Stochastic forcing of ocean variability by the North Atlantic oscillation

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 162-184

  Chhak, Kettyah C ^a   Moore, Andrew M ^b   Milliff, Ralph F ^c  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Northwest Research Associates ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABYSSAL PLAINS; ANNUAL AVERAGES; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITIES; BAROCLINIC WAVES; BAROTROPIC CIRCULATIONS; CONTINENTAL RISE; DEEP OCEANS; EKMAN PUMPING; ENERGY RELEASE; ENSTROPHY; HIGH-LATITUDES; MEAN FLOWS; MODAL INTERFERENCES; NONNORMAL; NORTH ATLANTIC; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATIONS; OCEAN CIRCULATIONS; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC; RECIRCULATION ZONES; ROOT MEAN SQUARES; ROSSBY WAVE ACTIVITIES; ROSSBY WAVES; SEASONAL CYCLES; STANDARD DEVIATIONS; STOCHASTIC COMPONENTS; STOCHASTIC FORCING; STOCHASTIC WIND STRESS; SUBTROPICAL GYRES; TIME-SCALES; UNSTABLE MODES; VORTEX STRETCHING; WESTERN BOUNDARIES; WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS;

ARCTIC ENGINEERING; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; ELECTRIC RECTIFIERS; OCEAN CURRENTS; OCEAN ENGINEERING; RANDOM PROCESSES; WIND STRESS;

WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION;

ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; BAROCLINIC WAVE; BAROTROPIC MOTION; CIRCULATION MODELING; GYRE; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; OSCILLATION; PERTURBATION; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC FLOW; ROSSBY WAVE; SEASONAL VARIATION; STOCHASTICITY; TIMESCALE; WIND STRESS;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 65549134652     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008JPO3972.1     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aiken, C., and M. England, 2005: On the stochastic forcing of modes of interannual Southern Ocean sea surface temperature variability. J. Climate, 18, 3074-3083.
2. Alvarez, A., E. Hernández-García, and J. Tintoré, 1997: Noise-sustained currents in quasigeostrophic turbulence over topography. Physica A, 247, 312-326.
3. Barnston, A., and R. Livezey, 1987: Classification, seasonality, and persistence of low-frequency circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1083-1126.
4. Batchelor, G.K., 1953: The Theory of Homogeneous Turbulence. Cambridge University Press, 197 pp.
5. Berloff, P., 2005a: On the rectification of randomly forced flows. J. Mar. Res., 63, 497-527.
6. Berloff, P., 2005b: Random-forcing model of mesoscale eddies. J. Fluid Mech., 529, 71-95.
7. Blayo, E., 1994: A regional quasigeostrophic circulation model of the North Atlantic: A model-data comparison. J. Mar. Syst., 5, 425-444.
8. Branstator, G., 2002: Circumglobal teleconnections, the jet stream waveguide, and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 15, 1893-1910.
9. Bretherton, F., and D. Haidvogel, 1976: Two-dimensional turbulence above topography. J. Fluid Mech., 78, 129-154.
10. Brink, K., 1989: Evidence for wind-driven current fluctuations in the western North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2029-2044.
11. Cessi, P., and S. Louazel, 2001: Decadal oceanic response to stochastic wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3020-3029.
12. Chave, A. S., D. S. Luther, and J. H. Filloux, 1991: Variability of the wind stress curl over the North Pacific: Implications for the oceanic response. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18 361-18 379.
13. Chave, A. S., D. S. Luther, and J. H. Filloux, 1992: The barotropic electromagnetic and pressure experiment: 1. Barotropic current response to oceanic forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9565-9593.
14. Chhak, K. C., and A. M. Moore, 2007: The North Atlantic oscillation as a source of stochastic forcing of the wind-driven ocean circulation. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 42, 151-170.
15. Chhak, K. C., A. M. Moore, R. F. Milliff, G. Branstator, W. R. Holland, and M. Fisher, 2006a: Stochastic forcing of the North Atlantic wind-driven ocean circulation. Part I: A diagnostic analysis of the ocean response to stochastic forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 300-315.
16. Chhak, K. C., A. M. Moore, R. F. Milliff, G. Branstator, W. R. Holland, and M. Fisher, 2006b: Stochastic forcing of the North Atlantic wind-driven ocean circulation. Part II: An analysis of the dynamical ocean response using generalized stability theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 316-334.
17. DeHaan, C., and W. Sturges, 2005: Deep cyclonic circulation in the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1801-1812.
18. DeRycke, R. S., and P. K. Rao, 1973: Eddies along a Gulf Stream boundary viewed from a Very High-Resolution Radiometer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 491-492.
19. Dewar, W., 2003: Nonlinear midlatitude ocean adjustment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1057-1082.
20. Farrell, B., and P. Ioannou, 1996a: Generalized stability theory. Part I: Autonomous operators. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2025-2039.
21. Farrell, B., and P. Ioannou, 1996b: Generalized stability theory. Part II: Non-autonomous operators. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2041-2053.
22. Frankignoul, C., and P. Müller, 1979: Quasigeostrophic response of an infinite β-plane ocean to stochastic forcing by the atmosphere. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 104-127.
23. Frankignoul, C., P. Müller, and E. Zorita, 1997: A simple model of the decadal response of the ocean to stochastic wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1533-1546.
24. Fu, L. L., and R. D. Smith, 1996: Global ocean circulation from satellite altimetry and high-resolution computer simulations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2625-2636.
25. Garzoli, S. L., and C. Simionato, 1990: Baroclinic instabilities and forced oscillations in the Brazil/Malvinas confluence front. Deep-Sea Res., A36, 681-703.
26. Golub, G., and C. van Loan, 1989: Matrix Computations. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 642 pp.
27. Haidvogel, D. B., and P. B. Rhines, 1983: Waves and circulation driven by oscillating winds in an idealized ocean basin. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 25, 1-63.
28. Hamilton, P., 2007: Deep-current variability near the Sigsbee Escarpment in the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceangr., 37, 708-726.
29. Hazeleger, W., and S. Drijfhout, 1999: Stochastically forced mode water variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1772-1786.
30. Herbaut, C., J. Sirven, and S. Fé vrier, 2002: Response of a simplified oceanic general circulation model to idealized NAO-like stochastic forcing. J. Phys. Oceangr., 32, 3182-3192.
31. Hogg, N., 1981: Topographic waves along 70°W on the continental rise. J. Mar. Res., 39, 627-649.
32. Hogg, N., 1988: Stochastic wave radiation by the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1687-1701.
33. Holland, W. R., 1978: The role of mesoscale eddies in the general circulation of the ocean-numerical experiments using a winddriven quasigeostrophic model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 363-392.
34. Holland, W. R., and P. Rhines, 1980: An example of eddy-induced ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1010-1031.
35. Holloway, G., 1978: A spectral theory of nonlinear barotropic motion above regular topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 414-427.
36. Hurrell, J., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679.
37. Kleeman, R., and A. Moore, 1997: A theory for the limitations of ENSO predictability due to stochastic atmospheric transients. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 753-767.
38. Koblinsky, C., P. Niiler, and W. Schmitz, 1989: Observations of wind-forced deep ocean currents in the North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10 773-10 790.
39. Large, W. G., W. R. Holland, and J. C. Evans, 1991: Quasigeostrophic ocean response to real wind forcing: The effects of temporal smoothing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 998-1017.
40. Leetmaa, A., 1978: Fluctuating wind-energy source for mesoscale motions. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 427-430.
41. Lippert, A., and P. Müller, 1995: Direct atmospheric forcing of geostrophic eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 106-121.
42. Luther, D. S., A. D. Chave, and J. H. Filloux, 1990: Evidence for local and nonlocal barotropic responses to atmospheric forcing during BEMPEX. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 949-952.
43. Magaard, L., 1977: On the generation of baroclinic Rossby waves in the ocean by meteorological forces. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 359-364.
44. Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., N. Hogg, and R. Young, 1995: Stochastic wave radiation by the Gulf Stream: Numerical experiments. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 389-423.
45. Mariano, A., T. Chin, and T. Özgökmen, 2003: Stochastic boundary conditions for coastal flow modeling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1457, doi:10.1029/2003GL016972.
46. Marshall, J., and Coauthors, 2001: North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1863-1898.
47. McWilliams, J. C., 1974: Forced transient flow and small scale topography. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 6, 49-79.
48. McWilliams, J. C., 1977: A note on a consistent quasigeostrophic model in a multiply connected domain. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 1, 427-441.
49. Milliff, R. F., and A. R. Robinson, 1992: Structure and dynamics of the Rhodes Gyre system and dynamical interpolation for estimates of mesoscale variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 317-337.
50. Milliff, R. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 1994: The evolution of boundary pressure in ocean basins. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1317-1338.
51. Milliff, R. F., W. G. Large, W. R. Holland, and J. C. McWilliams, 1996: The general circulation responses of high-resolution North Atlantic Ocean models to synthetic scatterometer winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1747-1768.
52. Mizuta, G., and N. G. Hogg, 2004: Structure and circulation by a shoaling topographic wave. J. Phys. Oceangr., 34, 1793-1810.
53. Molteni, F., R. Mureau, and T. N. Palmer, 1993: Predictability and finite time instability of the northern winter circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 269-298.
54. Moore, A. M., 1999: Wind-induced variability of ocean gyres. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 29, 335-364.
55. Moore, A. M., and B. F. Farrell, 1993: Rapid perturbation growth in spatially and temporally varying oceanic flows as determined by an adjoint method: Application to the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1682-1702.
56. Müller, P., 1997: Coherence maps for wind-forced quasigeostrophic flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1927-1936.
57. Niiler, P. P., and C. J. Koblinsky, 1989: A local time-dependent Sverdrup balance in the northeast Pacific. Science, 229, 754-756.
58. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 710 pp.
59. Philander, S. G. H., 1978: Forced oceanic waves. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 15-46.
60. Phillips, N. A., 1966: Large-scale eddy motion in the western Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3883-3891.
61. Pinardi, N., and R. F. Milliff, 1989: A note on consistent quasigeostrophic boundary conditions in partially open, simply and multiply connected domains. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 14, 65-67.
62. Rhines, P. B., 1975: Waves and turbulence on a beta-plane. J. Fluid Mech., 69, 417-443.
63. Rhines, P. B., 1977: The dynamics of unsteady currents. The Sea, E. Goldberg et al., Eds., Vol. 6, John Wiley and Sons, 189-318.
64. Rienecker, M. M., and L. L. Ehret, 1988: Wind stress curl variability over the North Pacific from the comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 5069-5077.
65. Salmon, R., G. Holloway, and M. Hendershott, 1976: The equilibrium statistical mechanics of simple quasi-geostrophic models. J. Fluid Mech., 75, 691-703.
66. Samelson, R. M., 1990: Evidence for wind-driven current fluctuations in the eastern North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11 359-11 368.
67. Samelson, R. M., and B. Shrayer, 1991: Currents forced by stochastic winds with meridionally varying amplitude. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18 425-18 429.
68. Schmitz, W. J., and W. R. Holland, 1986: Observed and modeled mesoscale variability. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9624-9638.
69. Seidov, D., and A. Marushkevich, 1992: Order and chaos in ocean current dynamics: Numerical experiments. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 16, 405-434.
70. Semtner, A. J., Jr., and W. R. Holland, 1978: Intercomparison of quasi-geostrophic simulations of the western North Atlantic circulation with primitive equation results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 735-754.
71. Sirven, J., 2005: Response of the separated western boundary current to harmonic and stochastic forcing wind stress variations in a 1.5-layer ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1342-1358.
72. Sirven, J., C. Herbaut, J. Deshayes, and C. Frankignoul, 2007: Origin of the annual and decadal peaks of variability in the response of simple ocean models to stochastic forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2146-2157.
73. Spall, M. A., 1988: Regional ocean modeling: Primitive equation and quasigeostrophic studies. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, Harvard Rep. in Meteorology and Oceanography 28, 282 pp.
74. Sura, P., and C. Penland, 2002: Sensitivity of a double-gyre ocean model to details of stochastic forcing. Ocean Modell., 4, 327-345.
75. Thompson, R., 1977: Observations of Rossby waves near Site D. Prog. Oceanog., 7, 135-162.
76. Thompson, R., 1978: Reynolds stress and deep counter-currents near the Gulf Stream. J. Mar. Res., 36, 611-615.
77. Thompson, R., and J. R. Luyten, 1976: Evidence of bottom-trapped topographic Rossby waves from single moorings. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 629-635.
78. Treguier, A. M., and B. L. Hua, 1987: Oceanic quasi-geostrophic turbulence forced by stochastic wind fluctuations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 397-411.
79. Veronis, G., 1970: Effect of fluctuating wind on ocean circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 421-434.
80. Veronis, G., and H. Stommel, 1956: The action of variable wind stresses on a stratified ocean. J. Mar. Res., 15, 43-75.
81. Walker, G., and E. Bliss, 1932: World weather V. Memos J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 4, 53-84.
82. Wallace, J. M., and D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784-812.
83. Wearn, R. B., and D. J. Baker, 1980: Bottom pressure measurements across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and their relation to the wind. Deep-Sea Res., 27, 875-888.
84. Weijer, W., 2005: High-frequency wind forcing of a channel model of the ACC: Normal mode excitation. Ocean Modell., 9, 31-50.
85. Weijer, W., and S. Gille, 2005: Adjustment of the Southern Ocean to wind forcing on synoptic time scales. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2076-2089.
86. Willebrand, J., 1978: Temporal and spatial scales of the wind field over the North Pacific and North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 1080-1094.
87. Willebrand, J., J. Philander, and S. G. H. Pacanowski, 1980: The oceanic response to large-scale atmospheric disturbances. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 411-429.
88. Yang, H., Z. Liu, and Q. Zhang, 2004: Tropical ocean decadal variability and resonance of planetary wave basin modes. Part II: Numerical study. J. Climate, 17, 1711-1721.