Application of the cloze procedure to evaluate comprehension and demonstrate rewriting of pharmacy educational materials

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 650-657

  Miller, Michael J ^a,c   DeWitt, Jane E ^b   McCleeary, Erin M ^b   O'Keefe, Kelly J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b DRAKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Department of Pharmacotherapy Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Cloze procedure; Health literacy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPREHENSION; DRUG INFORMATION; DRUG SAFETY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MEDICAL STUDENT; PHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; READING; SCORING SYSTEM; WRITING;

ADULT; AGED; COMPREHENSION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PAMPHLETS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; READING;

EID: 65749111647     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.1L642     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs, Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy. Health literacy: report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1999;281:552-557
2. Gazmararian JA, Baker DW, Williams MV, et al. Health literacy among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. JAMA 1999;281: 545-551
3. Williams MV, Parker RM, Baker DW, et al. Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals. JAMA 1995;274:1677-1682
4. Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, Paulsen C. The health literacy of America's adults: results from the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy (NCES 2006-483). US Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, 2006:10-12
5. Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, Nurss JR. Relationship of functional health literacy to patients' knowledge of their chronic disease: a study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:166-172 (Pubitemid 28049510)
6. Gazmararian JA, Williams MV, Peel J, Baker DW. Health literacy and knowledge of chronic disease. Patient Educ Couns 2003;51:267-275 (Pubitemid 37441301)
7. Schillinger D, Bindman A, Wang F, Stewart A, Piette J. Functional health literacy and the quality of physician-patient communication among diabetes patients. Patient Educ Couns 2004;52:315-323 (Pubitemid 38283903)
8. Parikh NS, Parker RM, Nurss JR, Baker DW,Williams MV. Shame and literacy: the unspoken connection. Patient Educ Couns 1996;27:33-39 (Pubitemid 26017081)
9. Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:267-273 (Pubitemid 29226671)
10. Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS, Nurss J. The relationship of patient reading ability to self-reported health and use of health services. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1027-1030 (Pubitemid 27295085)
11. Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS. Health literacy and the risk of hospital admission. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13:791-798 (Pubitemid 29009290)
12. Baker DW, Gazmararian JA, Williams MV, et al. Functional health literacy and the risk of hospital admission among Medicare managed care enrollees. Am J Public Health 2002;92:1278-1283
13. Scott TL, Gazmararian JA, Williams MV, Baker DW. Health literacy and preventive health care use among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. Med Care 2002;40:395-404.
14. Schillinger D, Grumbach K, Piette J, et al. Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA 2002;288:475-482
15. Nielson-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, eds. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
16. Morris LA, Tabak ER, Gondek K. Counseling patients about prescribed medication: 12-year trends. Med Care 1997;35:996-1007.
17. Svarstad BL, Mount JK, Tabak ER. Expert and consumer evaluation of patient medication leaflets provided in US pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc 2005;45:443-451 (Pubitemid 46037284)
18. Rudd RE, Moeykens BA, Colton TC. Health and literacy: a review of medical and public health literature. In: Comings J, Garner B, Smith C, eds. Annual review of adult learning and literacy. New York: Jossey-Bass, 1999.
19. Wolf MS, Davis TC, Shrank WH, Neuberger M, Parker RM. A critical review of FDA-approved medication guides. Patient Educ Couns 2006;62:316-322 (Pubitemid 44209220)
20. LaPointe NMA, Pappas P, Deverka P, Anstrom KJ. Patient receipt and understanding of written information provided with isotretinoin and estrogen prescriptions. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:98-101. (Pubitemid 47308786)
21. Shrank WH, Avorn J. Educating patients about their medications: the potential and limitations of written drug information. Health Aff 2007;26:731-740
22. Weiss BD. Health literacy. A manual for clinicians. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association and American Medical Association Foundation, 2003:34-35
23. Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH. Teaching patients with low literacy skills, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Company, 1996:44-46
24. Davis TC, Crouch MA, Long SW, et al. Rapid assessment of literacy levels of adult primary care patients. Fam Med 1991;23:433-435
25. Davis TC, Long SW, Jackson RH, et al. Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: a shortened screening instrument. Fam Med 1993;25:391-395
26. Taylor WL. Cloze procedure: a new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Quarterly 1953;(Fall):415-433
27. Osborne H, Hochhauser M. Readability and comprehension of the introduction to the Massachusetts Health Care Proxy. Hosp Top 1999;77:4-6.
28. Holcomb CA. The cloze procedure and readability of patient-oriented drug information. J Drug Educ 1983;13:347-357
29. Oller JW. Scoring methods and difficulty levels for cloze tests of proficiency in English as a second language. Modern Language J 1972;56:151-158
30. Brown JD. Relative merits of four methods for scoring cloze tests. Modern Language J 1980;64:311-317
31. Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients' literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med 1995;10:537-541
32. Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, et al. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Educ Couns 1999;38:33-42.
33. Nurss JR, Parker RM, Baker DW. TOFHLA. Test of functional health literacy in adults, 2nd ed. Snow Camp, NC: Peppercorn Books and Press, 2001.
34. Institute for Safe Medication Practices. How to take your medications safely. www.ismp.org/Consumer/Brochure.html (accessed 2005 May 10).
35. Micro Power and Light Co. Readability calculations. Dallas, TX, 2005.
36. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation, 2003.
37. Aday LA. Designing and conducting health surveys, 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996:55-58
38. Plain Language.gov. Improving communication from the Federal Government to the public. What is plain language? www.plainlanguage.gov/whatisPL/index.cfm (accessed 2007 Oct 4).
39. Paache-Orlow MK, Wolf MS. Evidence does not support clinical screening of literacy. J Gen Intern Med 2007;23:100-102