-
2
-
-
23044440229
-
-
Ormerod, D.; Willemsens, B.; Mermans, R.; Langens, J.; Winderickx, G.; Kalindjian, S. B.; Buck, I. M.; McDonald, I. M. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2005, 9, 499-507.
-
(2005)
Org. Process Res. Dev
, vol.9
, pp. 499-507
-
-
Ormerod, D.1
Willemsens, B.2
Mermans, R.3
Langens, J.4
Winderickx, G.5
Kalindjian, S.B.6
Buck, I.M.7
McDonald, I.M.8
-
3
-
-
85027844968
-
-
Tang, P. Org. Synth. 2005, 81, 262-272.
-
(2005)
Org. Synth
, vol.81
, pp. 262-272
-
-
Tang, P.1
-
4
-
-
0842328437
-
-
Ager, D. J.; Babler, S.; Erickson, R. A.; Froen, D. E.; Kittleson, J.; Pantaleone, D. P.; Prakash, I.; Zhi, B. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2004, 8, 72-85.
-
(2004)
Org. Process Res. Dev
, vol.8
, pp. 72-85
-
-
Ager, D.J.1
Babler, S.2
Erickson, R.A.3
Froen, D.E.4
Kittleson, J.5
Pantaleone, D.P.6
Prakash, I.7
Zhi, B.8
-
5
-
-
1842451482
-
-
Vaidyanathan, R.; Kalthod, V. G.; Ngo, D. P.; Manley, J. M.; Lapekas, S. P. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 2565-2568.
-
(2004)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.69
, pp. 2565-2568
-
-
Vaidyanathan, R.1
Kalthod, V.G.2
Ngo, D.P.3
Manley, J.M.4
Lapekas, S.P.5
-
6
-
-
17444391747
-
-
Chen, J.; Corbin, S. P.; Holman, N. J. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2005, 9, 185-187.
-
(2005)
Org. Process Res. Dev
, vol.9
, pp. 185-187
-
-
Chen, J.1
Corbin, S.P.2
Holman, N.J.3
-
7
-
-
66149139124
-
-
Wilcox, G. E.; Koecher, C.; Vries, T.; Flanagan, M. E.; Munchhof, J. WO 2002/096909 A1, 2002.
-
Wilcox, G. E.; Koecher, C.; Vries, T.; Flanagan, M. E.; Munchhof, J. WO 2002/096909 A1, 2002.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
66149142115
-
-
Rugged, S. G.; Hawkins, J. M.; Makowski, T. M.; Rutherford, J. L.; Urban, F. J. WO 2007/012953 A2, 2007.
-
Rugged, S. G.; Hawkins, J. M.; Makowski, T. M.; Rutherford, J. L.; Urban, F. J. WO 2007/012953 A2, 2007.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
66149137127
-
-
In our experience, some activated forms of cyanoacetic acid, such as the acyl imidazole, decomposed readily to unidentifiable products
-
In our experience, some activated forms of cyanoacetic acid, such as the acyl imidazole, decomposed readily to unidentifiable products.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
37849039002
-
-
Alfonsi, K.; Colberg, J.; Dunn, P. J.; Fevig, T.; Jennings, S.; Johnson, T. A.; Kleine, H. P.; Knight, C.; Nagy, M. A.; Perry, D. A.; Stefaniak, M. Green Chem. 2008, 10, 31-36.
-
(2008)
Green Chem
, vol.10
, pp. 31-36
-
-
Alfonsi, K.1
Colberg, J.2
Dunn, P.J.3
Fevig, T.4
Jennings, S.5
Johnson, T.A.6
Kleine, H.P.7
Knight, C.8
Nagy, M.A.9
Perry, D.A.10
Stefaniak, M.11
-
11
-
-
2442597917
-
-
Demin, P.; Rounova, O.; Grunberger, T.; Cimpean, L.; Sharfe, N.; Roifman, C. M. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 3019-3026.
-
(2004)
Bioorg. Med. Chem
, vol.12
, pp. 3019-3026
-
-
Demin, P.1
Rounova, O.2
Grunberger, T.3
Cimpean, L.4
Sharfe, N.5
Roifman, C.M.6
-
12
-
-
2942724507
-
-
Eddings, D.; Barnes, C.; Gerasimchuk, N.; Durham, P.; Do- masevich, K. Inors. Chem. 2004, 43, 3894-3909.
-
(2004)
Inors. Chem
, vol.43
, pp. 3894-3909
-
-
Eddings, D.1
Barnes, C.2
Gerasimchuk, N.3
Durham, P.4
Do- masevich, K.5
-
13
-
-
0036032995
-
-
Zradni, F. Z.; Hamelin, J.; Derdour, A. Synth. Commun. 2002, 32, 3525-3531.
-
(2002)
Synth. Commun
, vol.32
, pp. 3525-3531
-
-
Zradni, F.Z.1
Hamelin, J.2
Derdour, A.3
-
14
-
-
0014062139
-
-
Osdene, T. S.; Santilli, A. A.; McCardle, L. E.; Rosenthale, M. E. J. Med. Chem. 1967, 10, 165-167.
-
(1967)
J. Med. Chem
, vol.10
, pp. 165-167
-
-
Osdene, T.S.1
Santilli, A.A.2
McCardle, L.E.3
Rosenthale, M.E.4
-
15
-
-
66149141310
-
-
Chew, W.; Papamichelakis, M.; Wang, Y. US App. 2005159446, 2005.
-
Chew, W.; Papamichelakis, M.; Wang, Y. US App. 2005159446, 2005.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
44449085182
-
-
Bhawal, B. M.; Khanapure, S. P.; Biehl, E. R. Synth. Commun. 1990, 20, 3235-3243.
-
(1990)
Synth. Commun
, vol.20
, pp. 3235-3243
-
-
Bhawal, B.M.1
Khanapure, S.P.2
Biehl, E.R.3
-
17
-
-
66149103941
-
-
could be directly crystallized and isolated from this solvent
-
1-Butanol was chosen because 1 could be directly crystallized and isolated from this solvent.
-
Butanol was chosen because
, vol.1
-
-
-
18
-
-
66149088341
-
-
This screen was run in the Conjure Flow System, Accendo Corporation, Tucson, AZ
-
This screen was run in the Conjure Flow System, Accendo Corporation, Tucson, AZ.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
66149085162
-
-
1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane (DBN) was subsequently compared to DBU in the reaction of 5 with 4 and gave virtually identical rate enhancement.
-
1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane (DBN) was subsequently compared to DBU in the reaction of 5 with 4 and gave virtually identical rate enhancement.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
84868944668
-
-
The use of potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) for the synthesis of cyanoacetamides under microwave conditions is known see ref 13, however, it led to low conversions in our case at 23 °C in 1-BuOH
-
The use of potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) for the synthesis of cyanoacetamides under microwave conditions is known (see ref 13); however, it led to low conversions in our case at 23 °C in 1-BuOH.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
66149108666
-
-
DBU accelerates the reaction of amine 5 and ethyl cyanoacetate (4) at lower loadings as well. The profiles for reactions run at 0.1-0.5 equiv of DBU are compared in the Supporting Information.
-
DBU accelerates the reaction of amine 5 and ethyl cyanoacetate (4) at lower loadings as well. The profiles for reactions run at 0.1-0.5 equiv of DBU are compared in the Supporting Information.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
66149127978
-
-
A solvent screen on the conversion of 3 to 2 indicated that the DBU-promoted reaction worked well in most solvents slowing down only in polar aprotic solvents (NMP, DMSO). See the Supporting Information for further details.
-
A solvent screen on the conversion of 3 to 2 indicated that the DBU-promoted reaction worked well in most solvents slowing down only in polar aprotic solvents (NMP, DMSO). See the Supporting Information for further details.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
0037023397
-
-
(a) Shieh, W. C.; Dell, S.; Repic, O. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 2188-2191.
-
(2002)
J. Org. Chem
, vol.67
, pp. 2188-2191
-
-
Shieh, W.C.1
Dell, S.2
Repic, O.3
-
30
-
-
0001578222
-
-
It is conceivable that the rate enhancement is due to the direct formation of a ketene from ethyl cyanoacetate and DBU. However, in the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate with hydroxide, pre-equilibrium formation of the enolate is unproductive due to the poor leaving ability of ethoxide, and hydrolysis proceeds by a BAc2 mechanism rather than an E1cB (ketene) mechanism:Holmquist, B, Bruice, T. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3003-3009. Further work aimed at clarifying the mechanism is ongoing
-
It is conceivable that the rate enhancement is due to the direct formation of a ketene from ethyl cyanoacetate and DBU. However, in the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate with hydroxide, pre-equilibrium formation of the enolate is unproductive due to the poor leaving ability of ethoxide, and hydrolysis proceeds by a BAc2 mechanism rather than an E1cB (ketene) mechanism:Holmquist, B.; Bruice, T. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3003-3009. Further work aimed at clarifying the mechanism is ongoing.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
84868945646
-
-
Although the amidation of diethyl malonate with 5 was slow, the addition of DBU led to a 12-fold increase in reaction rate t1/2, 16 h with 0.5 equiv of DBU in 2-MeTHF at 40 °C, Significant rate enhancements have been observed in the amidation of acyl imidazoles as well. Larrivee- Aboussafy, C, Price, K. E, Hawkins, J. M, Vaidyanathan, R. Manuscript in preparation
-
1/2 = 16 h with 0.5 equiv of DBU in 2-MeTHF at 40 °C). Significant rate enhancements have been observed in the amidation of acyl imidazoles as well. Larrivee- Aboussafy, C.; Price, K. E.; Hawkins, J. M.; Vaidyanathan, R. Manuscript in preparation.
-
-
-
|