] 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216-18;
118. and Lewis Innes to Mar, [Saint Germain], 7 July 1716 N.S., 2:260-61.
119. HMC, Stuart, Nairne to Mar, Xaintes, 17 September 1717 N.S., 5:48.
120. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Hutcheson to Panmure, Bordeaux, 3 December 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/6.
121. HMC, Stuart, Forbes to Mar, Rotterdam, 18 September 1717 N.S., 5:58.
122. HMC, Stuart, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 May 1718 N.S., 6:416.
123. HMC, Stuart, Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 18 August 1718 N.S., 7:173.
124. It is interesting to observe that the first wave of Jacobite emigres in the 1690s also had a distinct propensity toward violence in their relationships with each other and the native population: Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac, "Jacobites in Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye," in The Stuart Court in Exile and the Jacobites, ed. Eveline Cruickshanks and Edward Corp (London, 1995), pp. 35-37.
125. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Ormonde, 22 July [1718] N.S., 7:73;
126. and Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 18 August 1718 N.S., 7:173-74.
127. HMC, Stuart, Sir John Forrester to Mar, Cahors, 3 August 1718 N.S., 7:106-7;
128. and Colin Campbell of Glendarule to Mar, Orleans, 27 August 1716 N.S., 7:206. See also, Stuart Papers, Lord George Murray to James Stuart, Paris, 22 June 1722 N.S., vol. 60, letter 73A.
129. HMC, Smart, Laurence Charteris to Mar, 12 September 1718 N.S., 7:274-75.
130. See, e.g., Sir Walter Scott, ed., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland in 1715: By John, Master of Sinclair (Edinburgh, 1858), pp. 1-2;
131. and Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 September 1717 N.S., 5:21.
132. For examples of which, see HMC, Stuart, Andrew Ramsay to Walkinshaw, Bordeaux, 10 December 1716 N.S., 3:305;
133. Daniel Szechi, ed., "Scotland's Ruine": Lockhart of Canmath's Memoirs of the Union (Aberdeen, 1995), pp. 239-44;
134. P. Abercromby, The Martial Achievements of the Scottish Nation, 2 Vols. (Edinburgh, 1711/15), 1, preface (last par.):622-23; 2:iv, 305-6, 318, 487, 543.
135. For an amusing example of this, see HMC, Stuart, Clanranald to Mar, Toulouse, 15 April 1717 N.S., 4:191-92.
136. Tayler, ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, p. 138, n. 1.
137. Pitsligo to George Cumine of Pitullie, [718?], in Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 278.
138. "HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson to Mar, Leyden, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:191;
139. G. E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, 13 vols. (1910-40), 4:497, note c.
140. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Thomas West, [Urbino?], 12 August 1718 N.S., 7:143-44.
141. HMC, Stuart, Dicconson to Queen Mary, [Saint Germain], 26 July 1717 N.S., 4:466-68.
142. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Maule, [Avignon], 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216-18.
143. HMC, Stuart, Sir John Forrester to Mar, Cahors, 3 August 1718 N.S., 7:106-7;
144. and cf. Roger Kenyon to Mar, Rome, 17 October 1716 N.S., 3:92.
145. Blairs Letters, Paterson to William Stuart, Leghorn, 20 June 1716 N.S., MS 2/210/16.
146. HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Father Gaillard (Queen Mary's confessor), Fano, 28 February 1718 N.S., 5:515.
147. Thomas Constable, ed., A Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshall James Keith, Written by Himself: 1714-1734 (Edinburgh, 1843), pp. 75-76.
148. For an example, see James Murray of Stormont to James Edgar, [Autun], 23 September 1751 N.S., in Tayler, ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, pp. 232-33.
149. HMC, Stuart, Robert Freebairn to Hay, Calais, 15 April 1718 N.S., 6:314-15.
150. HMC, Stuart, Lancelot Ord to Dicconson, [Saint Omer?], 8 July 1718 N.S., 7:20-21;
151. statement by Lancelot Ord, John Wood, James Kay, John English, John Coughlan, Henry Anderson, and George Dallas, Saint Omer, 9 July 1718 N.S., 7:24;
152. Richard Plowden (provincial of the English Jesuits) to Mar, Saint Omer, 13 July 1718 N.S., 7:33-34;
153. and Nugent to Mar, Saint Germain, 26 July 1718 N.S., 7:89.
154. Szechi, "The Jacobite Revolution Settlement," pp. 610-28.
155. Cruickshanks and Corp, eds., The Stuart Court in Exile, p. xiii. I differ with the authors as to the scale of the Catholic majority at Saint Germain and Bar in large part because of accounts such as that of Major James Fraser of Castleleather, who when visiting the Jacobite court at Bar-le-Duc in 1715 (before the rising) attended an Anglican service there one Sunday conducted by Charles Leslie, who had been specifically summoned to Bar in 1713 to minister to James's Protestant servants. Fraser recalled: "The auditory were few, none but the Doctor, an Englishman, and the Major centry all the time, guarding the door" (A. Fergusson, ed., Major Fraser's Manuscript, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1889), 1:190-91.
156. Harry T. Dickinson, Bolingbroke (London, 1970), pp. 139-40;
157. HMC, Stuart, Mar to James Stuart, [Urbino?], 14 June 1717 N.S., 4:349-55;
158. and Duke of Ormond to James Stuart, 20 June 1717 N.S., 4:370;
159. Mar to James Stuart, 4 and 5 February 1719 N.S., in Tayler, ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, pp. 143-46.
160. Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 330-36.
161. HMC, Stuart, Father Archangel Graeme to Mar, Calais, 19 August 1718 N.S., 7:178-79.
162. Blairs Letters, Nairne to [Thomas Innes?], [Rome?], 6 November 1717 N.S., MS 2/217/2.
163. Blairs Letters, [Saint Germain], 25 December 1716 N.S., MS 2/208/15.
164. Blairs Letters, Nairne to Thomas Innes, [Avignon], 6 September 1716 N.S., MS 2/210/7.
165. HMC, Stuart, earl of Southesk to John Paterson, Rome, 13 November 1717 N.S., 5:205.
166. Though this was not universal, e.g., see HMC, Stuart, Captain Simon Fraser to John Paterson, Sens, 7 May 1716 N.S., 2:138.
167. Research into the history of the family in late seventeenthand early eighteenth-century Scotland is in its early days, though it promises to be a rich field. See Chris Smout, "Scottish Marriage, Regular and Irregular, 1500-1940," in Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage, ed. R. B. Outhwaite (New York, 1982), pp. 204-36;
168. Rosalind Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603-1745 (London, 1983), pp. 85-89;
169. Robert A. Houston, "Women in the Economy and Society of Scotland, 1500-1800," in Scottish Society 1500-1 SOO, ed. Robert A. Houston and Ian D. Whyte (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 118-47;
170. Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660-1760 (Oxford, 1989);
171. Robert A. Houston, Social Change in the Age of the Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1660-1760 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 18-103.
172. See, e.g., Stuart Papers, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 January 1719 N.S., vol. 41, letter 32.
173. HMC, Stuart, Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 July 1716 N.S., 2:261.
174. HMC, Stuart, Forbes to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104-5;
175. and Forbes to John Paterson, Paris, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:190.
176. HMC, Stuart, Home to Mar, London, 2 September 1718 O.S., 7:279-81.
177. HMC, Smart, Mar to Hay, Avignon, 13 April 1716 N.S., 2:85-86;
178. Edward Gregg, "The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar," in Cruickshanks, ed., Ideology and Conspiracy, pp. 193-94.
179. SRO, Edinburgh, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 4 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7.
180. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 12 March 1716 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/3.
181. HMC, Stuart, vol. 2, pp. xxvi-xxvii;
182. and Sir John Erskine to Mar, 8 October 1716 N.S., 3:44.
183. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, London and Panmure, 23 July 1717-19 O.S. and June 1718, letters GD 45/14/220/38/1-62.
184. HMC, Stuart, Frances, countess of Mar, to Mar, Boulogne, [23] September, 2 and 26 October, and 1 November 1718 N.S., 7:319-20, 351-52, 442-43, and 482-83.
185. and Panmure to Mar, Paris, 15 [August] 1718 N.S., 7:156-57;
186. Stuart Papers, Panmure to James Stuart, Paris, 11 November 1720 N.S., vol. 50, letter 9.
187. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 8 March 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.
188. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 16 August and 17 September 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.
189. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 22 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.
190. HMC, Smart, Sir John Erskine to Mar, 8 October 1716 N.S., 3:44.
191. As is tacitly demonstrated by the general assumption that he was a man of influence, see HMC, Stuart, duchess of Perth to Erskine, [Edinburgh?], 3 August 1716 N.S., 2:322.
192. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 22 February 1716 O.S., 9 and 29 March 1716 O.S., and 22 April 1717 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/1, 2, 5, 31.
193. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, 18 December 1718 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/73.
194. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, copies of letters from Maule to the dukes of Roxburgh and Montrose, [Leyden], 17 January 1719 N.S., letter GD 45/14/377;
195. Gregg, "The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar," pp. 180, 185, 186, 192.
196. Fraser to John Paterson, Sens, 7 May 1716 N.S., 2:138-39;
197. and Alexander Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 16 May 1716 N.S., 2:157-58.
198. J. H. Shennan, Philippe, Duke of Orleans: Regent of France, 1715-1723 (London, 1979), pp. 97-125.
199. HMC, Smart, memo on his financial situation by James Stuart, [Urbino?], October 1717 N.S., 5:600-601.
200. HMC, Stuart, Queen Mary to Mar, Chaillot, 11/12 October 1717 N.S., 5:132-33.
201. HMC, Stuart, Cardinal de Noailles to James Stuart, Conflans, 24 January 1718 N.S., 5:404;
202. and William Gordon to Paterson, Paris, 1 March 1718 N.S., 6:75.
203. HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Paterson, Paris, 1 March 1718 N.S., 6:75.
204. HMC, Stuart, Dicconson to James Stuart, 12 September 1718 N.S., 7:271.
205. Shennan, Philippe, Duke of Orleans, pp. 80-87;
206. HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Orleans, [Urbino], 28 May 1718 N.S., 6:488-89.
207. HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 14 June 1718 N.S., 6:526-27;
208. and James Stuart to Dicconson, Rome, 12 December 1718 N.S., 7:622.
209. HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 5 November 1718 N.S., 7:497-98.
210. HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 29 March 1718 N.S., 6:216;
211. and Dicconson to Mar, [Saint Germain], 4 July 1718 N.S., 7:8-9.
212. See also Stuart Papers, Robert Gordon to Mar, Bordeaux, 7 February 1719 N.S., vol. 42, letter 10;
213. and account by William Dundas, Rotterdam, 11 June 1719 N.S., vol. 43, letter 114A.
214. HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 29 November 1718 N.S., 7:587;
215. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Camegy to Panmure, Lille, 14 May 1719 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/20/1.
216. HMC, Stuart, George Maxwell to Mar, Cahors, 1 July 1718 N.S., 7:2-3;
217. and [Lancelot Ord] to Mar, Saint Omer, 22 September 1718 N.S., 7:314-15;
218. Stuart Papers, [list of pensioners in Dicconson's hand, Saint Germain, 1718?], vol. 40, letter 151.
219. HMC, Stuart, Captain John Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 2 May 1718 N.S., 6:395.
220. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Douglas to Panmure, Leyden, 29 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/15/1.
221. HMC, Stuart, Mar to Maule, 26 May 1717 N.S., 4:277-78.
222. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Panmure to Douglas, Paris, 10 December 1718 N.S., GD 45/14/219/15/2.
223. Stuart Papers, [list of pensioners in Dicconson's hand, Saint Germain, 1718?], vol. 40, letter 151.
224. Tayler and Tayler, 7775, pp. 233-34, 282;
225. Lockhart to the Old Pretender, [Aix-la-Chapelle?], 7 October 1727 N.S., in Lockhart Letters, p. 323.
226. For examples, see Lockhart Papers, 1:250-53, 2:427-29;
227. D. Duncan, ed., History of the Union of Scotland and England by Sir John Clerk of Penkuik, 5th ser., vol. 6,(Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1993), pp. 4-5, 33, 54, 110-12;
228. Tayler and Tayler, 77/5, p. 186.
229. SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 7 May 1716 O.S., GD 45/14/220/7. See also Tayler, ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, p. 36.
230. HMC, Stuart, Leyden, 23 March 1718 N.S., 6:180.
231. Scott, ed., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland.
232. Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 18 December 1725 O.S. and 29 July 1726 O.S., in Lockhart Letters, pp. 251-52, 290.
233. HMC, Stuart, Dr. Arthur to Mar, [before 17 October 1716 N.S.], 3:551.
234. Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 8 August 1726 O.S., in Lockhart Letters, p. 293.