Constructing a jacobite: The social and intellectual origins of george lockhart of carnwath

The Historical Journal

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 977-996

  Szechi, Daniel ^a  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 85010165920     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X97007541     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. H. Williams (ed.), The correspondence of Jonathan Swift (5 vols., Oxford, 1963), 11, 58.
2. D. Szechi (ed.), Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath, 1698–1732 (Edinburgh, Scottish History Society, 5th ser., 1989), p. 114: Lockhart to Harry Maule of Kellie [late July 1714];Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh (henceforth SRO), GD 220/5/418 (Montrose papers): depositions concerning the publication of Memoirs of Scotland.
3. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 110–11
4. Lockhart to Maule, [London] 29 June 1714; pp. 115–16
5. Lockhart to the duke of Atholl, Dryden, 3 Nov. 1714.
6. Cf. ‘Additional preface’, in A. Aufrere (ed.), The Lockhart papers (2 vols., 1817, henceforth LP), pp. 20–37.
7. GD 220/5/331/7: Adam Cockburn of Ormiston (lord justice clerk) to Montrose, Edinburgh, 11 Nov. 1714.
8. LP, 1, 484–494.
9. LP, 1, 394
10. J. Maidment (ed.), The Argylepapers (Edinburgh, 1834), p. 134:‘Memorial for his Grace the Duke of Argyle’
11. GD 220/5/623/3: earl of Hyndford to Montrose, Edinburgh, 21 Jan. 1716.
12. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. XXXII-XXXIII.
13. Cambridge University Library, Cholmondeley (Houghton) papers 71/1–4: examinations of John Strachan and John Corsar, Edinburgh, 8 and 10 Mar. and 24 Apr. 1727.
14. LP, II, 396.
15. LP, II, 397, 403–405.
16. See for example, SRO, GD 45/14/352/19(5) (Dalhousie papers): Lord Balmerino to Harry Maule of Kellie [London], 2 June 1713.
17. Of the handful of other sources that lend themselves to the analysis of the Jacobite mind, probably the best is Lord Elcho's unpublished journal, of which a long extract can be found in E. Charteris, ed., A short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746. By David Lord Elcho (Edinburgh, 1907).
18. S. Macdonald Lockhart, Seven centuries. A history of the Lockharts of Lee and Carnwath (privately published, Carnwath, 1976), pp. 16–17, 19–22.
19. M. D. Young (ed.), The parliaments of Scotland. Burgh and shire commissioners (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1992), 11, 434–435.
20. The parliaments of Scotland. Burgh and shire commissioners. 11, 435–436.
21. The parliaments of Scotland. Burgh and shire commissioners. 11, 436.
22. The parliaments of Scotland. Burgh and shire commissioners. 11, 433–434.
23. The parliaments of Scotland. Burgh and shire commissioners. 11, 433
24. G. V. Irving and A. Murray, The upper ward of Lanarkshire described and delineated (3 vols., 1864), 11, 518.
25. J. Buckroyd, Church and state in Scotland, 1660–1681 (Edinburgh, 1980), pp. 60–3, 71–5, 92–3, 104, 106–17
26. G. Burnet, Bishop Burnet's history of his own time, from the restoration of King Charles the Second to the treaty of peace at Utrecht, in the reign of Queen Anne (2 vols., London, 1857), 1, 246
27. Irving and Murray, Upper ward of Lankarkshire, 11, 519.
28. National Library of Scotland (henceforth NLS), Lockhart of Lee and Carnwath estate papers, personal documents 33: charters and commissions: commission as advocate-general to the duke of York, 26 May 1677
29. warrant for a pension, 23 Dec. 1685
30. commission as royal advocate of Scotland, 24 May 1686
31. warrant for a pension, 22 May 1687.
32. Parliaments of Scotland, 11, 434.
33. Parliaments of Scotland, 11, 433.
34. Scottish catholic archives, Columba House, Edinburgh, Blairs letters (henceforth BL) 2/83/2: Fr James Carnegy to Thomas Innes, n.p., 8 June 1703
35. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 6: GL to Hamilton, Dryden, 14 Dec. 1704.
36. Burnet, History of his own time, 1, 101, 246, 312, 338.
37. J. Carswell, The old cause. Three biographical studies in whiggism (London, 1954), pp. 27–130.
38. Dictionary of national biography (henceforth DNB), IX, 130.
39. DNB, VIII, 341, 369–73
40. J. Stuart Shaw, The management of Scottish society, 1707–1764.
41. Power, nobles, lawyers, Edinburgh agents and English influences (Edinburgh, 1983), pp. 43–48.
42. P.W.J. Riley, King William and the Scottish politicians (Edinburgh, 1979), p. 166.
43. Macdonald Lockhart, Seven centuries, pp. 221–234.
44. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 44, 61
45. LP, 1, 498.
46. D. Szechi, The Jacobites. Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 41–73.
47. M. Wood and H. Arnet (eds.), Extracts from the records of the burgh of Edinburgh, 1681 to 1689 (Edinburgh, 1954), p. 137
48. H. Arnet (ed.), Extracts from the records of the burgh of Edinburgh, 1701 to 1718 (Edinburgh, 1967), p. 63.
49. Lockhart estate papers, folder 2: estate and legal correspondence: minute of [dean of guild] James Nicolson of Trabroun vs GL, 8 July 1718.
50. Miscellany of the Spalding club, volume second (Aberdeen, 1842), p. 99
51. Acts of the parliament of Scotland, XI, 336: 26 Nov. 1706
52. T. C. Smout (ed.), ‘Journal of Henry Kalmeter's travels’, in Scottish industrial history. A miscellany (Edinburgh, Scottish History Society, 1978), p. 48.
53. British Library, Add. MSS 22229, fo. 7: ‘The state of Mr Lockharts affairs’.
54. LP, I, 31.
55. LP, I, 571.
56. SRO, CC8/5/1: Commissariat of Edinburgh, consistorial decreets, pp. 274–81
57. Lockhart estate papers, folder 44: accounts, 1624–1856: instrument, Lockhart of Cleghorn vs GL, 1 and 5 Mar. 1695
58. discharge of arrestments, Edinburgh, Jan. 1704.
59. LP, II, 427.
60. See also, II, 427–428, 430–3.
61. LP, I, 295, 394.
62. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 125: Lockhart to Simon Fraser, 20 July 1717
63. Sir James Balfour Paul (ed.), The Scots peerage. Founded on Wood's edition ofSir Robert Douglas's peerage of Scotland. Containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom (Edinburgh, 9 vols., 1904), III, 457
64. BL 2/159/13: Fr James Carnegy to the Scots College, Edinburgh, 11 Mar. 1710
65. LP, II, 433–435.
66. LP, II, 428–430.
67. See for example: H. T. Dickinson, Bolingbroke (London, 1970), passim, esp. p. 171
68. K. H. D. Haley, The first earl of Shaftesbury (London, 1967), pp. 247–3, 739–741
69. R. Lonsdale (ed.), The new Oxford book of eighteenth-century verse (London, 1987), pp. 236–8: ‘ Essay on man’ by Alexander Pope.
70. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 61: GL to the earl of Oxford, London, 23 Dec. 1712.
71. LP, I, 280.
72. LP, I, 231.
73. LP, I, 608.
74. LP, I, 610.
75. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 186–7: GL to Baron Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, Dryden, 8 and 13 Mar. 1723
76. SRO, GD 18/5246/1 /134 (Clerk of Penicuik MSS): Katherine, countess of Galloway, to the same, 8 Apr. 1723. My thanks are due to Sir John Clerk of Penicuik for permission to cite this letter and other material from the Clerk of Penicuik MSS held at the SRO.
77. LP, II, 428.
78. LP, I, 607–610.
79. LP, I, 298
80. C. Kidd, Subverting Scotland's past. Scottish whig historians and the creation of an Anglo-British identity, 1689-c. 1830 (London, 1993), pp. 35–36, 168–70.
81. Lockhart was in addition a personal friend of both men (Letters of George Lockhart, p. 15
82. GL to the duke of Hamilton, [before 26 Mar.] 1705; p. 73
83. GL to Harry Maule of Kellie, [London] 29 Apr. [171 3]; p. 79
84. GL to?, [London] 28 May [1713]
85. BL 2/173/20: Fr James Carnegy to the Scots College, [Edinburgh?] 1 Nov. 1712).
86. LP, I, 298. GL was not alone in the vehemence of his disgust at the conduct of the Scots nobility at the time of the Union, for another example of which, see: Sir Walter Scott (ed.), Memoirs of the insurrection in Scotland in 1715. By John, master of Sinclair (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 3.
87. G. Holmes and C. Jones, ‘Trade, the Scots and the parliamentary crisis of 1713 ’, Parliamentary History, 1 (1982), 52–61.
88. LP, I, 417.
89. D. Szechi, Jacobitism and tory politics, 1710–14 (Edinburgh, 1984), pp. 59–89.
90. LP, I, 338.
91. C. Kidd, ‘The ideological significance of Scottish Jacobite latinity’, in J. Black and J. Gregory (eds.), Culture, politics and society in Britain, 1660–1800 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 121–122.
92. LP, I, 75–77.
93. Cf GL's sketch of the Earl Marischal, 1, 138–139.
94. LP, I, 610.
95. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 9–10: GL to the duke of Hamilton, Edinburgh, 16 Jan. 1704/5.
96. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 33, 35: GL to Maule, London, [mid-May and] 4 June 1706
97. LP, I, 212–213.
98. As an M.P. at Westminster from 1708 to 1714, Lockhart was obliged to take an oath abjuring the Old Pretender and committing himself to the Hanoverian succession before being admitted to his seat in the Commons. See also: Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 200–1: GL to the Old Pretender, [Dryden?] 10 Sept. 1723.
99. LP, I, 385.
100. LP, II, 251, 297, 389.
101. LP, II, 383–387.
102. LP, I, 504–5, 537.
103. LP, II, 412–414, 416–18.
104. LP, II, 58, 137
105. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 143–4: GL to Maule [Carnwath? Nov./Dec. 1719].
106. LP, I, 326–36, 426–7, 570.
107. LP, II, 431.
108. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 104: GL to Maule [London, mid-June 1714]. Lord Pitsligo similarly emphasized the need for an honest man to be disinterested in all his actions: [Alexander Forbes, 4th Lord Forbes of Pitsligo] Essays moral and philosophical on several subjects (1734), pp. 259–60, 276–7.
109. LP, I, 350–351.
110. LP, I, 351–2
111. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 270: [Dryden] 12 Mar. 1726.
112. LP, I, 568
113. LP, I, 95
114. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 7: GL to Hamilton, Dryden, 14 Dec. 1704. LP, I, 160–222 passim.
115. LP, I, 236–237.
116. GD 45/14/352/15: Lord Balmerino to Henry Maule of Kellie, 31 Jan. [1712]
117. Szechi, Jacobitism and tory politics, p. 125.
118. LP, I, 22, 23. See also, I, 128.
119. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 141: [Dryden? Apr. 1719].
120. LP, I, 160–220 passim.
121. LP, I, 285. See also: I, 275, 505
122. Letters of George Lockhart, pp. 14, 25.
123. Fletcher of Saltoun, State of the controversy betwixt united and separate parliaments, with an introduction by P. H. Scott (Saltire Society, 1982), passim.
124. B. Lenman, ‘The Scottish episcopal clergy and the ideology of Jacobitism’, in E. Cruickshanks (ed.), Ideology and conspiracy. Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759 (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 43.
125. For example, the earl of Cromarty and William Seton of Pitmedden were both convinced episcopalians who supported the Union and refused ever to become entangled in Jacobite conspiracy.
126. LP, II, 118, 327–330.
127. Szechi, Jacobitism and tory politics, pp. 43, 50–2, 53, 54.
128. LP, I, 229; II, 404–5.
129. LP, I, 475.
130. Lenman, ‘Scottish episcopal clergy’, p. 46.
131. LP, II, 382. See also, I, 229.
132. LP, I, 351.
133. This view of human nature was very much in tune with that projected by other Jacobite writers, such as Lord Pitsligo: Lord Medwyn (ed.), Thoughts concerning man s condition and duties in this life and his hopes in the world to come by Alexander, Lord Pitsligo (4th edn, London, 1854), pp. 56, 57–8.
134. LP, I, 181.
135. See for example his characterization of the earls of Loudoun and Leven (LP, I, 90).
136. LP, I, 526–527.
137. A.Williamson, ‘“A Pil for Pork-Eaters”: ethnic identity, apocalyptic promises, and the strange creation of the Judeo-Scots’, in R. B. Waddington and A. Williamson (eds.), The expulsion of the Jews, 1492 and after (1994), pp. 237–258.
138. Interestingly, though Williamson implies this was primarily a presbyterian phenomenon (deriving from the Covenanted status of the Scottish people), he notes that Judeophilia was quite widespread among early seventeenth-century episcopalian divines (pp. 238–9). Lockhart was clearly a late episcopalian example of the same generic fascination with the Jews.
139. LP, I, 480–481.
140. LP, I, 259–260.
141. LP, I, 258–260.
142. LP, I, 260–261.
143. See also, I, 410
144. 11, 409–11. GL's reference to the ‘loss of the name of a people’ is probably a reference to the practice after the Union of describing Scotland as ‘ North Britain’ and the Scots as ‘North Britons’.
145. LP, I, 259–60, 261, 410.
146. Kidd, Subverting Scotland's past, p. 27
147. Allan, Scottish Enlightenment, p. 79.
148. see for example Hamilton's speech in 1707: LP, I, 180–181.
149. See for example, [P. Abercromby] The advantages of the Act of Security, compar'd with these of the intended Union founded on the Revolution principles publish'd by Mr Daniel De Foe (Edinburgh, 1706)
150. [John Hamilton, 3rd Baron Belhaven] The Lord Belhavens speech in parliament, Saturday the second of November on the subject-matter of an Union betwixt the two kingdoms of Scotland and England (Edinburgh, 1706).
151. Kidd, Subverting Scotland's past, pp. 19–27.
152. Letters of George Lockhart, p. 212: GL to the Old Pretender, [Dryden?] 28 Nov. 1724.
153. D. Szechi, ‘The Jacobite theatre of death’, in E. Cruickshanks and J. Black (eds.), The Jacobite challenge (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 70.
154. Lenman, ‘Scottish episcopal clergy’, p. 47
155. B. Lenman, The Jacobite risings in Britain, 1689–1746 (London, 1980), pp. 130–131, 253–4.