Role of predation by harp seals Pagophilus groenlandicus in the collapse and non-recovery of northern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod Gadus morhua

Marine Ecology Progress Series

Volumn 379, Issue , 2009, Pages 279-297

  Chassot, Emmanuel ^a,d   Duplisea, Daniel ^a   Hammill, Mike ^a   Caskenette, Amanda ^a   Bousquet, Nicolas ^b   Lambert, Yvan ^a   Stenson, Garry ^c  

^a MAURICE LAMONTAGNE INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^c NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CENTRE   (Canada)

^d INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

Author keywords

Cod; Functional response; Harp seal; Model; Predation; Recovery

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; AGE STRUCTURE; BIOMASS; DIET; EGG PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE; GADOID; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS; MORPHOMETRY; MORTALITY; OVERFISHING; PINNIPED; PREDATION; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); STOCK COLLAPSE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE;

GADUS MORHUA; PHOCA GROENLANDICA;

EID: 65749099431     PISSN: 01718630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/meps07897     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 19:716-723
2. Andersen KP, Ursin E (1977) A multispecies extension to the Beverton and Holt theory of fishing, with accounts of phosphorus circulation and primary production. Medd Dan Fisk-Havunders NS Vol 7:319-435
3. Beverton RJH, Holt SJ (1957) On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Fisheries investigations series 2. UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London
4. Bourdages H, Archambault D, Morin B, Fréchet A, Savard L, Grégoire F, Bérubé M (2003) Preliminary results from the groundfish and shrimp multidisciplinary survey from August 2003 in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2003/078. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa
5. Bourdages H, Savard L, Archambault D, Valois S (2007) Résultats de l'expérience de la pêche comparative d'août 2004 et 2005 dans le nord du golfe Saint-Laurent, entre le NGCC Alfred Needler et le NGCC Teleost. Rapp tech can sci halieut aquat, 2750, Ministère des Pêches et des Océans, Ottawa
6. Bundy A (2001) Fishing on ecosystems: the interplay of fishing and predation in Newfoundland-Labrador. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1153-1157 (Pubitemid 32752606)
7. Castonguay M, Rollet C, Fréchet A, Gagnon P, Gilbert D, Brêthes JC (1999) Distribution changes of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the northern Gulf of St Lawrence in relation to an oceanic cooling. ICES J Mar Sci 56:333-344 (Pubitemid 29351160)
8. Chassot E, Caskenette A, Duplisea DE, Hammill MO, Bourdages H, Lambert Y, Stenson GB (2007) A model of predation by harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) on the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2007/066. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
9. Chouinard GA, Swain DP, Hammill MO, Poirier GA (2005) Covariation between grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) abundance and natural mortality of cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:1991-2000 (Pubitemid 41818825)
10. Stenson GB, Hammill MO, Lawson JW (1997) Predation by harp seals in Atlantic Canada: preliminary consumption estimates for Arctic cod, capelin and Atlantic cod. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 22:137-154 (Pubitemid 28424450)
11. DFO (2003) Proceedings of the zonal assessment meeting- Atlantic cod. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Proceed Ser 2003/021
12. Du J (2002) Combined algorithms for constrained estimation of finite mixture distributions with grouped data and conditional data. MS thesis McMaster University
13. Duplisea DE, Hammill MO (2006) An approach to modelling the influence of harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) predation on decline and recovery of the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod (Gadus morhua). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES CM 2006/L: 02
14. Dutil JD, Lambert Y (2000) Natural mortality from poor condition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:826-836 (Pubitemid 30334422)
15. Dutil JD, Castonguay M, Gilbert D, Gascon D (1999) Growth, condition, and environmental relationships in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence and implications for management strategies in the Northwest Atlantic. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:1818-1831 (Pubitemid 129495688)
16. Dutil JD, Gauthier J, Lambert Y, Fréchet A, Chabot D (2003) Cod stocks rebuilding and fish bioenergetics: low productivity hypothesis. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2003/060. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
17. Efron B, Tibshirani RJ (1998). An introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall, London
18. Flaaten O (1988) The economics of multispecies harvesting. Springer Verlag, Berlin
19. Fournier D, Archibald CP (1982) A general theory for analyzing catch at age data. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 39: 1195-1207
20. FRCC (1999) Conservation requirements for the Gulf of St. Lawrence groundfish stocks and cod stocks in divisions 2GH and 3Ps and science priorities. Report to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. FRCC.99.R.1, April 1999 Fisheries Resource Conservation Council, Ottawa
21. Fréchet A, Gauthier J, Schwab P, Bourdages H and others (2003a) The status of cod in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (3Pn, 4RS) in 2002. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2003/065. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
22. Fréchet A, Butler R, Hussey E, Kennedy J, Rose G (2003b) Quality at landing in relation to gears used in the 3Pn, 4R cod fishery, 2000-2002. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2003/066. Ministère des Pêches et des Océans, Ottawa
23. Fréchet A, Gauthier J, Schwab P, Bourdages H and others (2007) The status of cod in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (3Pn, 4RS) in 2006. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2007/068. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
24. Fu C, Mohn R, Fanning LP (2001) Why the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock off eastern Nova Scotia has not recovered. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1613-1623 (Pubitemid 32752587)
25. Fulton T (1902) Rate of growth of seas fishes. Sci Invest Fish Div of Scotland 20:1035-1039
26. Grégoire F, Fréchet A (2005) Calculation of northern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod (Gadus morhua) natural mortality for the 1990 to 2004 period. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2005/019. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
27. Hammill MO, Stenson GB (2000) Estimated prey consumption by harp seals (Phoca groenlandica), hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Atlantic Canada. J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 26:1-23 (Pubitemid 32437377)
28. Hammill MO, Stenson GB (2004) Estimated consumption of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) by harp seals (Phoca groenlandica), in NAFO Zone 4RS. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2004/093. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
29. Hammill MO, Stenson GB (2005) Abundance of Northwest Atlantic harp seals (1960-2005). DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2005/090. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
30. Hammill MO, Stenson GB, Myers RA, Stobo WT (1998) Pup production and population trends of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:423-430 (Pubitemid 28290517)
31. Hammond TR, Trenkel VM (2005) Censored catch data in fisheries stock assessment. ICES J Mar Sci 62:1118-1130 (Pubitemid 41208084)
32. Hollowed AB, Ianelli JN, Livingston PA (2000) Including predation mortality in stock assessments: a case study for Gulf of Alaska walleye Pollock. ICES J Mar Sci 57:279-293
33. Hutchings JA (1996) Spatial and temporal variation in the density of northern cod and a review of hypotheses for the stock's collapse. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:943-962 (Pubitemid 27010266)
34. Kempf A, Floeter J, Temming A (2008) Predator-prey overlap induced Holling type III functional response: an example from the North Sea fish assemblage. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 367:295-308
35. Koen-Alonso M (2006) A process-oriented approach to the multispecies functional response. In: Rooney N, McCann KS, Noaks DLG (eds): From energetics to ecosystems: The dynamics and structure of ecological systems, Springer, Dordrecht, p 1-36
36. Lambert Y (2008) Why should we closely monitor fecundity in marine fish populations? J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 41: 93-106
37. Lambert Y, Dutil JD (1997a) Condition and energy reserves of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during the collapse of the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:2388-2400 (Pubitemid 28222614)
38. Lambert Y, Dutil JD (1997b) Can simple condition indices be used to monitor and quantify seasonal changes in the energy reserves of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:104-112 (Pubitemid 27191246)
39. Lambert Y, Dutil JD (2000) Energetic consequences of reproduction in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to spawning level of somatic energy reserves. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:815-825 (Pubitemid 30334421)
40. Lambert Y, Dutil JD, Ouellet P (2000) Nutritional condition and reproductive success in wild fish populations. In: Norberg B, Kjesbu OS, Taranger GL, Andersson E, Stefansson SO (eds) Proc 6th Int Symp Rep Phys Fish. Inst Mar Res & Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway, p 77-84
41. Lawless JF (2003) Statistical models and methods for lifetime data, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken
42. Lawson JW, Anderson JT, Dalley EL, Stenson GB (1998) Selective foraging by harp seals Phoca groenlandica in nearshore and offshore waters of Newfoundland, 1993 and 1994. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 163:1-10 (Pubitemid 28178563)
43. Lindstrøm U, Harbitz A, Haug T, Nilssen KT (1998) Do harp seals Phoca groenlandica exhibit particular prey preferences? ICES J Mar Sci 55:941-953 (Pubitemid 28547762)
44. Lindstrøm U, Haug T, Røttingen I (2002) Predation on herring, Clupea harengus, by minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, in the Barents Sea ICES. J Mar Sci 59:58-70 (Pubitemid 34103103)
45. Mackinson S, Blanchard JL, Pinnegar JK, Scott R (2003) Consequences of alternative functional responses in models exploring whale-fishery interactions. Mar Mamm Sci 19: 661-681 (Pubitemid 37274105)
46. Magnússon KG (1995) An overview of the multispecies VPA- theory and applications. Rev Fish Biol Fish 5:195-212 (Pubitemid 26451824)
47. Magnússon KG, Pálsson OK (1991) Predator-prey interactions of cod and capelin in Icelandic waters. ICES Mar Sci Symp 193:153-170
48. Marshall CT, Needle CL, Thorsen A, Kjesbu OS, Yaragina NA (2006) Systematic bias in estimates of reproductive potential of an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock: implications for stock-recruit theory and management. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:980-994 (Pubitemid 43987755)
49. Marteinsdottir G, Begg GA (2002) Essential relationships incorporating the influence of age, size and condition on variables required for estimation of reproductive potential in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 235: 235-256
50. Matthiopoulos J, Graham K, Smout S, Asseburg C and others (2007) Sensitivity to assumptions in models of generalist predation on a cyclic prey. Ecology 88:2576-2586
51. McLaren I, Brault S, Harwood J, Vardy D (2001) Report of the eminent panel on seal management. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada
52. Middlemas SJ, Barton TR, Armstrong JD, Thompson PM (2006) Function and aggregative response of harbour seals to changes in salmonid abundance. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273:193-198 (Pubitemid 46768093)
53. Mohn R, Bowen WD (1996) Grey seal predation on the eastern Scotian Shelf: modelling the impact on Atlantic cod. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:2722-2738 (Pubitemid 27259094)
54. Morissette L, Hammill MO, Savenkoff C (2006) The trophic role of marine mammals in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar Mam Sci 22(1):74-103 (Pubitemid 43201811)
55. MPO (2007) Évaluation du stock de morue du nord du golfe du Saint-Laurent (3Pn, 4RS) en 2006. Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique, Avis scientifique 2006/010. Available at: www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ Csas/etat/2006/SAR-AS2006-010-F.pdf
56. Myers RA, Cadigan NG (1995) Statistical analysis of catch-atage data with correlated errors. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52: 1265-1273 (Pubitemid 26454009)
57. Myers RA, Barrowman NJ, Hoenig JM, Qu Z (1996) The collapse of cod in eastern Canada: the evidence from tagging data. ICES J Mar Sci 53:629-640 (Pubitemid 126663235)
58. Myers RA, Hutchings JA, Barrowman NJ (1997) Why do fish stocks collapse? The example of cod in Atlantic Canada. Ecol Appl 7:91-106 (Pubitemid 27482083)
59. Pikitch EK, Santora C, Babcock EA, Bakun A and others (2004) Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science 305:346-347 (Pubitemid 38938139)
60. Plaganyi, E (2007) Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No 477. FAO, Rome
61. Pope JG (1972) An investigation of the accuracy of Virtual Population Analysis using cohort analysis. Int Comm Northwest Atl Fish Res Bull 9:65-74
62. Punt AE, Butterworth DS (1995) The effects of future consumption by the Cape fur seal on catches and catch rates of the Cape hakes. 4. Modelling the biological interaction between Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus and the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus. S Afr J Mar Sci 16:255-285 (Pubitemid 27102760)
63. Quinn TJ II, Deriso RB (1999) Quantitative fishery dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York
64. R Development Core Team (2008) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available at: http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/refman.pdf
65. Rätz HJ, Lloret J (2003) Variation in fish condition between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks, the effect on their productivity and management implications. Fish Res 60: 369-380 (Pubitemid 36171690)
66. Rice JC, Shelton PA, Rivard D, Chouinard GA, Fréchet A (2003) Recovering Canadian Atlantic cod stocks: the shape of things to come? International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, ICES CM 2003/U:06
67. Savenkoff C, Castonguay M, Vézina AF, Despatie SP, Chabot D, Morissette L, Hammill MO (2004) Inverse modelling of trophic flows through an entire ecosystem: the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence in the mid-1980s. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2194-2214 (Pubitemid 40507578)
68. Savenkoff C, Castonguay M, Chabot D, Fréchet A, Hammill MO, Morissette L (2006) Main prey and predators and estimates of mortality of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence during the mid-1980s, mid-1990s, and early 2000s. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 2666. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
69. Savenkoff C, Castonguay M, Chabot D, Hammill MO, Bourdages H, Morissette L (2007) Changes in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem estimated by inverse modelling: evidence of a fishery-induced regime shift? Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 73:711-724
70. Shelton PA, Healey BP (1999) Should depensation be dismissed as a possible explanation for the lack of recovery of the northern cod (Gadus morhua) stock? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:1521-1524 (Pubitemid 30656168)
71. Shelton PA, Sinclair AF, Chouinard GA, Mohn R, Duplisea DE (2006) Fishing under low productivity conditions is further delaying recovery of Northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:235-238
72. Shin YJ, Cury P (2004) Using an individual-based model of fish assemblages to study the response of size spectra to changes in fishing. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:414-431 (Pubitemid 38722324)
73. Smout S, Lindstrøm U (2007) Multispecies functional response of the minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata based on small-scale foraging studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 341: 277-291 (Pubitemid 47195077)
74. Stenson GB, Hammill MO (2004) Quantifying uncertainty in estimates of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) consumption by harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2004/089. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa
75. Stenson GB, Hammill MO, Lawson JW (1997) Predation by harp seals in Atlantic Canada: preliminary consumption estimates for Arctic cod, capelin and Atlantic cod. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 22:137-154 (Pubitemid 28424450)
76. Stenson GB, Hammill MO, Kingsley MCS, Sjare B, Warren WG, Myers RA (2002) Is there evidence of increased pup production in northwest Atlantic harp seals, Pagophilus groenlandicus? ICES J Mar Sci 59:81-92 (Pubitemid 34103105)
77. Stenson GB, Rivest LP, Hammill MO, Gosselin JF, Sjare B (2003) Estimating pup production of harp seals, Pagophilus groenlandicus, in the Northwest Atlantic. Mar Mamm Sci 19:141-160 (Pubitemid 36087457)
78. Swain DP, Sinclair AF, Castonguay M, Chouinard GA, Drinkwater KF, Fanning LP, Clark DS (2003) Densityversus temperature-dependent growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf. Fish Res 59:327-341 (Pubitemid 36092960)
79. Travers M, Shin Y, Jennings S, Cury P (2007) Towards endto- end models for investigating the effects of climate and fishing in marine ecosystems. Prog Oceanogr 75: 751-770 (Pubitemid 350179941)
80. Trzcinski MK, Mohn R, Bowen WD (2006) Continued decline of an Atlantic cod population: how important is gray seal predation? Ecol Appl 16:2276-2292 (Pubitemid 44647968)
81. Walters CJ, Christensen V, Pauly D (1997) Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic massbalance assessments. Rev Fish Biol Fish 7:139-172 (Pubitemid 127509094)
82. Wathne JA, Haug T, Lydersen C (2000) Prey preference and niche overlap of ringed seals Phoca hispida and harp seals P. groenlandica in the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 194: 233-239 (Pubitemid 30186234)
83. Yodzis P (1994) Predator-prey theory and management of multispecies fisheries. Ecol Appl 4:51-58 (Pubitemid 2046138)
84. Yodzis P (1998) Local trophodynamics and interaction of marine mammals and fisheries in the Benguela ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 67:635-658 (Pubitemid 28351553)