Scaling relations for large Martian valleys

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 114, Issue 2, 2009, Pages

  Som, Sanjoy M ^a   Montgomery, David R ^a   Greenberg, Harvey M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTIMETRY; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MARS; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; PLANETARY LANDFORM; POINT SOURCE; TRIBUTARY; UPLAND REGION; VALLEY;

EID: 66249087625     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JE003132     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Aharonson, O., M. T. Zuber, D. H. Rothman, N. Schorghofer, and K. X. Whipple (2002), Drainage basins and channel incision on Mars, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99(4), 1780-1783, doi:10.1073/pnas.261704198.
2. Ansan, V., and N. Mangold (2006), New observations of Warrego Valles, Mars: Evidence for precipitation and surface runoff, Planet. Space Sci., 54(3), 219-242, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2005.12.009.
3. Baker, V. R., and J. B. Partridge (1986), Small Martian valleys: Pristine and degraded morphology, J. Geophys. Res., 91(B3), 3561-3572, doi:10.1029/JB091iB03p03561.
4. Baker, V. R., M. H. Carr, V. C. Gulick, C. R. Williams, and M. S. Marley (1992), Channels and valley networks, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer et al., pp. 493-522, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson.
5. Bhattacharya, J. P., T. H. D. Payenberg, S. C. Lang, and M. Bourke (2005), Dynamic river channels suggest a long-lived Noachian crater lake on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(10), L10201, doi:10.1029/2005GL022747.
6. Brakenridge, G. R., H. E. Newsom, and V. R. Baker (1985), Ancient hot springs on Mars: Origins and paleoenvironmental significance of small Martian valleys, Geology, 13( 12), 859-862, doi: 10.1130/0091- 7613(1985)13<859:AHSOMO>2.0.CO;2.
7. Bull, L., and M. Kirkby (2002), Dryland Rivers, Hydrology and Geomor- phology of Semi-Arid Channels, John Wiley, New York.
8. Carr, M. H. (1986), Mars: A water-rich planet, Icarus, 68(2), 187-216, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(86)90019-9.
9. Carr, M. H. (1995), The Martian drainage system and the origin of valley networks and fretted channels, J. Geophys. Res., 100(E4), 7479-7507, doi:10.1029/95JE00260.
10. Carr, M. H. (1996), Water on Mars, 229 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
11. Carr, M. H.,' and F. C. Chuang (1997), Martian drainage densities, J. Geophys. Res., 102(E4), 9145-9152, doi:10.1029/97JE00113.
12. Carr, M. H., and J. W. Head (2003), Basal melting of snow on early Mars: A possible origin of some valley networks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 2245, doi:10.1029/2003GL018575.
13. Carr, M. H., and M. C. Malin (2000), Meter-scale characteristics of Martian channels and valleys, Icarus, 146(2), 366-386, doi:10.1006/ icar.2000.6428.
14. Christensen, P. R., et'al. (2004), The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission, Space Sci. Rev., 110, 85-130.
15. Coleman, N. M. (2003), Aqueous flows carved the outflow channels on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E5), 5039, doi:10.1029/2002JE001940.
16. Craddock, R. A., and A. D. Howard (2002), The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107(Ell), 5111, doi: 10.1029/ 2001JE001505.
17. Elwood-Madden, M. E., R. J. Bodnar, and J. D. Rimstidt (2004), Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars, Nature, 431(7010), 821-823, doi:10.1038/nature02971. Environmental Systems and Research Institute (1997), Understanding GIS, Redlands, Calif.
18. Fassett, C. I., and J. W. Head (2008), The timing of Martian valley network activity: Constraints from buffered crater counting, Icarus, 195(1), 61- 89,doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.009.
19. Finnegan, N. J., G. Roe, D. R. Montgomery, and B. Hallet (2005), Controls on the channel width of rivers: Implications for modeling fluvial incision of bedrock, Geology, 33(3), 229-232, doi:10.1130/G21171.1.
20. Gilbert, G. K. (1877), Report on Geology of the Henry Mountains, 160 pp., U.S. Geol. Surv. of the Rocky Mt. Reg., Washington, D. C.
21. Gioia, G., and F. A. Bombardelli (2002), Scaling and similarity in rough channel flows, Phys. Rev. Lett., 88(1), 014501, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 88.014501.
22. Grant, J. A., R. P. Irwin, J. P. Grotzinger, R. E. Milliken, L. L. Tornabene, A. S. McEwen, C. M. Weitz, S. W. Squyres, T. D. Glotch, and B. J. Thomson (2008), HiRISE imaging of impact megabreccia and sub-meter aqueous strata in Holden Crater, Mars, Geology, 36(3), 195-198, doi:10.1130/G24340A.l.
23. Gulick, V. C. (2001), Origin of the valley networks on Mars: A hydrolo-gical perspective, Geomorphology, 37(3-4), 241-268, doi:10.1016/ S0169-555X(00)00086-6.
24. Gulick, V. C, and V. R. Baker (1989), Fluvial valleys and Martian paleo- climates, Nature, 341(6242), 514-516, doi:10.1038/341514a0.
25. Gulick, V. C, D. Tyler, and C. P. McKay (1997), Episodic ocean-induced CO2 greenhouse on Mars: Implications for fluvial valley formation, Icarus, 130(1), 68-86, doi:10.1006/icar.l997.5802.
26. Hack, J. T. (1957), Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 294-B, 45-97.
27. Harrison, K. P., and R. E. Grimm (2005), Groundwater-controlled valley networks and the decline of surface runoff on early Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 110(E\2), E12S16, doi:10.1029/2005JE002455.
28. Hartmann, W. K. (2005), Martian cratering 8: Isochron refinement and the chronology of Mars, Icarus, 174(2), 294-320, doi:10.1016/ j.icarus.2004.11.023.
29. Hartmann, W. K., and G. Neukum (2001), Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars, Space Sci. Rev., 96(1-4), 165-194, doi:10.1023/ A:1011945222010.
30. Hoffman, N. (2000), White Mars: A new model for Mars' surface and atmosphere based on CO2, Icarus, 146(2), 326-342, doi:10.1006/ icar.2000.6398.
31. Hooke, J., and J. Mant (2002), Morpho-dynamics of ephemeral streams, in Dryland Rivers, Hydrology and Geomorphology of Semi-Arid Channels, edited by L. Bull and M. Kirkby, pp. 173-204, John Wiley, New York.
32. Horton, R. E. (1945), Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, 56, 275-370, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT] 2.0.CO;2.
33. Howard, A. D. (1994), A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution, Water Resour. Res., 30(1), 2261-2285, doi:10.1029/94WR00757.
34. Howard, A. D. (2007), Simulating the development of Martian highland landscapes through the interaction of impact cratering, fluvial erosion, and variable hydrologic forcing, Geomorphology, 91, 332-363, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.017.
35. Howard, A. D., and G. Kerby (1983), Channel changes in Badlands, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 739-752, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94 <739:CCIB>2.0.CO;2.
36. Howard, A. D., J. M. Moore, and R. P. Irwin (2005), An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 1. Valley network incision and associated deposits, J. Geophys. Res., 110(E\2), E12S14, doi:10.1029/2005JE002459.
37. Hynek, B. M., and R. J. Phillips (2003), New data reveal mature, integrated drainage systems on Mars indicative of past precipitation, Geology, 31(9), 757-760, doi:10.1130/G19607.1.
38. Irwin, R. P., R. A. Craddock, and A. D. Howard (2005a), Interior channels in Martian valley networks: Discharge and runoff production, Geology, 33(6), 489-492, doi:10.1130/G21333.1.
39. Irwin, R. P., A. D. Howard, R. A. Craddock, and J. M. Moore (2005b), An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development, J. Geophys. Res., 110(E12), E12S15, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002460.
40. Jaumann, R., et al. (2005), Interior channels in Martian valleys: Constraints on fluvial erosion by measurements of the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52(16), L16203, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023415.
41. Kehew, A., and M. Lord (1987), Glacial-lake outbursts along the mid-continent margins of the Laurentide ice-sheet, in Catastrophic Flooding, edited by L. Mayer and D. Nash, pp. 95-120, Allen and Unwin, Boston.
42. Kirchner, J. W. (1993), Statistical inevitability of Horton laws and the apparent randomness of stream channel networks, Geology, 21(1), 591-594, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)02K0591:SIOHSL>2.3.CO;2.
43. Kleinhans, M. G. (2005), Flow discharge and sediment transport models for estimating a minimum timescale of hydrological activity and channel and delta formation on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 770(E12), E12003, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002521.
44. Knighton, D. (1998), Fluvial Forms and Processes, Arnold, London. Komar, P. (1980), Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth, Icarus, 42(3), 317-329, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(80)90097-4.
45. Kraal, E. R., M. van Dijk, G. Postma, and M. G. Kleinhans (2008), Martian stepped-delta formation by rapid water release, Nature, 457(7181), 973-976, doi:10.1038/nature06615.
46. Langbein, W. B. (1964), Profiles of rivers of uniform discharge, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 501-B, 119-122.
47. Leopold, L., and T. Maddock (1953), The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 252, 57 pp.
48. Luo, W. (2002), Hypsometric analysis of Margaritifer Sinus and origin of valley networks, J. Geophys. Res., /07(E1O), 5071, doi:10.1029/ 2001JE001500.
49. Luo, W., and T. F. Stepinski (2006), Topographically derived maps of valley networks and drainage density in the Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(18), L18202, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027346.
50. Mabbutt, J. A. (1977), Desert Landforms, Aust. Natl. Univ. Press, Canberra, Australia. Mackin, J. H. (1948), Concept of the graded river, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, 59, 463 -512, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[463:COTGR]2.0. CO;2.
51. Malin, M. C, and M. H. Carr (1999), Groundwater formation of Martian valleys, Nature, 397(6120), 589-591, doi:10.1038/17551. Malin, M. C, and K. S. Edgett (2000), Evidence for recent groundwater seepage and surface runoff on Mars, Science, 288(5415), 2330-2335, doi: 10.1126/science.288.5475. 2330.
52. Malin, M. C, and K. S. Edgett (2003), Evidence for persistent flow and aqueous sedimentation on early Mars, Science, 302(5652), 1931-1934, doi:10.1126/science,1090544.
53. Mangold, N., and V. Ansan (2006), Detailed study of an hydrological system of valleys, a delta and lakes in the Southwest Thaumasia region, Mars, Icarus, 180(1), 75-87, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.08.017.
54. Mangold, N., C. Quantin, V. Ansan, C. Delacourt, and P. Allemand (2004), Evidence for precipitation on Mars from dendritic valleys in the valles marineris area, Science, 305(5680), 78-81, doi:10.1126/science. 1097549. Mars Channel Working Group (1983), Channels and valleys on Mars, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 1035-1054, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1983) 94<1035:CAVOM>2. 0.CO;2.
55. McEwen, A. S., et al. (2007), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), J. Geophys. Res., 112(E5), E05S02, doi:10.1029/2005JE002605.
56. Merritt, D. M., and E. E. Wohl (2003), Downstream hydraulic geometry and channel adjustment during a flood along an ephemeral, arid-region drainage, Geomorphology, 52(3-4), 165 - 180.
57. Montgomery, D. R., and W. E. Dietrich (1992), Channel initiation and the problem of landscape scale, Science, 255(5046), 826-830, doi:10.1126/ science.255.5046.826.
58. Montgomery, D. R., and K. B. Gran (2001), Downstream variations in the width of bedrock channels, Water Resour. Res., 37(6), 1841-1846, doi: 10.1029/2000WR900393.
59. Montgomery, D. R., and J. Lopez-Bianco (2003), Post-Oligocene river incision, southern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico, Geomorphology, 55(1-4), 235-247, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00142-9.
60. Mueller, J. (1973), Re-evaluation of the relationship of master streams and drainage basins: Reply, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, 84, 3127-3130, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3127:ROTROM>2.0.CO;2.
61. Navarro Hervas, F. (1991), El Sistema Hidrografico del Guadalentin, Con-sejeria de Politica Territorial, Obras Publicas, Murcia, Spain.
62. Neukum, G., and R. Jaumann (2004), HRSC: The high resolution stereo camera of Mars express, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ, ESA SP, 1240, pp. 17-35.
63. Pieri, D. C. (1980), Martian valleys: Morphology, distribution, age, and origin, Science, 210(4412), 895-897, doi:10.1126/science.210.4472.895.
64. Quantin, C, P. Allemand, N. Mangold, G. Dromart, and C. Delacourt (2005), Fluvial and lacustrine activity on layered deposits in Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., UO(E12), E12S19, doi:10.1029/ 2005JE002440.
65. Reid, I., and L. Frostick (1994), Fluvial sediment transport and deposition, in Sediment Transport and Depositional Processes, edited by K. Pye, pp. 89-156, Blackwell Sci., Oxford, U. K.
66. Sagan, C, O. B. Toon, and P. J. Gierasch (1973), Climatic change on Mars, Science, 75/(4104), 1045-1049, doi:10.1126/science.l81.4104.1045.
67. Salisbury, N. E., J. C. Knox, and R. A. Stephensen (1968), The Valleys of Iowa I: Valley Width and Stream Discharge Relationships in the Major Streams, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City.
68. Schumm, S. A. (1974), Structural origin of large Martian channels, Icarus, 22(3), 371-384, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(74)90184-5.
69. Segura, T. L., O. B. Toon, A. Colaprete, and K. Zahnle (2002), Environmental effects of large impacts on Mars, Science, 298(5600), 1977-1980, doi: 10.1126/science. 1073586.
70. Sharp, R. P., and M. C. Malin (1975), Channels on Mars, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 593-609, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<593:COM>2.0. CO;2.
71. Sinha, S. K., and G. Parker (1996), Causes of concavity in longitudinal profiles of rivers, Water Resour. Res., 32(5), 1417-1428, doi:10.1029/ 95WR03819.
72. Skinner, J. A., T. M. Hare, and K. L. Tanaka (2006), Digital renovation of the atlas of mars l:15000000-scale global geologic series map, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVII, Abstract 2331.
73. Smith, D. E., G. A. Neumann, R. Arvidson, E. Guiness, and S. Slavney (2003), Mars Global Surveyor Laser Altimeter Mission Experiment Gridded Data Record (MGS-M-MOLA), 5-MEGDR-L3 -VI .0, NASA Distributed Active Archive Cent, for Planet. Data Syst. (PDS), Greenbelt, Md.
74. Snyder, N. P., and L. L. Kammer (2008), Dynamic adjustments in channel width in response to a forced diversion: Gower Gulch, Death Valley National Park, Calif. Geol., 36(2), 187-190.
75. Som, S. M., D. R. Montgomery, and H. M. Greenberg (2008), The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter dataset: Limitations and improvements, Mars, 4, 14-26.
76. Squyres, S. W-, and A. H. Knoll (2005), Sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum: Origin, diagetiesis, and implications for life on Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240(1), 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.038.
77. Squyres, S. W., et al. (2004), In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars, Science, 306(5702), 1709-1714, doi:10.1126/science.H04559.
78. Stepinski, T. F., and A. P. Stepinski (2005), Morphology of drainage basins as an indicator of climate on early Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 110(E12), E12S12, doi:10.1029/2005JE002448.
79. Stepinski, T. F., M. L. Collier, P. J. McGovern, and S. M. Clifford (2004), Martian geomorphology from fractal analysis of drainage networks, J. Geophys. Res., 109(E2), E02005, doi:10.1029/2003JE002098.
80. Thomas, S. G. (Ed.) (1997), Arid Zone Geomorphology, John Wiley, New York.
81. Whipple, K. X. (2004), Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens,Annu.. Rev. EarthPlanet. Sci., 32,151-185, doi:10.1146/annurev. earth.32.1O18O2.12O356.
82. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker (1999), Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104(B8), 17,661-17,674, doi:10.1029/1999JB900120.
83. Wilhelms, D. E., and R. J. Baldwin (1989), The role of igneous sills in shaping the Martian uplands, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf, 19th, 355-365.
84. Williams, G. P. (1978), Bank-full discharge of rivers, Water Resour. Res., 14(6), 1141-1154, doi:10.1029/WR014i006p01141.
85. Williams, R. M. E., and R. J. Phillips (2001), Morphometric measurements of Martian valley networks from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,737-23,751, doi:10.1029/ 2000JE001409.
86. Wilson, L., and P. J. Mouginis-Mark (2003), Phreatomagmatic explosive origin of Hrad Vallis, Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 108(ES), 5082, doi:10.1029/2002JE001927.
87. Wilson, L., G. J. Ghatan, J. W. Head, and K. L. Mitchell (2004), Mars outflow channels: A reappraisal of the estimation of water flow velocities from water depths, regional slopes, and channel floor properties, J. Geophys. Res., 109(E9), E09003, doi:10.1029/2004JE002281.
88. Wolman, M., and R. Gerson (1978), Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 3, 189-208.
89. Wolman, M. G., and J. P. Miller (1960), Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes, J. Geol., 68(1), 54-74.
90. Zuber, M. T., D. E. Smith, S. C. Solomon, D. O. Muhleman, J. W. Head, J. B. Garvin, J. B. Abshire, and J. L. Bufton (1992), The Mars Observer Laser Altimeter investigation, J. Geophys. Res., 97(E5), 7781-7797.