Technical and financial feasibility of a solar dryer in Bhutan

Energy for Sustainable Development

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 17-24

  Lhendup, Tshewang ^a  

^a Royal Bhutan Institute of Technology   (Bhutan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY; SOLAR DRYERS;

DRYER SYSTEMS; DRYING COSTS; ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEMS; FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE; INTEGRAL PART; SYSTEM EFFICIENCY; THAILAND;

DRYERS (EQUIPMENT);

EID: 65549116894     PISSN: 09730826     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60496-2     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Ali H.M., and Sakr I.A. "Drying of vegetables in Egypt". Food Drying (1981), International Development Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2. Audsley E., and Wheeler J. "The annual cost of machinery calculated using actual cash flows". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 23 2 (1978) 189-201
3. Bansal H.K., and Misra A. "Plastic film solar air heater for crop drying". European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy Technical Meeting (1987), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
4. Bassey M.W. "Solar energy as a heat source in crop drying in Sierra Leone". Food Drying (1981), International Development Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
5. Berke, T. 2002. "The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre Pepper Project", in Sixteenth International Pepper Conference Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
6. Bosland P.W., and Votava E. Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums (2003), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
7. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO). Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan, Planning Commission Secretariat (2003), Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan 221
8. Clark C.S. "Solar food drying: a rural industry". Renewable Energy Review Journal 3 1 (1981) 23-36
9. Costa A.R.S., Viera Nunes A.I., Araujo A.A., Ferreira S.R., and Melo M.A.F. Natural Drying Process for Tropical Fruits. Department of Chemical Engineering (2003), University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
10. Desrosier N.W. The Technology of Food Preservation. 3rd ed. (1970), Avi Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut, USA 493
11. Dogantan Z.S., Tuncer I.K., and Bascetincelik A. "Use of solar energy for red pepper drying". European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy Technical Meeting (1987), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
12. Dorji, T. 2004. "Nu 135.5 million spent on meat in 2002", in Kuenselonline, Bhutan's daily news site Thimphu.
13. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). Country Report: Bhutan (2004), Economist Intelligence Unit, London, United Kingdom 15
14. El-Sebaii A.A., Aboul-Enein S., Ramadan M.R.I., and El-Gohary H.G. "Empirical correlations for drying kinetics of some fruits and vegetables". Energy 27 9 (2002) 845-859
15. Ekechukwu O.V., and Norton B. "Review of solar-energy drying systems II: an overview of solar drying technology". Energy Conversion and Management 40 6 (1999) 615-655
16. Esper A., and Muhlbauer W. "Solar drying -an effective means of food preservation". Renewable Energy 15 1-4 (1998) 95-100
17. Exell R.H.B., and Kornsakoo S. "A low-cost solar rice dryer". Appropriate Technology 5 1 (1978) 23-24
18. Farkas I., and Smith C.C. "Computer simulation and control of a solar drop dryer". European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy Technical Meeting (1987), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
19. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Manual on Simple Methods of Meat Preservation (1990), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
20. Fuller B. Harnessing the Sun: Solar Drying Your Own Produce (1998), Bolwarrah Press, Bolwarrah, Victoria, Australia 73
21. Fuller R.J., and Aye L. "Design of a solar assisted meat dryer". Solar Harvest 2002 (2002), Newcastle, Australia
22. Fuller R., Rakwichian W., and Soponronnrit S. "Modelling of a large solar drying system in Thailand". World Renewable Energy Congress (1999), Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
23. Gallali Y.M., Abujnah Y.S., and Bannani F.K. "Preservation of fruits and vegetables using solar drier: a comparative study of natural and solar drying, III; chemical analysis and sensory evaluation data of the dried samples (grapes, figs, tomatoes and onions)". Renewable Energy 19 1-2 (2000) 203-212
24. Gupta P., Ahmed J., Shivare U.S., and Raghavan G.S.V. "Drying characteristics of red chilli". Drying Technology 20 10 (2002) 1975-1987
25. Holley R.A. "Beef jerky: viability of food-poisoning microorganisms on jerky during its manufacture and storage". Journal of Food Protection 48 2 (1985) 100-106
26. Hossain M.A., and Bala B.K. "Thin-layer drying characteristics for green chilli". Drying Technology 20 2 (2002) 489-505
27. Hossain M.A., Woods J.L., and Bala B.K. "Optimisation of solar tunnel drier for drying of chilli without color loss". Renewable Energy 30 5 (2005) 729-742 April
28. Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). Drying of Foods (2004), Intermediate Technology Development Group
29. Ivanova D., and Andonov K. "Analytical and experimental study of combined fruit and vegetable dryer". Energy Conversion and Management 42 8 (2001) 975-983
30. Jayaraman K.S., and Das Gupta D.K. "Drying of fruits and vegetables". In: Mujumdar A.S. (Ed). Handbook of Industrial Drying (1987), Marcel Dekker, New York, USA 948
31. Kaensup W., Chutima S., and Wongwises S. "Experimental study on drying of chilli in a combined microwave-vacuum-rotary drum dryer". Drying Technology 20 10 (2002) 2067-2079
32. Kaleemullah S., and Kailappan R. "Geometric and morphometric properties of chillies". International Journal of Food Properties 6 3 (2003) 481-498
33. In: Keddie J. (Ed). Technological Choice and Employment in Food Processing and Storage and Related Policy Issues. Appropriate Industrial Technology for Food Storage and Processing (1981), United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, Vienna, Austria
34. Knight K.M., Klein S.A., and Duffie J.A. "A methodology for the synthesis of hourly weather data". Solar Energy 46 2 (1981) 109-120
35. Kreider J.F., Hoogendoorn C.J., and Kreith F. Solar Design: Components, Systems, Economics (1989), Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, USA
36. Lisse I., and Wack A.L.R. "Drying of meat materials (lean and fat) by deep-fat frying in animal fat". Sciences des Aliments 18 4 (1998) 423-435
37. Luitel P.S. "Yield and management practice of chilli: a case study in Punakha, Bhutan". Institute of Land and Food Resources (2004), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
38. Lutz K., Muhlbauer W., Muller J., and Reisinger J. "Development of a multi-purpose solar crop dryer for arid zones". European Cooperative Networks on Rural Energy Technical Meeting (1987), Food and Agriculture Organisation of The United Nations, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
39. Madhlopa A., Jones S.A., and Kalenga Saka J.D. "A solar air heater with composite-absorber systems for food dehydration". Renewable Energy 27 1 (2002) 27-37
40. Maroulis Z.B., and Saravacos G.D. "Solar heating of air for drying agricultural products". Solar & Wind Technology 3 2 (1986) 127-134
41. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy: Global/Regional Data (2004), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA
42. Pangavhane D.R., and Sawhney R.L. "Review of research and development work on solar dryers for grape drying". Energy Conversion and Management 43 1 (2002) 45-61
43. Planning Commission Secretariat (PCS). Eighth Five-year Plan (1997), Planning Commission Secretariat, Thimphu, Bhutan
44. Planning Commission Secretariat (PCS). Ninth Five-year Plan (2002), Planning Commission Secretariat, Thimphu, Bhutan
45. Radajewski W., Jolly P., and Abawi G.Y. "Optimization of solar grain drying in a continuous flow dryer". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 38 2 (1987) 127-144
46. Santos J.M., Pinazo J.M., and Canada J. "Methodology for generating daily clearness index values K-t starting from the monthly average daily value (K)over-bar(t). Determining the daily sequence using stochastic models". Renewable Energy 28 10 (2003) 1523-1544
47. Sarkar, M.A.R., and Saleh, T. 2002. "Performance study of a PV operated forced convection solar energy dryer", in Eighth International Symposium for Renewable Energy Education (ISREE-8) University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
48. Simate I.N. "Optimization of mixed-mode and indirect-mode natural convection solar dryers". Renewable Energy 28 3 (2003) 435-453
49. Sitthiphong N., Hirun A., Klongpanich W., Thertoon P., Siratanapanta T., Thavornun S., and Kamalaspitak S. Final Report Chapter 2: Multi-Crop Dryers Project First Phase (1986-1988) (1989), International Development Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
50. Sharma, V.K., Sharma, S., Ray, R.A., Garg, H.P. "Design and performance studies of a solar dryer suitable for rural applications", Energy Conversion and Management, 26(1), 111-119.
51. Swasdisevi T., Soponronnarit S., Rakwichian W., and Thadnium V. "Industrial-scale solar vegetable drying". World Renewable Energy Congress (1999), Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
52. Tiris C., Ozbalta N., Tiris M., and Dincer I. "Thermal performance of a new solar air heater". International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 22 3 (1995) 411-423
53. TRNSYS. A TRaNsient SYstems Simulation program (2003), University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, USA
54. Wangchuk, R. 2004. "The first chilli harvest in Bhutan", in Kuenselonline, Bhutan's daily news site Thimphu.
55. Wissink, T. 2004. "The impact of trade liberalisation on agriculture in Bhutan", in Eighteenth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies Lund, Sweden.
56. Yuden P. "Effects of pruning on yield, quality and costs of mandarin orange production in Bhutan". Institute of Land and Food Resources (2000), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia