Amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid-derived cells: Potential tools for regenerative medicine?

Regenerative Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 275-291

  Parolini, Ornella ^a   Soncini, Maddalena ^a   Evangelista, Marco ^a   Schmidt, Dörthe ^b  

^a Fondazione Poliambulanza   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Amnion; Amniotic fluid; Clinical application; Placenta; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

CD133 ANTIGEN; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR;

AMNION; AMNIOTIC FLUID CELL; BLASTOCYTE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL THERAPY; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; EPITHELIUM CELL; EYE BURN; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; MESENCHYME CELL; MULTIPOTENT STEM CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STROMA CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING; AMNION FLUID; ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; METHODOLOGY; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; STEM CELL; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

AMNION; AMNIOTIC FLUID; ANIMALS; HUMANS; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS;

EID: 65549167313     PISSN: 17460751     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/17460751.4.2.275     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Pera MF: Stem cells. A new year and a new era. Nature 451, 135-136 (2008).
2. Pei D: Regulation of pluripotency and reprogramming by transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 284(6), 3365-3369 (2009).
3. Rogers MB, Hosler BA, Gudas LJ: Specific expression of a retinoic acid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1, in preimplantation embryos, trophoblast and spermatocytes. Development 113, 815-824 (1991).
4. Pera MF, Reubinoff B, Trounson A: Human embryonic stem cells. J. Cell Sci. 113(Pt 1), 5-10 (2000).
5. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS et al.: Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282, 1145-1147 (1998).
6. Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S et al.: Embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomeres. Nature 439, 216-219 (2006).
7. Chidgey AP, Layton D, Trounson A, Boyd RL: Tolerance strategies for stem-cell-based therapies. Nature 453, 330-337 (2008).
8. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M et al.: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861-872 (2007).
9. Nakagawa M, Koyanagi M, Tanabe K et al.: Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 101-106 (2008).
10. Hipp J, Atala A: Sources of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev. 4, 3-11 (2008).
11. Moore KL: The developing human (6th Edition). Clinically Oriented Embryology. Sanders (1998).
12. Benirschke K, Peter K: Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, NY, USA (2000).
13. Davis JW: Skin transplantation with a review of 550 cases at the John Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 15, 307 (1910).
14. Kim JS, Kim JC, Na BK, Jeong JM, Song CY: Amniotic membrane patching promotes healing and inhibits proteinase activity on wound healing following acute corneal alkali burn. Exp. Eye Res. 70, 329-337 (2000).
15. Hao Y, Ma DH, Hwang DG, Kim WS, Zhang F: Identification of antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory proteins in human amniotic membrane. Cornea 19, 348-352 (2000).
16. Solomon A, Rosenblatt M, Monroy D, Ji Z, Pflugfelder SC, Tseng SC: Suppression of interleukin 1α and interleukin 1β in human limbal epithelial cells cultured on the amniotic membrane stromal matrix. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 85, 444-449 (2001).
17. Tseng SC, Li DQ, Ma X: Suppression of transforming growth factor-β isoforms, TGF-β receptor type II, and myofibroblast differentiation in cultured human corneal and limbal fibroblasts by amniotic membrane matrix. J. Cell. Physiol. 179, 325-335 (1999).
18. Talmi YP, Sigler L, Inge E, Finkelstein Y, Zohar Y: Antibacterial properties of human amniotic membranes. Placenta 12, 285-288 (1991).
19. Hori J, Wang M, Kamiya K, Takahashi H, Sakuragawa N: Immunological characteristics of amniotic epithelium. Cornea 25, S53-S58 (2006).
20. Toda A, Okabe M, Yoshida T, Nikaido T: The potential of amniotic membrane/amnion-derived cells for regeneration of various tissues. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 105, 215-228 (2007).
21. Gruss JS, Jirsch DW: Human amniotic membrane: a versatile wound dressing. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 118, 1237-1246 (1978).
22. Colocho G, Graham WP 3rd, Greene AE, Matheson DW, Lynch D: Human amniotic membrane as a physiologic wound dressing. Arch. Surg. 109, 370-373 (1974).
23. Faulk WP, Matthews R, Stevens PJ, Bennett JP, Burgos H, Hsi BL: Human amnion as an adjunct in wound healing. Lancet 1, 1156-1158 (1980).
24. Subrahmanyam M: Amniotic membrane as a cover for microskin grafts. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 48, 477-478 (1995).
25. Ravishanker R, Bath AS, Roy R: 'Amnion Bank': the use of long term glycerol preserved amniotic membranes in the management of superficial and superficial partial thickness burns. Burns 29(4) 369-374 (2003).
26. Mermet I, Pottier N, Sainthillier JM et al.: Use of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 15, 459-464 (2007).
27. Ward DJ, Bennett JP: The long-term results of the use of human amnion in the treatment of leg ulcers. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 37, 191-193 (1984).
28. Ward DJ, Bennett JP, Burgos H, Fabre J: The healing of chronic venous leg ulcers with prepared human amnion. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 42, 463-467 (1989).
29. Young RL, Cota J, Zund G, Mason BA, Wheeler JM: The use of an amniotic membrane graft to prevent postoperative adhesions. Fertil. Steril. 55, 624-628 (1991).
30. Trelford-Sauder M, Dawe EJ, Trelford JD: Use of allograft amniotic membrane for control of intra-abdominal adhesions. J. Med. 9, 273-284 (1978).
31. Trelford JD, Trelford-Sauder M: The amnion in surgery, past and present. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 134, 833-845 (1979).
32. DeRoth A: Plastic repair of conjunctival defects with fetal membranes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 23, 522-555 (1940).
33. Sorsby A, Symons HM: Amniotic membrane grafts in caustic burns of the eye: burns of the second degree. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 30, 337-345 (1946).
34. Dua HS, Gomes JA, King AJ, Maharajan VS: The amniotic membrane in ophthalmology. Surv. Ophthalmol. 49, 51-77 (2004).
35. Gomes JA, Romano A, Santos MS, Dua HS: Amniotic membrane use in ophthalmology. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 16, 233-240 (2005).
36. Kruse FE, Joussen AM, Rohrschneider K et al.: Cryopreserved human amniotic membrane for ocular surface reconstruction. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 238, 68-75 (2000).
37. Kubo M, Sonoda Y, Muramatsu R, Usui M: Immunogenicity of human amniotic membrane in experimental xenotransplantation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, 1539-1546 (2001).
38. Fujisato T, Tomihata K, Tabata Y, Iwamoto Y, Burczak K, Ikada Y: Cross-linking of amniotic membranes. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 10, 1171-1181 (1999).
39. Hennerbichler S, Reichl B, Pleiner D, Gabriel C, Eibl J, Redl H: The influence of various storage conditions on cell viability in amniotic membrane. Cell Tissue Bank (2006) (Epub ahead of print).
40. Zhang H, Iwama M, Akaike T et al.: Human amniotic cell sheet harvest using a novel temperature-responsive culture surface coated with protein-based polymer. Tissue Eng. 12, 391-401 (2006).
41. Parolini O, Alviano F, Bagnara GP et al.: Concise review: isolation and characterization of cells from human term placenta: outcome of the First International Workshop on Placenta Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells 26, 300-311 (2008).
42. Miki T, Lehmann T, Cai H, Stolz DB, Strom SC: Stem cell characteristics of amniotic epithelial cells. Stem Cells 23, 1549-1559 (2005).
43. Miki T, Mitamura K, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Strom SC: Identification of stem cell marker-positive cells by immunofluorescence in term human amnion. J. Reprod. Immunol. 75(2), 91-96 (2007).
44. Ilancheran S, Michalska A, Peh G, Wallace EM, Pera M, Manuelpillai U: Stem cells derived from human fetal membranes display multi-lineage differentiation potential. Biol. Reprod. 77, 577-588 (2007).
45. Tamagawa T, Ishiwata I, Saito S: Establishment and characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from human amniotic membranes and initiation of germ layers in vitro. Hum. Cell 17, 125-130 (2004).
46. Miki T, Strom SC: Amnion-derived pluripotent/multipotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev. 2, 133-142 (2006).
47. Sakuragawa N, Kakinuma K, Kikuchi A et al.: Human amnion mesenchyme cells express phenotypes of neuroglial progenitor cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 78, 208-214 (2004).
48. Portmann-Lanz CB, Schoeberlein A, Huber A et al.: Placental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre- and perinatal neuroregeneration. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194, 664-673 (2006).
49. Wolbank S, Peterbauer A, Fahrner M et al.: Dose-dependent immunomodulatory effect of human stem cells from amniotic membrane: a comparison with human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue. Tissue Eng. 13, 1173-1183 (2007).
50. Terada S, Matsuura K, Enosawa S et al.: Inducing proliferation of human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells for cell therapy. Cell Transplant. 9, 701-704 (2000).
51. Sakuragawa N, Thangavel R, Mizuguchi M, Hirasawa M, Kamo I: Expression of markers for both neuronal and glial cells in human amniotic epithelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 209, 9-12 (1996).
52. Sakuragawa N, Misawa H, Ohsugi K et al.: Evidence for active acetylcholine metabolism in human amniotic epithelial cells: applicable to intracerebral allografting for neurologic disease. Neurosci. Lett. 232, 53-56 (1997).
53. Elwan MA, Sakuragawa N: Evidence for synthesis and release of catecholamines by human amniotic epithelial cells. Neuroreport 8, 3435-3438 (1997).
54. Ishii T, Ohsugi K, Nakamura S et al.: Gene expression of oligodendrocyte markers in human amniotic epithelial cells using neural cell-type-specific expression system. Neurosci. Lett. 268, 131-134 (1999).
55. Uchida S, Inanaga Y, Kobayashi M, Hurukawa S, Araie M, Sakuragawa N: Neurotrophic function of conditioned medium from human amniotic epithelial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 62, 585-590 (2000).
56. Koyano S, Fukui A, Uchida S, Yamada K, Asashima M, Sakuragawa N: Synthesis and release of activin and noggin by cultured human amniotic epithelial cells. Dev. Growth Differ. 44, 103-112 (2002).
57. Tcheng M, Oliver L, Courtois Y, Jeanny JC: Effects of exogenous FGFs on growth, differentiation, and survival of chick neural retina cells. Exp. Cell. Res. 212, 30-35 (1994).
58. Schroeder A, Theiss C, Steuhl KP, Meller K, Meller D: Effects of the human amniotic membrane on axonal outgrowth of dorsal root ganglia neurons in culture. Curr. Eye Res. 32, 731-738 (2007).
59. Sankar V, Muthusamy R: Role of human amniotic epithelial cell transplantation in spinal cord injury repair research. Neuroscience 118, 11-17 (2003).
60. Kakishita K, Elwan MA, Nakao N, Itakura T, Sakuragawa N: Human amniotic epithelial cells produce dopamine and survive after implantation into the striatum of a rat model of Parkinson's disease: a potential source of donor for transplantation therapy. Exp. Neurol. 165, 27-34 (2000).
61. Kakishita K, Nakao N, Sakuragawa N, Itakura T: Implantation of human amniotic epithelial cells prevents the degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Brain Res. 980, 48-56 (2003).
62. Kong XY, Cai Z, Pan L et al.: Transplantation of human amniotic cells exerts neuroprotection in MPTP-induced Parkinson disease mice. Brain Res. 1205, 108-115 (2008).
63. Liu T, Wu J, Huang Q et al.: Human amniotic epithelial cells ameliorate behavioral dysfunction and reduce infarct size in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Shock 29, 603-611 (2008).
64. Davila JC, Cezar GG, Thiede M, Strom S, Miki T, Trosko J: Use and application of stem cells in toxicology. Toxicol. Sci. 79, 214-223 (2004).
65. Sakuragawa N, Enosawa S, Ishii T et al.: Human amniotic epithelial cells are promising transgene carriers for allogeneic cell transplantation into liver. J. Hum. Genet. 45, 171-176 (2000).
66. Takashima S, Ise H, Zhao P, Akaike T, Nikaido T: Human amniotic epithelial cells possess hepatocyte-like characteristics and functions. Cell. Struct. Funct. 29, 73-84 (2004).
67. Wei JP, Zhang TS, Kawa S et al.: Human amnion-isolated cells normalize blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Cell Transplant. 12, 545-552 (2003).
68. In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C et al.: Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells of fetal or maternal origin from human placenta. Stem Cells 22, 1338-1345 (2004).
69. Soncini M, Vertua E, Gibelli L et al.: Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal cells from human fetal membranes. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1, 296-305 (2007).
70. Kim J, Kang HM, Kim H et al.: Ex vivo characteristics of human amniotic membrane-derived stem cells. Cloning Stem Cells 9, 581-594 (2007).
71. Zhao P, Ise H, Hongo M, Ota M, Konishi I, Nikaido T: Human amniotic mesenchymal cells have some characteristics of cardiomyocytes. Transplantation 79, 528-535 (2005).
72. Alviano F, Fossati V, Marchionni C et al.: Term amniotic membrane is a high throughput source for multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro. BMC Dev. Biol. 7, 11 (2007).
73. Tamagawa T, Ishiwata I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura Y: Induced in vitro differentiation of neural-like cells from human amnion-derived fibroblast-like cells. Hum. Cell 21, 38-45 (2008).
74. Kobayashi M, Yakuwa T, Sasaki K et al.: Multilineage potential of side population cells from human amnion mesenchymal layer. Cell Transplant. 17, 291-301 (2008).
75. Tamagawa T, Oi S, Ishiwata I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura Y: Differentiation of mesenchymal cells derived from human amniotic membranes into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. Hum. Cell 20, 77-84 (2007).
76. Ventura C, Cantoni S, Bianchi F et al.: Hyaluronan mixed esters of butyric and retinoic acid drive cardiac and endothelial fate in term placenta human mesenchymal stem cells and enhance cardiac repair in infarcted rat hearts. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 14243-14252 (2007).
77. Li W, He H, Chen YT, Hayashida Y, Tseng SC: Reversal of myofibroblasts by amniotic membrane stromal extract. J. Cell. Physiol. 215, 657-664 (2008).
78. Elwan MA, Thangavel R, Ono F, Sakuragawa N: Synthesis and release of catecholamines by cultured monkey amniotic epithelial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 53, 107-113 (1998).
79. Elwan MA, Ishii T, Ono F, Sakuragawa N: Evidence for the presence of dopamine D1 receptor mRNA and binding sites in monkey amniotic epithelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 262, 9-12 (1999).
80. Elwan MA, Ishii T, Sakuragawa N: Detection of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA and binding sites in monkey amniotic epithelial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 56, 316-322 (1999).
81. Elwan MA, Sakuragawa N: Uptake of dopamine by cultured monkey amniotic epithelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 435, 205-208 (2002).
82. Kosuga M, Takahashi S, Tanabe A et al.: Widespread distribution of adenovirus-transduced monkey amniotic epithelial cells after local intracerebral injection: implication for cell-mediated therapy for lysosome storage disorders. Cell Transplant. 10, 435-439 (2001).
83. Okawa H, Okuda O, Arai H, Sakuragawa N, Sato K: Amniotic epithelial cells transform into neuron-like cells in the ischemic brain. Neuroreport 12, 4003-4007 (2001).
84. Meng XT, Chen D, Dong ZY, Liu JM: Enhanced neural differentiation of neural stem cells and neurite growth by amniotic epithelial cell co-culture. Cell Biol. Int. 31, 691-698 (2007).
85. Marcus AJ, Coyne TM, Rauch J, Woodbury D, Black IB: Isolation, characterization, and differentiation of stem cells derived from the rat amniotic membrane. Differentiation 76, 130-144 (2008).
86. Marcus AJ, Coyne TM, Black IB, Woodbury D: Fate of amnion-derived stem cells transplanted to the fetal rat brain: migration, survival and differentiation. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12(4), 1256-1264 (2007).
87. Brace R, Resnik R: Dynamics and disorders of amniotic fluid, in Maternal Fetal Medicine. Creasy RK, Resnick R (Eds). Saunders, PA, USA 623-643 (1999).
88. Mescher EJ, Platzker AC, Ballard PL, Kitterman JA, Clements JA, Tooley WH: Ontogeny of tracheal fluid, pulmonary surfactant, and plasma corticoids in the fetal lamb. J. Appl. Physiol. 39, 1017-1021 (1975).
89. Muller F, Dommergues M, Ville Y et al.: Amniotic fluid digestive enzymes: diagnostic value in fetal gastrointestinal obstructions. Prenat. Diagn. 14, 973-979 (1994).
90. Seeds AE: Current concepts of amniotic fluid dynamics. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138, 575-586 (1980).
91. Modena AB, Fieni S: Amniotic fluid dynamics. Acta Biomed. 75(Suppl. 1), 11-13 (2004).
92. MoDBD Foundation. Amniocentesis. White Plains, NY, USA (1994).
93. CDC. Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis: recommendations for prenatal counseling. MMWR Recomm Rep 44, 1-12 (1995).
94. Cabaniss M: Amniocentesis. In: Prenatal Diagnosis and Reproductive Genetics. Kuller J, Chescheir N, Cefalo R (Eds). Mosby, St Louis, MO, USA (1996).
95. Milunsky A, Amniotic fluid cell culture, in Genetic Disorders of the Fetus. Milunsky A (Ed.). Plenum Press, NY, USA 75-84 (1979).
96. Hoehn H, Salk D: Morphological and biochemical heterogeneity of amniotic fluid cells in culture. Methods Cell. Biol. 26, 11-34 (1982).
97. Gosden CM: Amniotic fluid cell types and culture. Br. Med. Bull. 39, 348-354 (1983).
98. Torricelli F, Brizzi L, Bernabei PA et al.: Identification of hematopoietic progenitor cells in human amniotic fluid before the 12th week of gestation. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 98, 119-126 (1993).
99. Prusa AR, Marton E, Rosner M, Bernaschek G, Hengstschlager M: Oct-4-expressing cells in human amniotic fluid: a new source for stem cell research? Hum. Reprod. 18, 1489-1493 (2003).
100. Tsai MS, Lee JL, Chang YJ, Hwang SM: Isolation of human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from second-trimester amniotic fluid using a novel two-stage culture protocol. Hum. Reprod. 19, 1450-1456 (2004).
101. Tsangaris G, Weitzdorfer R, Pollak D, Lubec G, Fountoulakis M: The amniotic fluid cell proteome. Electrophoresis 26, 1168-1173 (2005).
102. Streubel B, Martucci-Ivessa G, Fleck T, Bittner RE: In vitro transformation of amniotic cells to muscle cells - background and outlook. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 146, 216-217 (1996).
103. In 't Anker PS, Scherjon SA, Kleijburg-van der Keur C et al.: Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic transplantation. Blood 102, 1548-1549 (2003).
104. De Coppi P, Bartsch G Jr, Siddiqui MM et al.: Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 100-106 (2007).
105. Chiavegato A, Bollini S, Pozzobon M et al.: Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells are rejected after transplantation in the myocardium of normal, ischemic, immuno-suppressed or immuno-deficient rat. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 42, 746-759 (2007).
106. Schmidt D, Achermann J, Odermatt B et al.: Prenatally fabricated autologous human living heart valves based on amniotic fluid derived progenitor cells as single cell source. Circulation 116, I64-170 (2007).
107. Schmidt D, Achermann J, Odermatt B, Genoni M, Zund G, Hoerstrup SP: Cryopreserved amniotic fluid-derived cells: a lifelong autologous fetal stem cell source for heart valve tissue engineering. J. Heart Valve Dis. 17, 446-455; discussion 455 (2008).
108. Mosquera A, Fernandez JL, Campos A, Goyanes VJ, Ramiro-Diaz J, Gosalvez J: Simultaneous decrease of telomere length and telomerase activity with ageing of human amniotic fluid cells. J. Med. Genet 36, 494-496 (1999).
109. Prusa AR, Marton E, Rosner M, Freilinger A, Bernaschek G, Hengstschlager M: Stem cell marker expression in human trisomy 21 amniotic fluid cells and trophoblasts. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 235-242 (2003).
110. Bossolasco P, Montemurro T, Cova L et al.: Molecular and phenotypic characterization of human amniotic fluid cells and their differentiation potential. Cell Res. 16, 329-336 (2006).
111. Tsai MS, Hwang SM, Tsai YL, Cheng FC, Lee JL, Chang YJ: Clonal amniotic fluid-derived stem cells express characteristics of both mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Biol. Reprod. 74, 545-551 (2006).
112. Kim J, Lee Y, Kim H et al.: Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Cell. Prolif. 40, 75-90 (2007).
113. Niwa H, Miyazaki J, Smith AG: Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells. Nat. Genet. 24, 372-376 (2000).
114. Pesce M, Scholer HR: Oct-4: gatekeeper in the beginnings of mammalian development. Stem Cells 19, 271-278 (2001).
115. Zangrossi S, Marabese M, Broggini M et al.: Oct-4 expression in adult human differentiated cells challenges its role as a pure stem cell marker. Stem Cells 25, 1675-1680 (2007).
116. Liedtke S, Enczmann J, Waclawczyk S, Wernet P, Kogler G: Oct4 and its pseudogenes confuse stem cell research. Cell Stem Cell 1, 364-366 (2007).
117. Prusa AR, Marton E, Rosner M et al.: Neurogenic cells in human amniotic fluid. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191, 309-314 (2004).
118. Toselli M, Cerbai E, Rossi F, Cattaneo E: Do amniotic fluid-derived stem cells differentiate into neurons in vitro? Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 269-270; author reply 270-271 (2008).
119. Kolambkar YM, Peister A, Soker S, Atala A, Guldberg RE: Chondrogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. J. Mol. Histol. 38, 405-413 (2007).
120. Kunisaki SM, Jennings RW, Fauza DO: Fetal cartilage engineering from amniotic mesenchymal progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev. 15, 245-253 (2006).
121. Kaviani A, Perry TE, Dzakovic A, Jennings RW, Ziegler MM, Fauza DO: The amniotic fluid as a source of cells for fetal tissue engineering. J. Pediatr. Surg. 36, 1662-1665 (2001).
122. Kaviani A, Guleserian K, Perry TE, Jennings RW, Ziegler MM, Fauza DO: Fetal tissue engineering from amniotic fluid. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 196, 592-597 (2003).
123. Fuchs JR, Kaviani A, Oh JT et al.: Diaphragmatic reconstruction with autologous tendon engineered from mesenchymal amniocytes. J. Pediatr. Surg. 39, 834-838; discussion 834-838 (2004).
124. Kunisaki SM, Fuchs JR, Kaviani A et al.: Diaphragmatic repair through fetal tissue engineering: a comparison between mesenchymal amniocyte- and myoblast-based constructs. J. Pediatr. Surg. 41, 34-39; discussion 34-39 (2006).
125. Kunisaki SM, Freedman DA, Fauza DO: Fetal tracheal reconstruction with cartilaginous grafts engineered from mesenchymal amniocytes. J. Pediatr. Surg. 41, 675-682; discussion 675-682 (2006).
126. Cipriani S, Bonini D, Marchina E et al.: Mesenchymal cells from human amniotic fluid survive and migrate after transplantation into adult rat brain. Cell Biol. Int. 31, 845-850 (2007).
127. Pan HC, Yang DY, Chiu YT et al.: Enhanced regeneration in injured sciatic nerve by human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell. J. Clin. Neurosci. 13, 570-575 (2006).
128. Pan HC, Cheng FC, Chen CJ et al.: Post-injury regeneration in rat sciatic nerve facilitated by neurotrophic factors secreted by amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells. J. Clin. Neurosci. 14, 1089-1098 (2007).
129. Pan HC, Chen CJ, Cheng FC et al.: Combination of G-CSF administration and human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell transplantation promotes peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurochem. Res. 34(3), 518-527 (2008).
130. Rehni AK, Singh N, Jaggi AS, Singh M: Amniotic fluid derived stem cells ameliorate focal cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury induced behavioural deficits in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 183, 95-100 (2007).
131. Carraro G, Perin L, Sedrakyan S et al.: Human amniotic fluid stem cells can integrate and differentiate into epithelial lung lineages. Stem Cells 26(11), 2902-2911 (2008).
132. Perin L, Giuliani S, Jin D et al.: Renal differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells. Cell. Prolif. 40, 936-948 (2007).
133. Sartore S, Lenzi M, Angelini A et al.: Amniotic mesenchymal cells autotransplanted in a porcine model of cardiac ischemia do not differentiate to cardiogenic phenotypes. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 28, 677-684 (2005).
134. Sakuragawa N, Yoshikawa H, Sasaki M: Amniotic tissue transplantation: clinical and biochemical evaluations for some lysosomal storage diseases. Brain Dev. 14, 7-11 (1992).
135. Scaggiante B, Pineschi A, Sustersich M, Andolina M, Agosti E, Romeo D: Successful therapy of Niemann-Pick disease by implantation of human amniotic membrane. Transplantation 44, 59-61 (1987).
136. Tylki-Szymanska A, Maciejko D, Kidawa M, Jablonska-Budaj U, Czartoryska B: Amniotic tissue transplantation as a trial of treatment in some lysosomal storage diseases. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 8, 101-104 (1985).
137. Akle CA, Adinolfi M, Welsh KI, Leibowitz S, McColl I: Immunogenicity of human amniotic epithelial cells after transplantation into volunteers. Lancet 2, 1003-1005 (1981).
138. Yeager AM, Singer HS, Buck JR et al.: A therapeutic trial of amniotic epithelial cell implantation in patients with lysosomal storage diseases. Am J. Med. Genet. 22, 347-355 (1985).
139. Bailo M, Soncini M, Vertua E et al.: Engraftment potential of human amnion and chorion cells derived from term placenta. Transplantation 78, 1439-1448 (2004).
140. Magatti M, De Munari S, Vertua E, Gibelli L, Wengler GS, Parolini O: Human amnion mesenchyme harbors cells with allogeneic T-cell suppression and stimulation capabilities. Stem Cells 26, 182-192 (2008).
141. Banas RA, Trumpower C, Bentlejewski C, Marshall V, Sing G, Zeevi A: Immunogenicity and immunomodulatory effects of amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells. Hum. Immunol. 69, 321-328 (2008).
142. Avila M, Espana M, Moreno C, Pena C: Reconstruction of ocular surface with heterologous limbal epithelium and amniotic membrane in a rabbit model. Cornea 20, 414-420 (2001).
143. Yuge I, Takumi Y, Koyabu K et al.: Transplanted human amniotic epithelial cells express connexin 26 and Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in the inner ear. Transplantation 77, 1452-1454 (2004).
144. Mazzucchelli I, Avanzini MA, Ciardelli L et al.: Human amniotic fluid cells are able to produce IL-6 and IL-8. Am J. Reprod. Immunol. 51, 198-203 (2004).
145. Yan WH, Lin A, Chen XJ et al.: Immunological aspects of human amniotic fluid cells: implication for normal pregnancy. Cell Biol. Int. 32, 93-99 (2008).
146. Noort WA, Kruisselbrink AB, In't Anker PS et al.: Mesenchymal stem cells promote engraftment of human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34(+) cells in NOD/SCID mice. Exp. Hematol. 30, 870-878 (2002).
147. Becker KA, Ghule PN, Therrien JA et al.: Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells is supported by a shortened G1 cell cycle phase. J. Cell. Physiol. 209, 883-893 (2006).
148. Gearhart J: New human embryonic stem-cell lines: more is better. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1275-1276 (2004).
149. Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF et al.: Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122, 947-956 (2005).
150. Richards M, Tan SP, Tan JH, Chan WK, Bongso A: The transcriptome profile of human embryonic stem cells as defined by SAGE. Stem Cells 22, 51-64 (2004).
151. Drukker M, Katz G, Urbach A et al.: Characterization of the expression of MHC proteins in human embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9864-9869 (2002).
152. Drukker M, Benvenisty N: The immunogenicity of human embryonic stem-derived cells. Trends Biotechnol. 22, 136-141 (2004).
153. Drukker M, Katchman H, Katz G et al.: Human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated derivatives are less susceptible to immune rejection than adult cells. Stem Cells 24, 221-229 (2006).
154. Swijnenburg RJ, Schrepfer S, Govaert JA et al.: Immunosuppressive therapy mitigates immunological rejection of human embryonic stem cell xenografts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 12991-12996 (2008).
155. Pera MF, Trounson AO: Human embryonic stem cells: prospects for development. Development 131, 5515-5525 (2004).
156. Itskovitz-Eldor J, Schuldiner M, Karsenti D et al.: Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies compromising the three embryonic germ layers. Mol. Med. 6, 88-95 (2000).
157. D'Ippolito G, Diabira S, Howard GA, Menei P, Roos BA, Schiller PC: Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells, a unique population of postnatal young and old human cells with extensive expansion and differentiation potential. J. Cell Sci. 117, 2971-2981 (2004).
158. Stenderup K, Justesen J, Clausen C, Kassem M: Aging is associated with decreased maximal life span and accelerated senescence of bone marrow stromal cells. Bone 33, 919-926 (2003).
159. Izadpanah R, Trygg C, Patel B et al.: Biologic properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue. J. Cell. Biochem. 99, 1285-1297 (2006).
160. Tyndall A, Walker UA, Cope A et al.: Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells: a review based on an interdisciplinary meeting held at The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, London, UK, 31 October 2005. Arthritis Res. Ther. 9, 301 (2007).
161. Barry FP, Murphy JM: Mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications and biological characterization. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 36, 568-584 (2004).
162. Fibbe WE, Nauta AJ, Roelofs H: Modulation of immune responses by mesenchymal stem cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1106, 272-278 (2007).
163. Lee KD: Applications of mesenchymal stem cells: an updated review. Chang Gung Med. J. 31, 228-236 (2008).
164. Muraglia A, Cancedda R, Quarto R: Clonal mesenchymal progenitors from human bone marrow differentiate in vitro according to a hierarchical model. J. Cell Sci. 113(Pt 7), 1161-1166 (2000).