Ambulatory care provided by office-based specialists In the United States

Annals of Family Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 104-111

  Valderas, Jose M ^a   Starfield, Barbara ^b   Forrest, Christopher B ^c   Sibbald, Bonnie ^a   Roland, Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Health services; Primary health care; Referral and consultation; Specialism

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMBULATORY CARE; ARTICLE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; NORMAL HUMAN; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PATIENT REFERRAL; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 66249106720     PISSN: 15441709     EISSN: 15441717     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1370/afm.949     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Association of American Medical Colleges. Recent Studies and Reports on Physician Shortages in the US, 2006. http://www.aamc.org/workforce/ rcntwrkfce.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2007.
2. Association of American Medical Colleges. AAMC Statement on the Physician Workforce. 2006. http://www.aamc.org/workforce/workforceposition. pdf. Accessed May 15, 2007.
3. Yamamoto LG. We have a shortage of specialists. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(7):895-896.
4. Blumenthal D. New steam from an old cauldron-the physician supply debate. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(17):1780-1787.
5. Salsberg E. Physician workforce shortages: implications and issues for academic health centers and policymakers. Acad Med. 2006;81(9):782-787.
6. Goodman DC, Fisher ES. Physician workforce crisis? Wrong diagnosis, wrong prescription. N Engl J Med. 2008 17;358(16):1658-1661.
7. Goodman DC, Grumbach K. Does having more physicians lead to better health system performance? JAMA. 20 08 23;299(3):335-337.
8. Starf eld B, Lemke KW, Herbert R, Pavlovich WD, Anderson G. Comorbidity and the use of primary care and specialist care in the elderly. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(3):215-222.
9. Donaldson M, Yordy K, Lohr K, et al. Primary Care: America's Health in a New Era. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 1996.
10. Starf eld B. Primary Care: Balancing Health Needs, Services, and Technology. Oxford University Press; 1998.
11. Starf eld B, Shi L. The medical home, access to care, and insurance: a review of evidence. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5)(Suppl):1493-1498.
12. Grumbach K, Bodenheimer T. A primary care home for Americans: putting the house in order. JAMA. 2002;288(7):889-893.
13. Barr M, Ginsburg J. The Advanced Medical Home: A Patient-Centered, Physician-Guided Model of Health Care. American College of Physicians. 2006. http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/where-we-stand/policy/adv-med.pdf.
14. Starf eld B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457-502.
15. Forrest CB, Glade GB, Baker AE, Bocian AB, Kang M, Starf eld B. The pediatric primary-specialty care interface: how pediatricians refer children and adolescents to specialty care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(7):705-714.
16. Forrest CB, Reid RJ. Prevalence of health problems and primary care physicians' specialty referral decisions. J Fam Pract. 2001;50(5): 427-432.
17. Forrest CB, Reid RJ. Passing the baton: HMOs' inf uence on referrals to specialty care. Health Aff (Millwood). 1997;16(6):157-162.
18. American Medical Association. Glossary of Methodologic Terms. 2007. http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/vol295/issue1/images/data/103/DC4/ JAMA-auinst-term.dtl. Accessed Jul 15, 2007.
19. Forrest CB, Nutting PA, Starf eld B, von Schrader S. Family physicians' referral decisions: results from the ASPN referral study. J Fam Pract. 2002;51(3):215-222.
20. Forrest CB, Majeed A, Weiner JP, Carroll K, Bindman AB. Comparison of specialty referral rates in the United Kingdom and the United States: retrospective cohort analysis. BMJ. 2002;325(7360):370-371.
21. Hing E, Cherry DK, Woodwell DA. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 summary. Adv Data. 2006(374)1-33.
22. Hing E, Burt CW. Characteristics of off ce-based physicians and their practices: United States, 2003-04. Vital Health Stat 13. 2007(164)1-34.
23. Center for Disease Control. 2004 NAMCS Micro-Data File Documentation. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/ahcd1.htm#Microdata. Accessed Jan 15, 2008.
24. Weiner JP, Starf eld BH. Measurement of the primary care roles of off ce-based physicians. Am J Public Health. 1983;73(6):666-671.
25. Rosenblatt RA, Hart LG, Gamliel S, Goldstein B, McClendon BJ. Identifying primary care disciplines by analyzing the diagnostic content of ambulatory care. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1995;8(1):34-45.
26. Franks P, Clancy CM, Nutting PA. Def ning primary care: empirical analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Med Care. 1997;35(7):655-668.
27. Lasker RD, Marquis MS. The intensity of physicians' work in patient visits-implications for the coding of patient evaluation and management services. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(5):337-341.
28. Weiner J, Abrams C, eds. The Johns Hopkins ACG Case-Mix System. September 2006. http://acg.jhsph.edu. Accessed Apr 10, 2007.
29. Särndal C, Swensson B, Wretman J. Model Assisted Survey Sampling. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1992.
30. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller LL. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Co; 1998.
31. National center for Health Statistics. Using Ultimate Cluster Models with NAMCS and NHAMCS Public Use Files. 2004. http://www.cdc. gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/ahcd1.htm. Accessed Jun 24, 2008).
32. Bailey J, Roland M, Roberts C. Is follow up by specialists routinely needed after elective surgery? A controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(2):118-124.
33. Sicras-Mainar A, Serrat-Tarrés J, Navarro-Artieda R, Llausí-Sellés R, Ruano-Ruano I, González-Ares JA. Adjusted clinical groups use as a measure of the referrals eff ciency from primary care to specialized care in Spain. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(6):657-663.
34. Bindman AB, Forrest CB, Britt H, Crampton P, Majeed A. Diagnostic scope of and exposure to primary care physicians in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States: cross sectional analysis of results from three national surveys. BMJ. 2007;334(7606):1261.
35. Braun BL, Fowles JB, Forrest CB, Kind EA, Foldes SS, Weiner J P. Which enrollees bypass their gatekeepers in a point-of-service plan? Med Care. 2003;41(7):836-841.
36. Forrest CB, Weiner JP, Fowles J, et al. Self-referral in point-of-service health plans. JAMA. 2001;285(17):2223-2231.
37. Enthoven A, Fuchs VR, Ginsburg PB, Starf eld B. Reforming America's Health Care System: Messages to Major Purchasers. Washington, DC: HR Policy Association; 2006.
38. Gandhi TK, Sittig DF, Franklin M, Sussman AJ, Fairchild DG, Bates DW. Communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(9):626-631.
39. Gilchrist VJ, Stange KC, Flocke SA, McCord G, Bourguet CC. A comparison of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) measurement approach with direct observation of outpatient visits. Med Care. 2004;42(3):276-280.
40. Aiken LH, Lewis CE, Craig J, Mendenhall RC, Blendon RJ, Rogers DE. The contribution of specialists to the delivery of primary care. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(24):1363-1370.
41. Rosenblatt RA, Hart G, Baldwin L, Chan L, Schneeweiss R. The generalist role of specialty physicians: is there a hidden system of primary care? JAMA. 1998;279(17):1364-1370.
42. Starf eld B, Shi L, Grover A, Macinko J. The effects of specialist supply on populations' health: assessing the evidence. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;(Suppl 1):W5-97-W5-107.
43. Smetana GW, Landon BE, Bindman AB, et al. A comparison of outcomes resulting from generalist vs specialist care for a single discrete medical condition: a systematic review and methodologic critique. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(1):10-20.
44. Starf eld B. Primary and specialty care interfaces: the imperative of disease continuity. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53(494):723-729.
45. Banks J, Marmot M, Oldf eld Z, Smith J. Disease and disadvantage in the United States and in England. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2037-2045.
46. Doran T, Fullwood C, Gravelle H, et al. Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(4):375-384.