2008 Sir Norman McAlister gregg lecture: 150 years of practical observations on the conical cornea - What have we learned?

Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 160-176

  Mcghee, Charles N J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Computerized corneal topography; Corneal transplantation; Higher order aberration; In vivo confocal microscopy; Inheritance; Keratoconus

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ASTIGMATISM; ATOPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; CONTACT LENS; CORNEA CELL; CORNEA DISEASE; CORNEA SURGERY; CORNEA TRANSPLANTATION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYDROPS; HYSTERESIS; INHERITANCE; KERATOCONUS; KERATOMETRY; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; VISUAL ACUITY;

CONTACT LENSES; CORNEA; CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY; CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; KERATOCONUS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 65449184499     PISSN: 14426404     EISSN: 14429071     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02009.x     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Gregg NM. Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust 1941; 3: 35-46.
2. Gregg NM. Congenital defects associated with maternal rubella. Aust Hosp 1947; 14: 7-9.
3. ISI Web of Knowledge. Accessed 18 November 2008. Available from: http:// apps.isiknowledge.com
4. Nottingham J. Practical Observations on Conical Cornea, and on the Short Sight, and Other Defects of Vision Connected With It. London: John Churchill, 1854.
5. Bowman W. On conical cornea and its treatment by operation. In: Hulke JW, ed. The Collected Papers of Sir William Bowman: Volume II Miscellaneous, Surgical and Ophthalmological Papers. London: Harrison & Sons, 1892 ; 271-81.
6. Argyll Robertson D. Diseases of the Eye. Edinburgh: Compiled in handwritten book-bound form by Gray Hassel, 1881.
7. Maitland Ramsay A. Keratoconus. In Atlas of External Diseases of the Eye. Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons, 1898; 83-5.
8. Parsons JH. Diseases of the cornea. In Diseases of the Eye, 5th edn. London: J&A Churchill, 1926; 236-7.
9. Fuchs E. Ectasias of the cornea. In Diseases of the Eye, 15th edn. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott & Co, 1933; 230-3.
10. Duke-Elder S, Leigh AG. Keratoconus. In System of Ophthalmology, Vol. VIII. Part 2, Diseases of the Outer Eye, Cornea and Sclera. London: Henry Kimpton, 1965; 964-74.
11. Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW. Keratoconus and related non-inflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 1984; 28: 293-322.
12. Lawless M, Coster DJ, Phillips AJ, Loane M. Keratoconus: Diagnosis and management. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1989; 17: 33-60.
13. Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmol 1998; 42: 297-319.
14. Edwards M, McGhee CN, Dean S. The genetics of keratoconus. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2001; 29: 345-51.
15. Lass JH, Lembach RG, Park SB et al. Clinical management of keratoconus. A multicenter analysis. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 433-45.
16. Wagner H, Barr JT, Zadnik K. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study: Methods and findings to date. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2007; 30: 223-32.
17. Weed KH, McGhee CN. Referral patterns, treatment management and visual outcome in keratoconus. Eye 1998; 12: 663-8.
18. Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB et al. Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 2537-46.
19. Davis LJ, Schechtman KB, Wilson BS et al., Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Longitudinal changes in visual acuity in keratoconus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 489-500.
20. McMahon TT, Edrington TB, Szczotka-Flynn L, Olafsson HE, Davis LJ, Schechtman KB, CLEK Study Group. Longitudinal changes in corneal curvature in keratoconus. Cornea 2006; 25: 296-305.
21. Weed KH, Macewen CJ, McGhee CN. The Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus Study II: A prospective study of optical and surgical correction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2007; 27: 561-7.
22. Holland SP, Srivannaboon S, Reinstein DZ. Avoiding serious corneal complications of laser assisted in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology 2000; 107: 640-52.
23. Zadnik K, Barr JT, Gordon MO, Edrington TB. Biomicroscopic signs and disease severity in keratoconus. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Cornea 1996; 15: 139-46.
24. Rabinowitz YS. Ectatic disorders of the cornea. In: Foster CS, Azar DT, Dohlman CH, eds. Smolin and Thoft's The Cornea: Scientific Foundations & Clinical Practice, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005; 889-911.
25. Klyce SD. Computer-assisted corneal topography. High-resolution graphic presentation and analysis of keratoscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25: 1426-35.
26. Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 181-6.
27. Rabinowitz YS, Garbus J, McDonnell PJ. Computer-assisted topography in family members of patients with keratoconus. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108: 365-71.
28. McGhee C, Weed KH. Computerized videokeratography in clinical practice. In: McGhee C, Taylor HR, Gartry DS, Trokel SL, eds. Excimer Lasers in Ophthalmology: Principles and Practice. London: Martin Dunitz, 1997; 97-126.
29. Maeda N, Klyce SD, Smolek MK. Comparison of methods for detecting keratoconus using videokeratography. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 870-4.
30. Holland DR, Maeda N, Hannush SB et al. Unilateral keratoconus. Incidence and quantitative topographic analysis. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 1409-13.
31. Rabinowitz YS, Rasheed K. KISA% index: A quantitative videokeratography algorithm embodying minimal topographic criteria for diagnosing keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25: 1327-35.
32. Li X, Rabinowitz YS, Rasheed K, Yang H. Longitudinal study of the normal eyes in unilateral keratoconus patients. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 440-6.
33. Li X, Yang H, Rabinowitz YS. Longitudinal study of keratoconus progression. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85: 502-7.
34. Weed KH, McGhee CN, MacEwen CJ. Atypical unilateral superior keratoconus in young males. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2005; 28: 177-9.
35. Weed KH, MacEwen CJ, McGhee CN. The variable expression of keratoconus within monozygotic twins: Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus Study (DUSKS). Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2006; 29: 123-6.
36. Levy D, Hutchings H, Rouland JF et al. Videokeratographic anomalies in familial keratoconus. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 867-74.
37. Cairns G, McGhee CN. Orbscan computerized topography: Attributes, applications, and limitations. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31: 205-20.
38. Lim L, Wei RH, Chan WK, Tan DT. Evaluation of keratoconus in Asians: role of Orbscan II and Tomey TMS-2 corneal topography. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 390-400.
39. Quisling S, Sjoberg S, Zimmerman B, Goins K, Sutphin J. Comparison of Pentacam and Orbscan IIz on posterior curvature topographymeasurements in keratoconus eyes. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 1629-32.
40. Sonmez B, Doan MP, Hamilton DR. Identification of scanning slit-beam topographic parameters important in distinguishing normal from keratoconic corneal morphologic features. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 401-8.
41. Ambrosio R Jr, Klyce SD, Wilson SE. Corneal topographic and pachymetric screening of keratorefractive patients. J Refract Surg 2003; 19: 24-9.
42. Nesburn AB, Bahri S, Salz J et al. Keratoconus detected by videokeratography in candidates for photorefractive keratectomy. J Refract Surg 1995; 11: 194-201.
43. Jafri B, Li X, Yang H, Rabinowitz YS. Higher order wavefront aberrations and topography in early and suspected keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2007; 23: 774-81.
44. Pantanelli S, MacRae S, Jeong TM, Yoon G. Characterizing the wave aberration in eyes with keratoconus or penetrating keratoplasty using a high-dynamic range wavefront sensor. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 2013-21.
45. Bühren J, Kühne C, Kohnen T. Defining subclinical keratoconus using corneal first-surface higher-order aberrations. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 381-9.
46. Kotecha A, Elsheikh A, Roberts CR, Zhu H, Garway-Heath DF. Corneal thickness- and age-related biomechanical properties of the cornea measured with the ocular response analyzer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 5337-47.
47. Shah S, Laiquzzaman M, Bhojwani R, Mantry S, Cunliffe I. Assessment of the biomechanical properties of the cornea with the ocular response analyzer in normal and keratoconic eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 3026-31.
48. Georgiou T, Funnell CL, Cassels-Brown A, O'Conor R. Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients. Eye 2004; 18: 379-83.
49. Edwards M, Clover GM, Brookes N, Pendergrast D, Chaulk J, McGhee CN. Indications for corneal transplantation in New Zealand: 1991-1999. Cornea 2002; 21: 152-5.
50. Owens H, Gamble GD, Bjornholdt MC, Boyce NK, Keung L. Topographic indications of emerging keratoconus in teenage New Zealanders. Cornea 2007; 26: 312-8.
51. Grünauer-Kloevekorn C, Duncker GI. Keratoconus: Epidemiology, risk factors and diagnosis. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2006; 223: 493-502.
52. Shapiro MB, France TD. The ocular features of Down's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1985; 99: 659-63.
53. Udar N, Atilano SR, Brown DJ et al. SOD1: A candidate gene for keratoconus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 3345-51.
54. Jafri B, Lichter H, Stulting RD. Asymmetric keratoconus attributed to eye rubbing. Cornea 2004; 23: 560-4.
55. Elder MJ. Leber congenital amaurosis and its association with keratoconus and keratoglobus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1994; 31: 38-40.
56. Beardsley TL, Foulks GN. An association of keratoconus and mitral valve prolapse. Ophthalmology 1982; 89: 35-7.
57. Sharif KW, Casey TA, Coltart J. Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in keratoconus patients. J R Soc Med 1992; 85: 446-8.
58. Héon E, Greenberg A, Kopp KK et al. VSX1: A gene for posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoconus. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11: 1029-36.
59. Aldave AJ, Yellore VS, Salem AK etal. No VSX1 gene mutations associated with keratoconus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 2820-2.
60. Rahi A, Davies P, Ruben M, Lobascher D, Menon J. Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1977; 61: 761-4.
61. McMonnies CW, Boneham GC. Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand-dominance. Clin Exp Optom 2003; 86: 376-84.
62. Bawazeer AM, Hodge WG, Lorimer B. Atopy and keratoconus: A multivariate analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 834-6.
63. Weed KH, MacEwen CJ, Giles T, Low J, McGhee CN. The Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus study: Demographics, corneal signs, associated diseases, and eye rubbing. Eye 2008; 22: 534-41.
64. Wilson SE, Liu JJ, Mohan RR. Stromal-epithelial interactions in the cornea. Prog Retin Eye Res 1999; 18: 293-309.
65. Mohan RR, Liang Q, Kim WJ, Helena MC, Baerveldt F, Wilson SE. Apoptosis in the cornea: Further characterization of Fas/Fas ligand system. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65: 575-89.
66. Patel DV, McGhee CN. Contemporary in vivo confocal microscopy of the living human cornea using white light and laser scanning techniques: A major review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2007; 35: 71-88.
67. Efron N, Hollingsworth JG. New perspectives on keratoconus as revealed by corneal confocal microscopy. Clin Exp Optom 2008; 91: 34-55.
68. Erie JC, Patel SV, McLaren JW, Nau CB, Hodge DO, Bourne WM. Keratocyte density in keratoconus. A confocal microscopy study(a). Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134: 689-95.
69. Kaldawy RM, Wagner J, Ching S, Seigel GM. Evidence of apoptotic cell death in keratoconus. Cornea 2002; 21: 206-9.
70. Ha NT, Nakayasu K, Murakami A, Ishidoh K, Kanai A. Microarray analysis identified differentially expressed genes in keratocytes from keratoconus patients. Curr Eye Res 2004; 28: 373-9.
71. Morishige N, Wahlert AJ, Kenney MC et al. Second-harmonic imaging microscopy of normal human and keratoconus cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 1087-94.
72. Hayes S, Boote C, Tuft SJ, Quantock AJ, Meek KM. A study of corneal thickness, shape and collagen organisation in keratoconus using videokeratography and X-ray scattering techniques. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84: 423-34.
73. Sherwin T, Brookes NH. Morphological changes in keratoconus: Pathology or pathogenesis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004; 32: 211-7.
74. Ku JY, Niederer RL, Patel DV, Sherwin T, McGhee CN. Laser scanning in vivo confocal analysis of keratocyte density in keratoconus. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 845-50.
75. Niederer RL, Perumal D, Sherwin T, McGhee CN. Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy reveals reduced innervation and reduction in cell density in all layers of the keratoconic cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 2964-70.
76. Müller LJ, Marfurt CF, Kruse F, Tervo TM. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. Exp Eye Res 2003; 76: 521-42.
77. Müller LJ, Pels L, Vrensen GF. Ultrastructural organisation of human corneal nerves. Invest Ophthamol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 476-88.
78. Grupcheva CN, Wong T, Riley AF, McGhee CN. Assessing the sub-basal nerve plexus of the living healthy human cornea by in vivo confocal microscopy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002; 30: 187-90.
79. Hollingsworth JG, Efron N, Tullo AB. In vivo corneal confocal microscopy in keratoconus. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005; 25: 254-60.
80. Patel DV, McGhee CNJ. Mapping of the normal human corneal sub-basal nerve plexus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 4485-8.
81. Patel DV, McGhee CN. In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy confirms that the human corneal sub-basal nerve plexus is a highly dynamic structure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 3409-12.
82. Patel DV, McGhee CNJ. Mapping the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in keratoconus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 1348-51.
83. Patel D, McGhee CN. In vivo confocal microscopy of human corneal nerves in health, in ocular and systemic disease, and following corneal surgery: A review. Br J Ophthalmol 2008 ; Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]
84. Patel DV, Ku JY, Johnson R, McGhee CN. Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy and quantitative aesthesiometry reveal decreased corneal innervation and sensation in keratoconus. Eye 2008; Mar 14. [Epub ahead of print]
85. Ghosheh FR, Cremona FA, Rapuano CJ et al. Trends in penetrating keratoplasty in the United States 1980-2005. Int Ophthalmol 2008; 28: 147-53.
86. The Australian Corneal Graft Registry. 1990 to 1992 report. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1993; 21 (2 Suppl.): 1-48.
87. Patel HY, Ormonde S, Brookes NH, Moffatt LS, McGhee CN. The indications and outcome of paediatric corneal transplantation in New Zealand: 1991-2003. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 404-8.
88. Fontana L, Parente G, Tassinari G. Clinical outcomes after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty using the big-bubble technique in patients with keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 117-24.
89. Noble BA, Agrawal A, Collins C, Saldana M, Brogden PR, Zuberbuhler B. Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK): Visual outcome and complications for a heterogeneous group of corneal pathologies. Cornea 2007; 26: 59-64.
90. Ardjomand N, Hau S, McAlister JC et al. Quality of vision and graft thickness in deep anterior lamellar and penetrating corneal allografts. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 228-35.
91. Coster DJ, Williams KA. The impact of corneal allograft rejection on the long-term outcome of corneal transplantation. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140: 1112-22.
92. Colin J, Cochener B, Savary G, Malet F. Correcting keratoconus with intracorneal rings. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26: 1117-22.
93. Kwitko S, Severo NS. Ferrara intracorneal ring segments for keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 812-20.
94. Colin J, Malet FJ. Intacs for the correction of keratoconus: Two-year follow-up. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 69-74.
95. Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-a-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 135: 620-7.
96. Wollensak G. Crosslinking treatment of progressive keratoconus: New hope. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006; 17: 356-60.
97. Wittig-Silva C, Whiting M, Lamoureux E, Lindsay RG, Sullivan LJ, Snibson GR. A randomized controlled trial of corneal collagen cross-linking in progressive keratoconus: Preliminary results. J Refract Surg 2008; 24: S720-5.