메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 359-366

X inactivation and the complexities of silencing a sex chromosome

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTONE; RNA;

EID: 66049083160     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.04.012     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (177)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 7144223296 scopus 로고
    • Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.)
    • Lyon M.F. Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190 (1961) 372-373
    • (1961) Nature , vol.190 , pp. 372-373
    • Lyon, M.F.1
  • 2
    • 85045484695 scopus 로고
    • A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis
    • Barr M.L., and Bertram E.G. A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis. Nature 163 (1949) 676
    • (1949) Nature , vol.163 , pp. 676
    • Barr, M.L.1    Bertram, E.G.2
  • 3
    • 0000255857 scopus 로고
    • Asynchronous duplication of human chromosomes and the origin of sex chromatin
    • Morishima A., Grumbach M.M., and Taylor J.H. Asynchronous duplication of human chromosomes and the origin of sex chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 48 (1962) 756-763
    • (1962) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.48 , pp. 756-763
    • Morishima, A.1    Grumbach, M.M.2    Taylor, J.H.3
  • 5
    • 0035861875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 is an early mark on the X chromosome during X inactivation
    • Heard E., Rougeulle C., Arnaud D., Avner P., Allis C.D., and Spector D.L. Methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 is an early mark on the X chromosome during X inactivation. Cell 107 (2001) 727-738
    • (2001) Cell , vol.107 , pp. 727-738
    • Heard, E.1    Rougeulle, C.2    Arnaud, D.3    Avner, P.4    Allis, C.D.5    Spector, D.L.6
  • 6
    • 0344530944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated kinetics of X chromosome inactivation in differentiating embryonic stem cells
    • Chaumeil J., Okamoto I., Guggiari M., and Heard E. Integrated kinetics of X chromosome inactivation in differentiating embryonic stem cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 99 (2002) 75-84
    • (2002) Cytogenet Genome Res , vol.99 , pp. 75-84
    • Chaumeil, J.1    Okamoto, I.2    Guggiari, M.3    Heard, E.4
  • 7
    • 19344375746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chromosomal memory triggered by Xist regulates histone methylation in X inactivation
    • Kohlmaier A., Savarese F., Lachner M., Martens J., Jenuwein T., and Wutz A. A chromosomal memory triggered by Xist regulates histone methylation in X inactivation. PLoS Biol 2 (2004) E171
    • (2004) PLoS Biol , vol.2
    • Kohlmaier, A.1    Savarese, F.2    Lachner, M.3    Martens, J.4    Jenuwein, T.5    Wutz, A.6
  • 9
    • 62549103324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific patterns of histone marks accompany X chromosome inactivation in a marsupial
    • This study analysed, by immunofluorescence, the pattern of histone modifications during metaphase across the inactive and active X chromosome in the tammar wallaby. All active histone modifications were found to be excluded from the marsupial inactive X, and thus represents a common feature in all mammals. However, unlike placental mammals, inactive histone modifications were not enriched on the inactive X at metaphase in marsupials, which suggests that the mechanisms involved in inactivation are likely different between the two types of mammals.
    • Koina E., Chaumeil J., Greaves I.K., Tremethick D.J., and Marshall Graves J.A. Specific patterns of histone marks accompany X chromosome inactivation in a marsupial. Chromosome Res 17 (2009) 115-126. This study analysed, by immunofluorescence, the pattern of histone modifications during metaphase across the inactive and active X chromosome in the tammar wallaby. All active histone modifications were found to be excluded from the marsupial inactive X, and thus represents a common feature in all mammals. However, unlike placental mammals, inactive histone modifications were not enriched on the inactive X at metaphase in marsupials, which suggests that the mechanisms involved in inactivation are likely different between the two types of mammals.
    • (2009) Chromosome Res , vol.17 , pp. 115-126
    • Koina, E.1    Chaumeil, J.2    Greaves, I.K.3    Tremethick, D.J.4    Marshall Graves, J.A.5
  • 10
    • 33745125901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene
    • Duret L., Chureau C., Samain S., Weissenbach J., and Avner P. The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene. Science 312 (2006) 1653-1655
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 1653-1655
    • Duret, L.1    Chureau, C.2    Samain, S.3    Weissenbach, J.4    Avner, P.5
  • 11
    • 9244227937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution and evolution of the duck-billed platypus karyotype with an X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 male sex chromosome constitution
    • Rens W., Grutzner F., O'Brien P.C., Fairclough H., Graves J.A., and Ferguson-Smith M.A. Resolution and evolution of the duck-billed platypus karyotype with an X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 male sex chromosome constitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 16257-16261
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.101 , pp. 16257-16261
    • Rens, W.1    Grutzner, F.2    O'Brien, P.C.3    Fairclough, H.4    Graves, J.A.5    Ferguson-Smith, M.A.6
  • 13
    • 48249115194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The status of dosage compensation in the multiple X chromosomes of the platypus
    • This study examined the degree of dosage compensation in monotremes which have 5 pairs of sex chromosomes. Using a combination of quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-FISH for specific genes on the sex chromosomes, the authors found that although there is some evidence for dosage compensation, it was variable between genes.
    • Deakin J.E., Hore T.A., Koina E., and Marshall Graves J.A. The status of dosage compensation in the multiple X chromosomes of the platypus. PLoS Genet 4 (2008) e1000140. This study examined the degree of dosage compensation in monotremes which have 5 pairs of sex chromosomes. Using a combination of quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-FISH for specific genes on the sex chromosomes, the authors found that although there is some evidence for dosage compensation, it was variable between genes.
    • (2008) PLoS Genet , vol.4
    • Deakin, J.E.1    Hore, T.A.2    Koina, E.3    Marshall Graves, J.A.4
  • 14
    • 10644221120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple spatially distinct types of facultative heterochromatin on the human inactive X chromosome
    • Chadwick B.P., and Willard H.F. Multiple spatially distinct types of facultative heterochromatin on the human inactive X chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 17450-17455
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.101 , pp. 17450-17455
    • Chadwick, B.P.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 15
    • 33747871839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosome-wide, allele-specific analysis of the histone code on the human X chromosome
    • Valley C.M., Pertz L.M., Balakumaran B.S., and Willard H.F. Chromosome-wide, allele-specific analysis of the histone code on the human X chromosome. Hum Mol Genet 15 (2006) 2335-2347
    • (2006) Hum Mol Genet , vol.15 , pp. 2335-2347
    • Valley, C.M.1    Pertz, L.M.2    Balakumaran, B.S.3    Willard, H.F.4
  • 16
    • 33746521889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic and epigenomic approaches to the study of X chromosome inactivation
    • Valley C.M., and Willard H.F. Genomic and epigenomic approaches to the study of X chromosome inactivation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 16 (2006) 240-245
    • (2006) Curr Opin Genet Dev , vol.16 , pp. 240-245
    • Valley, C.M.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 17
    • 33947169216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in Xi chromatin organization and correlation of the H3K27me3 chromatin territories to transcribed sequences by microarray analysis
    • Chadwick B.P. Variation in Xi chromatin organization and correlation of the H3K27me3 chromatin territories to transcribed sequences by microarray analysis. Chromosoma 116 (2007) 147-157
    • (2007) Chromosoma , vol.116 , pp. 147-157
    • Chadwick, B.P.1
  • 19
    • 58149460416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weak but uniform enrichment of the histone variant macroH2A1 along the inactive X chromosome
    • By ChIP-chip this study analysed the enrichment and distribution of mH2A1 on the inactive X and found ∼1.5 fold enrichment over autosomes that was distributed uniformly across the chromosome suggestive of a role in global chromatin structure.
    • Mietton F., Sengupta A.K., Molla A., Picchi G., Barral S., Heliot L., Grange T., Wutz A., and Dimitrov S. Weak but uniform enrichment of the histone variant macroH2A1 along the inactive X chromosome. Mol Cell Biol 29 (2009) 150-156. By ChIP-chip this study analysed the enrichment and distribution of mH2A1 on the inactive X and found ∼1.5 fold enrichment over autosomes that was distributed uniformly across the chromosome suggestive of a role in global chromatin structure.
    • (2009) Mol Cell Biol , vol.29 , pp. 150-156
    • Mietton, F.1    Sengupta, A.K.2    Molla, A.3    Picchi, G.4    Barral, S.5    Heliot, L.6    Grange, T.7    Wutz, A.8    Dimitrov, S.9
  • 20
    • 23044514626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosome-wide and promoter-specific analyses identify sites of differential DNA methylation in normal and transformed human cells
    • Weber M., Davies J.J., Wittig D., Oakeley E.J., Haase M., Lam W.L., and Schubeler D. Chromosome-wide and promoter-specific analyses identify sites of differential DNA methylation in normal and transformed human cells. Nat Genet 37 (2005) 853-862
    • (2005) Nat Genet , vol.37 , pp. 853-862
    • Weber, M.1    Davies, J.J.2    Wittig, D.3    Oakeley, E.J.4    Haase, M.5    Lam, W.L.6    Schubeler, D.7
  • 21
    • 33847304609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome
    • Hellman A., and Chess A. Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome. Science 315 (2007) 1141-1143
    • (2007) Science , vol.315 , pp. 1141-1143
    • Hellman, A.1    Chess, A.2
  • 22
    • 0031467130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome inactivation in mammals
    • Heard E., Clerc P., and Avner P. X-chromosome inactivation in mammals. Annu Rev Genet 31 (1997) 571-610
    • (1997) Annu Rev Genet , vol.31 , pp. 571-610
    • Heard, E.1    Clerc, P.2    Avner, P.3
  • 24
    • 0030034051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure
    • Clemson C.M., McNeil J.A., Willard H.F., and Lawrence J.B. XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure. J Cell Biol 132 (1996) 259-275
    • (1996) J Cell Biol , vol.132 , pp. 259-275
    • Clemson, C.M.1    McNeil, J.A.2    Willard, H.F.3    Lawrence, J.B.4
  • 25
    • 33746076412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel role for Xist RNA in the formation of a repressive nuclear compartment into which genes are recruited when silenced
    • Chaumeil J., Le Baccon P., Wutz A., and Heard E. A novel role for Xist RNA in the formation of a repressive nuclear compartment into which genes are recruited when silenced. Genes Dev 20 (2006) 2223-2237
    • (2006) Genes Dev , vol.20 , pp. 2223-2237
    • Chaumeil, J.1    Le Baccon, P.2    Wutz, A.3    Heard, E.4
  • 26
    • 33646743365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The X chromosome is organized into a gene-rich outer rim and an internal core containing silenced nongenic sequences
    • Clemson C.M., Hall L.L., Byron M., McNeil J., and Lawrence J.B. The X chromosome is organized into a gene-rich outer rim and an internal core containing silenced nongenic sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006) 7688-7693
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.103 , pp. 7688-7693
    • Clemson, C.M.1    Hall, L.L.2    Byron, M.3    McNeil, J.4    Lawrence, J.B.5
  • 27
    • 36749083424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosome territory reorganization in a human disease with altered DNA methylation
    • Matarazzo M.R., Boyle S., D'Esposito M., and Bickmore W.A. Chromosome territory reorganization in a human disease with altered DNA methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 (2007) 16546-16551
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.104 , pp. 16546-16551
    • Matarazzo, M.R.1    Boyle, S.2    D'Esposito, M.3    Bickmore, W.A.4
  • 28
    • 43149100549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The facultative heterochromatin of the inactive X chromosome has a distinctive condensed ultrastructure
    • Using light and electron microscopy combined with immunostaining, this study describes the ultrastructure of the H3K27me3-associated, DAPI-dense portion of the Xi. This region of the Xi territory was shown to be made up of tightly packed fibers with significant amounts of intervening spaces and a mean density of chromatin compaction higher than euchromatin but less than constitutive heterochromatin.
    • Rego A., Sinclair P.B., Tao W., Kireev I., and Belmont A.S. The facultative heterochromatin of the inactive X chromosome has a distinctive condensed ultrastructure. J Cell Sci 121 (2008) 1119-1127. Using light and electron microscopy combined with immunostaining, this study describes the ultrastructure of the H3K27me3-associated, DAPI-dense portion of the Xi. This region of the Xi territory was shown to be made up of tightly packed fibers with significant amounts of intervening spaces and a mean density of chromatin compaction higher than euchromatin but less than constitutive heterochromatin.
    • (2008) J Cell Sci , vol.121 , pp. 1119-1127
    • Rego, A.1    Sinclair, P.B.2    Tao, W.3    Kireev, I.4    Belmont, A.S.5
  • 29
    • 0042767995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of chromosome organization and gene regulation
    • Spector D.L. The dynamics of chromosome organization and gene regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 72 (2003) 573-608
    • (2003) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.72 , pp. 573-608
    • Spector, D.L.1
  • 30
    • 34249006523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinucleolar targeting of the inactive X during S phase: evidence for a role in the maintenance of silencing
    • This study describes the perinucleolar localization of the inactive X chromosome during S phase and proposes a link with maintenance of the inactive state.
    • Zhang L.F., Huynh K.D., and Lee J.T. Perinucleolar targeting of the inactive X during S phase: evidence for a role in the maintenance of silencing. Cell 129 (2007) 693-706. This study describes the perinucleolar localization of the inactive X chromosome during S phase and proposes a link with maintenance of the inactive state.
    • (2007) Cell , vol.129 , pp. 693-706
    • Zhang, L.F.1    Huynh, K.D.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 31
    • 0032805149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional deletion of Xist disrupts histone macroH2A localization but not maintenance of X inactivation
    • Csankovszki G., Panning B., Bates B., Pehrson J.R., and Jaenisch R. Conditional deletion of Xist disrupts histone macroH2A localization but not maintenance of X inactivation. Nat Genet 22 (1999) 323-324
    • (1999) Nat Genet , vol.22 , pp. 323-324
    • Csankovszki, G.1    Panning, B.2    Bates, B.3    Pehrson, J.R.4    Jaenisch, R.5
  • 32
    • 0942268864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X inactivation during early mouse development
    • Okamoto I., Otte A.P., Allis C.D., Reinberg D., and Heard E. Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X inactivation during early mouse development. Science 303 (2004) 644-649
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 644-649
    • Okamoto, I.1    Otte, A.P.2    Allis, C.D.3    Reinberg, D.4    Heard, E.5
  • 36
    • 0033637110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation
    • Wutz A., and Jaenisch R. A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation. Mol Cell 5 (2000) 695-705
    • (2000) Mol Cell , vol.5 , pp. 695-705
    • Wutz, A.1    Jaenisch, R.2
  • 39
    • 0347357614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos
    • Huynh K.D., and Lee J.T. Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos. Nature 426 (2003) 857-862
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , pp. 857-862
    • Huynh, K.D.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 40
    • 42649100978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SmcHD1, containing a structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domain, has a critical role in X inactivation
    • This study identified a novel player in the X inactivation process, Smchd1, an Smc-like protein. Mutations in female mice affect both random and imprinted inactivation and result in relatively late lethality and defects in promoter methylation, suggestive of a role in the maintenance stages of inactivation. Smc-like proteins have been implicated in dosage compensation in C. elegans and the identification of a similar type of protein in mammalian X inactivation provides a potential link between the two mechanisms.
    • Blewitt M.E., Gendrel A.V., Pang Z., Sparrow D.B., Whitelaw N., Craig J.M., Apedaile A., Hilton D.J., Dunwoodie S.L., Brockdorff N., et al. SmcHD1, containing a structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domain, has a critical role in X inactivation. Nat Genet 40 (2008) 663-669. This study identified a novel player in the X inactivation process, Smchd1, an Smc-like protein. Mutations in female mice affect both random and imprinted inactivation and result in relatively late lethality and defects in promoter methylation, suggestive of a role in the maintenance stages of inactivation. Smc-like proteins have been implicated in dosage compensation in C. elegans and the identification of a similar type of protein in mammalian X inactivation provides a potential link between the two mechanisms.
    • (2008) Nat Genet , vol.40 , pp. 663-669
    • Blewitt, M.E.1    Gendrel, A.V.2    Pang, Z.3    Sparrow, D.B.4    Whitelaw, N.5    Craig, J.M.6    Apedaile, A.7    Hilton, D.J.8    Dunwoodie, S.L.9    Brockdorff, N.10
  • 41
    • 0028104856 scopus 로고
    • DPY-27: a chromosome condensation protein homolog that regulates C. elegans dosage compensation through association with the X chromosome
    • Chuang P.T., Albertson D.G., and Meyer B.J. DPY-27: a chromosome condensation protein homolog that regulates C. elegans dosage compensation through association with the X chromosome. Cell 79 (1994) 459-474
    • (1994) Cell , vol.79 , pp. 459-474
    • Chuang, P.T.1    Albertson, D.G.2    Meyer, B.J.3
  • 42
    • 15244353967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
    • Carrel L., and Willard H.F. X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature 434 (2005) 400-404
    • (2005) Nature , vol.434 , pp. 400-404
    • Carrel, L.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 43
    • 0031820331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome inactivation: a repeat hypothesis
    • Lyon M.F. X-chromosome inactivation: a repeat hypothesis. Cytogenet Cell Genet 80 (1998) 133-137
    • (1998) Cytogenet Cell Genet , vol.80 , pp. 133-137
    • Lyon, M.F.1
  • 44
    • 0034612238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular evidence for a relationship between LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: the Lyon repeat hypothesis
    • Bailey J.A., Carrel L., Chakravarti A., and Eichler E.E. Molecular evidence for a relationship between LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: the Lyon repeat hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (2000) 6634-6639
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.97 , pp. 6634-6639
    • Bailey, J.A.1    Carrel, L.2    Chakravarti, A.3    Eichler, E.E.4
  • 46
    • 11244258156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundaries between chromosomal domains of X inactivation and escape bind CTCF and lack CpG methylation during early development
    • Filippova G.N., Cheng M.K., Moore J.M., Truong J.P., Hu Y.J., Nguyen D.K., Tsuchiya K.D., and Disteche C.M. Boundaries between chromosomal domains of X inactivation and escape bind CTCF and lack CpG methylation during early development. Dev Cell 8 (2005) 31-42
    • (2005) Dev Cell , vol.8 , pp. 31-42
    • Filippova, G.N.1    Cheng, M.K.2    Moore, J.M.3    Truong, J.P.4    Hu, Y.J.5    Nguyen, D.K.6    Tsuchiya, K.D.7    Disteche, C.M.8
  • 47
    • 55949099351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape from X chromosome inactivation is an intrinsic property of the Jarid1c locus
    • Using a transgenic approach, this study showed that the ability to escape inactivation is an intrinsic property of the Jarid1c locus. Jarid1c-containing BACs were introduced into mouse ES cells and in four different X chromosome integration sites, the transgenic locus retained its ability to escape inactivation. Based on the region of overlap between two different BACs, the authors delimit a 112 kb region that may confer its escape capacity.
    • Li N., and Carrel L. Escape from X chromosome inactivation is an intrinsic property of the Jarid1c locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (2008) 17055-17060. Using a transgenic approach, this study showed that the ability to escape inactivation is an intrinsic property of the Jarid1c locus. Jarid1c-containing BACs were introduced into mouse ES cells and in four different X chromosome integration sites, the transgenic locus retained its ability to escape inactivation. Based on the region of overlap between two different BACs, the authors delimit a 112 kb region that may confer its escape capacity.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.105 , pp. 17055-17060
    • Li, N.1    Carrel, L.2
  • 50
    • 62549150310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATRX marks the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells and during imprinted X chromosome inactivation in trophoblast stem cells
    • Baumann C., and De La Fuente R. ATRX marks the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells and during imprinted X chromosome inactivation in trophoblast stem cells. Chromosoma 118 (2009) 209-222
    • (2009) Chromosoma , vol.118 , pp. 209-222
    • Baumann, C.1    De La Fuente, R.2
  • 51
    • 60749133597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new model for random X chromosome inactivation
    • Starmer J., and Magnuson T. A new model for random X chromosome inactivation. Development 136 (2009) 1-10
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 1-10
    • Starmer, J.1    Magnuson, T.2
  • 52
    • 0036479009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA
    • Wutz A., Rasmussen T.P., and Jaenisch R. Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA. Nat Genet 30 (2002) 167-174
    • (2002) Nat Genet , vol.30 , pp. 167-174
    • Wutz, A.1    Rasmussen, T.P.2    Jaenisch, R.3
  • 54
    • 60749087716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A proximal conserved repeat in the Xist gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse
    • Hoki Y., Kimura N., Kanbayashi M., Amakawa Y., Ohhata T., Sasaki H., and Sado T. A proximal conserved repeat in the Xist gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse. Development 136 (2009) 139-146
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 139-146
    • Hoki, Y.1    Kimura, N.2    Kanbayashi, M.3    Amakawa, Y.4    Ohhata, T.5    Sasaki, H.6    Sado, T.7
  • 55
    • 55349109963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome
    • This study reports the discovery of an independent short transcript, RepA, from the Xist A-repeat region.
    • Zhao J., Sun B.K., Erwin J.A., Song J.J., and Lee J.T. Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science 322 (2008) 750-756. This study reports the discovery of an independent short transcript, RepA, from the Xist A-repeat region.
    • (2008) Science , vol.322 , pp. 750-756
    • Zhao, J.1    Sun, B.K.2    Erwin, J.A.3    Song, J.J.4    Lee, J.T.5
  • 56
    • 33646942973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Polycomb group protein EED is dispensable for the initiation of random X-chromosome inactivation
    • Kalantry S., and Magnuson T. The Polycomb group protein EED is dispensable for the initiation of random X-chromosome inactivation. PLoS Genet 2 (2006) e66
    • (2006) PLoS Genet , vol.2
    • Kalantry, S.1    Magnuson, T.2
  • 57
    • 64549153094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SATB1 defines the developmental context for gene silencing by Xist in lymphoma and embryonic cells
    • This study has identified a factor SATB1 that is essential for the initiation of Xist-mediated silencing. Its expression correlates with Xist's silencing window early in ES cell differentiation and is able to confer Xist-mediated gene silencing outside this context when aberrantly expressed in both tumor cells as well as in fibroblasts when introduced as a transgene.
    • Agrelo R., Souabni A., Novatchkova M., Haslinger C., Leeb M., Komnenovic V., Kishimoto H., Gresh L., Kohwi-Shigematsu T., Kenner L., et al. SATB1 defines the developmental context for gene silencing by Xist in lymphoma and embryonic cells. Dev Cell 16 (2009) 507-516. This study has identified a factor SATB1 that is essential for the initiation of Xist-mediated silencing. Its expression correlates with Xist's silencing window early in ES cell differentiation and is able to confer Xist-mediated gene silencing outside this context when aberrantly expressed in both tumor cells as well as in fibroblasts when introduced as a transgene.
    • (2009) Dev Cell , vol.16 , pp. 507-516
    • Agrelo, R.1    Souabni, A.2    Novatchkova, M.3    Haslinger, C.4    Leeb, M.5    Komnenovic, V.6    Kishimoto, H.7    Gresh, L.8    Kohwi-Shigematsu, T.9    Kenner, L.10
  • 58
    • 33750465872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SATB1 packages densely looped, transcriptionally active chromatin for coordinated expression of cytokine genes
    • Cai S., Lee C.C., and Kohwi-Shigematsu T. SATB1 packages densely looped, transcriptionally active chromatin for coordinated expression of cytokine genes. Nat Genet 38 (2006) 1278-1288
    • (2006) Nat Genet , vol.38 , pp. 1278-1288
    • Cai, S.1    Lee, C.C.2    Kohwi-Shigematsu, T.3
  • 60
    • 0037173064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ectopic human XIST gene can induce chromosome inactivation in postdifferentiation human HT-1080 cells
    • Hall L.L., Byron M., Sakai K., Carrel L., Willard H.F., and Lawrence J.B. An ectopic human XIST gene can induce chromosome inactivation in postdifferentiation human HT-1080 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (2002) 8677-8682
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.99 , pp. 8677-8682
    • Hall, L.L.1    Byron, M.2    Sakai, K.3    Carrel, L.4    Willard, H.F.5    Lawrence, J.B.6
  • 61
    • 33749177531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hematopoietic precursor cells transiently reestablish permissiveness for X inactivation
    • Savarese F., Flahndorfer K., Jaenisch R., Busslinger M., and Wutz A. Hematopoietic precursor cells transiently reestablish permissiveness for X inactivation. Mol Cell Biol 26 (2006) 7167-7177
    • (2006) Mol Cell Biol , vol.26 , pp. 7167-7177
    • Savarese, F.1    Flahndorfer, K.2    Jaenisch, R.3    Busslinger, M.4    Wutz, A.5
  • 62
    • 24344454298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delving into the diversity of facultative heterochromatin: the epigenetics of the inactive X chromosome
    • Heard E. Delving into the diversity of facultative heterochromatin: the epigenetics of the inactive X chromosome. Curr Opin Genet Dev 15 (2005) 482-489
    • (2005) Curr Opin Genet Dev , vol.15 , pp. 482-489
    • Heard, E.1
  • 63
    • 34250654571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA and protein actors in X-chromosome inactivation
    • Masui O., and Heard E. RNA and protein actors in X-chromosome inactivation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 71 (2006) 419-428
    • (2006) Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol , vol.71 , pp. 419-428
    • Masui, O.1    Heard, E.2
  • 65
    • 11144237618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ring1b-mediated H2A ubiquitination associates with inactive X chromosomes and is involved in initiation of X inactivation
    • Fang J., Chen T., Chadwick B., Li E., and Zhang Y. Ring1b-mediated H2A ubiquitination associates with inactive X chromosomes and is involved in initiation of X inactivation. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 52812-52815
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 52812-52815
    • Fang, J.1    Chen, T.2    Chadwick, B.3    Li, E.4    Zhang, Y.5
  • 66
    • 11244313165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmentally regulated alterations in Polycomb repressive complex 1 proteins on the inactive X chromosome
    • Plath K., Talbot D., Hamer K.M., Otte A.P., Yang T.P., Jaenisch R., and Panning B. Developmentally regulated alterations in Polycomb repressive complex 1 proteins on the inactive X chromosome. J Cell Biol 167 (2004) 1025-1035
    • (2004) J Cell Biol , vol.167 , pp. 1025-1035
    • Plath, K.1    Talbot, D.2    Hamer, K.M.3    Otte, A.P.4    Yang, T.P.5    Jaenisch, R.6    Panning, B.7
  • 67
    • 33645231102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mouse polycomb proteins bind differentially to methylated histone H3 and RNA and are enriched in facultative heterochromatin
    • Bernstein E., Duncan E.M., Masui O., Gil J., Heard E., and Allis C.D. Mouse polycomb proteins bind differentially to methylated histone H3 and RNA and are enriched in facultative heterochromatin. Mol Cell Biol 26 (2006) 2560-2569
    • (2006) Mol Cell Biol , vol.26 , pp. 2560-2569
    • Bernstein, E.1    Duncan, E.M.2    Masui, O.3    Gil, J.4    Heard, E.5    Allis, C.D.6
  • 68
    • 0032507949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female mammals
    • Costanzi C., and Pehrson J.R. Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female mammals. Nature 393 (1998) 599-601
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 599-601
    • Costanzi, C.1    Pehrson, J.R.2
  • 69
    • 0034081857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female preimplantation mouse embryos
    • Costanzi C., Stein P., Worrad D.M., Schultz R.M., and Pehrson J.R. Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female preimplantation mouse embryos. Development 127 (2000) 2283-2289
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 2283-2289
    • Costanzi, C.1    Stein, P.2    Worrad, D.M.3    Schultz, R.M.4    Pehrson, J.R.5
  • 70
    • 0033611106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone macroH2A1 2 relocates to the inactive X chromosome after initiation and propagation of X-inactivation
    • Mermoud J.E., Costanzi C., Pehrson J.R., and Brockdorff N. Histone macroH2A1 2 relocates to the inactive X chromosome after initiation and propagation of X-inactivation. J Cell Biol 147 (1999) 1399-1408
    • (1999) J Cell Biol , vol.147 , pp. 1399-1408
    • Mermoud, J.E.1    Costanzi, C.2    Pehrson, J.R.3    Brockdorff, N.4
  • 71
    • 1642363256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De novo DNA methylation is dispensable for the initiation and propagation of X chromosome inactivation
    • Sado T., Okano M., Li E., and Sasaki H. De novo DNA methylation is dispensable for the initiation and propagation of X chromosome inactivation. Development 131 (2004) 975-982
    • (2004) Development , vol.131 , pp. 975-982
    • Sado, T.1    Okano, M.2    Li, E.3    Sasaki, H.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.