High-resolution lymphoscintigraphy is essential for recognition of the significance of internal mammary nodes in breast cancer

Annals of Oncology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 977-984

  Spillane, Andrew J ^a,b,c,d   Noushi, F ^a,b,c   Cooper, R A ^b   Gebski, V ^a,e   Uren, R F ^a,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b MATER HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c ROYAL NORTH SHORE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^e NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (Australia)

^f Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound   (Australia)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Internal mammary nodes; Lymphoscintigraphy; Sentinel node biopsy

Indexed keywords

TECHNETIUM;

AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; HUMAN; INTERNAL MAMMARY NODE; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY;

EID: 66149111367     PISSN: 09237534     EISSN: 15698041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn725     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Veronesi U, Valagussa P. Inefficacy of internal mammary nodes dissection in breast cancer surgery. Cancer 1981; 47: 170-175.
2. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L et al. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients. 30-year results of a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35: 1320-1325.
3. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Greco M et al. Prognosis of breast cancer patients after mastectomy and dissection of internal mammary nodes. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 702-707.
4. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Bufalino R et al. Risk of internal mammary lymph node metastases and its relevance on prognosis of breast cancer patients. Ann Surg 1983; 198: 681-684.
5. Urban JA, Marjani MA. Significance of internal mammary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1971; 111: 130-136.
6. Sugarbaker ED. Extended radical mastectomy. Its superiority in the treatment of breast cancer. JAMA 1964; 187: 96-99.
7. Sugg SL, Ferguson DJ, Posner MC, Heimann R. Should internal mammary nodes be sampled in the sentinel lymph node era? Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 188-192.
8. Noguchi M, Koyasaki N, Ohta N et al. Internal mammary nodal status is a more reliable prognostic factor than DNA ploidy and c-erb B-2 expression in patients with breast cancer. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 242-246.
9. Livingston SF, Arlen M. The extended extrapleural radical mastectomy: its role in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg 1974; 179: 260-265.
10. Li KY, Shen Z. An analysis of 1,242 cases of extended radical mastectomy. Breast, Diseases of the Breast 1984; 10: 10-19.
11. Lacour J, Le M, Caceres E et al. Radical mastectomy versus radical mastectomy plus internal mammary dissection. Ten year results of an international cooperative trial in breast cancer. Cancer 1983; 51: 1941-1943.
12. Lacour J, Bucalossi P, Cacers E et al. Radical mastectomy versus radical mastectomy plus internal mammary dissection. Five-year results of an international cooperative study. Cancer 1976; 37: 206-214.
13. Handley RS. Carcinoma of the breast. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1975; 57: 59-66.
14. Dahl-Iversen E, Tobiassen T. Radical mastectomy with parasternal and supraclavicular dissection for mammary carcinoma. Ann Surg 1969; 170: 889-891.
15. Caceres E. Radical mastectomy with resection of the internal mammary chain. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 1959; 15: 1061-1067.
16. Donegan WL. The influence of untreated internal mammary metastases upon the course of mammary cancer. Cancer 1977; 39: 533-538.
17. Mansel RE, Fallowfield L, Kissin M et al. Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: The ALMANAC Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 599-609.
18. Cox C, Pendas S, Cox J et al. Guidelines for sentinel node biopsy and lymphatic mapping of patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 645-651.
19. Krag D, Weaver D, Alex J et al. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using gamma probe. Surg Oncol 1993; 2: 335-340.
20. Guiliano A, Dale P, Roderick R et al. Improved axillary staging of breast cancer with sentinel lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 1995; 222: 394-401.
21. Krag D, Weaver D, Ashikaga T et al. The sentinel node in breast cancer - a multicenter validation study. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 941-946.
22. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 546-553.
23. Shimazu K, Tamaki Y, Taguchi T et al. Lymphoscintigraphic visualization of internal mammary nodes with subtumoral injection of radiocolloid in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 390-398.
24. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Renwick SB, Gillett D. Lymphatic mapping of the breast: Locating the sentinel lymph nodes. World J Surg 2001; 25: 789-793.
25. Tuttle TM, Colbert M, Christensen R et al. Subareolar injection of 99mTc facilitates sentinel lymph node identification. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 77-81.
26. Klauber-DeMore N, Bevilacqua JL, Van Zee KJ et al. Comprehensive review of the management of internal mammary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193: 547-555.
27. Bevilacqua JL, Gucciardo G, Cody HS et al. A selection algorithm for internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002; 28: 603-614.
28. Chen RC, Lin NU, Golshan M et al. Internal mammary nodes in breast cancer: Diagnosis and implications for patient management - a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4981-4989.
29. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Thompson JF et al. Mammary lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 1775-1780.
30. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, Kroon BB. Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192: 399-409.
31. Kollias J, Gill PG, Chatterton BE et al. Reliability of sentinel node status in predicting axillary lymph node involvement in breast cancer. Med J Aust 1999; 171: 461-465.
32. Roumen RM, Valkenburg JG, Geuskens LM. Lymphoscintigraphy and feasibility of sentinel node biopsy in 83 patients with primary breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1997; 23: 495-502.
33. Roumen RM, Geuskens LM, Valkenburg JG. In search of the true sentinel node by different injection techniques in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 1999; 25: 347-351.
34. Reuhl T, Kaisers H, Markwardt J et al. [Axillary node removal in clinical nodenegative breast carcinoma. Can its indication be individualized by "sentinel node" detection?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998; 123: 583-587.
35. Borgstein PJ, Pijpers R, Comans EF et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: Guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 186: 275-283.
36. Estourgie SH, Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE et al. Should the hunt for internal mammary chain sentinel nodes begin? An evaluation of 150 breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2003; 10: 935-941.
37. Jansen L, Doting MH, Rutgers EJ et al. Clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes outside the axilla in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 920-925.
38. van der Ent FW, Kengen RA, van der Pol HA et al. Halsted revisited: internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 79-84.
39. Moffat FL Jr, Gulec SA, Sittler SY et al. Unfiltered sulfur colloid and sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: Technical and kinetic considerations. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6: 746-755.
40. Hill AD, Tran KN, Akhurst T et al. Lessons learned from 500 cases of lymphatic mapping for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 528-535.
41. Johnson N, Soot L, Nelson J et al. Sentinel node biopsy and internal mammary lymphatic mapping in breast cancer. Am J Surg 2000; 179: 386-388.
42. Noguchi M, Tsugawa K, Miwa K. Internal mammary chain sentinel lymph node identification in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2000; 73: 75-80.
43. Imoto S, Fukukita H, Murakami K et al. Pilot study on sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2000; 73: 130-133.
44. Cserni G, Szekeres JP. Internal mammary lymph nodes and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Surg Oncol 2001; 10: 25-33.
45. Sappey M. Anatomie, Physiologie, Pathologie des vaisseaux Lymphatiques consideres chez L'homme at les Vertebres. In Delahaye A, Lecrosnier E (eds): Edition Paris 1874.
46. Turner-Warwick RT. The lymphatics of the breast. Br J Surg 1959; 46: 574-582.
47. Suami H, Pan WR, Mann GB, Taylor GI. The lymphatic anatomy of the breast and its implications for sentinel lymph node biopsy: A human cadaver study. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15: 863-871.
48. Madsen E, Gobardhan P, Bongers V et al. The impact on post-surgical treatment of sentinel lymph node biopsy of internal mammary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1486-1492.
49. Hong J, Choy E, Soni N et al. Extra-axillary sentinel node biopsy in the management of early breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31: 942-948.
50. Zucali R, Mariani L, Marubini E et al. Early breast cancer: Evaluation of the prognostic role of the site of the primary tumor. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1363-1366.
51. Lohrisch C, Jackson J, Jones A et al. Relationship between tumor location and relapse in 6,781 women with early invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 2828-2835.
52. Colleoni M, Zahrieh D, Gelber RD et al. Site of primary tumor has a prognostic role in operable breast cancer: The international breast cancer study group experience. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 1390-1400.
53. Gaffney DK, Tsodikov A, Wiggins CL. Diminished survival in patients with inner versus outer quadrant breast cancers. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 467-472.
54. Yao MS, Kurland BF, Smith AH et al. Internal mammary nodal chain drainage is a prognostic indicator in axillary node-positive breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 2985-2993.
55. Farrus B, Vidal-Sicart S, Velasco M et al. Incidence of internal mammary node metastases after a sentinel lymph node technique in breast cancer and its implication in the radiotherapy plan. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60: 715-721.
56. Paredes P, Vidal-Sicart S, Zanon G et al. Clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes in the internal mammary chain in breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32: 1283-1287.
57. Leidenius MH, Krogerus LA, Toivonen TS et al. The clinical value of parasternal sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13: 321-326.
58. Dupont EL, Salud CJ, Peltz ES et al. Clinical relevance of internal mammary node mapping as a guide to radiation therapy. Am J Surg 2001; 182: 321-324.
59. Mansel RE, Goyal A, Newcombe RG. Internal mammary node drainage and its role in sentinel lymph node biopsy: The initial ALMANAC experience. Clin Breast Cancer 2004; 5: 279-284; discussion 285-276.
60. Spillane A, Brennan M. Minimal access breast surgery - a single breast incision for breast conservation surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy. EJSO 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2008.07.009.
61. Cody HS III, Urban JA. Internal mammary node status: A major prognosticator in axillary node-negative breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1995; 2: 32-37.
62. Veronesi U, Arnone P, Veronesi P et al. The value of radiotherapy on metastatic internal mammary nodes in breast cancer. Results on a large series. AnnOncol 2008.
63. Galimberti V, Veronesi P, Arnone P et al. Stage migration after biopsy of internal mammary chain lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 924-928.
64. Gebski V, Lagleva M, Keech A et al. Survival effects of postmastectomy adjuvant radiation therapy using biologically equivalent doses: A clinical perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 26-38.