Privatizing participation: Civic change and the organizational dynamics of grassroots lobbying firms

American Sociological Review

Volumn 74, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 83-105

  Walker, Edward T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; POLITICS; PRIVATIZATION; STAKEHOLDER;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 65449165560     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240907400105     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Aguirre, B. E. 1984. "The Conventionalization of Collective Behavior in Cuba." American Journal of Sociology 90:541-66.
2. Akard, Patrick J. 1992. "Corporate Mobilization and Political Power: The Transformation of U.S. Economic Policy in the 1970s." American Sociological Review 57:597-615.
3. Alderson, Arthur S. and Francois Nielsen. 2002. "Globalization and the Great U-Turn: Income Inequality Trends in 16 OECD Countries." American Journal of Sociology 107:1244-99.
4. Baron, James N., Michael T. Hannan, and M. Diane Burton. 2001. "Labor Pains: Change in Organizational Models and Employee Turnover in Young, High-Tech Firms." American Journal of Sociology 106:960-1012.
5. Baum, Joel A. C. and Christine Oliver. 1991. "Institutional Linkages and Organizational Mortality." Administrative Science Quarterly 36:187-218.
6. Baumgartner, Frank R. 2005. "The Growth and Diversity of U.S. Associations, 1956-2004: Analyzing Trends Using the Encyclopedia of Associations." Unpublished manuscript, Department of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
7. Baumgartner, Frank R. and Beth L. Leech. 2001. "Issue Niches and Policy Bandwagons: Patterns of Interest Group Involvement in National Politics." Journal of Politics 63:1191-1213.
8. Baumgartner, Frank R. and Jack L. Walker. 1988. "Survey Research and Membership in Voluntary Associations." American Journal of Political Science 32:908-28.
9. Beck, Nathaniel and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. "What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data." American Political Science Review 89:634-47.
10. Berezin, Mabel. 1994. "Cultural Form and Political Meaning: State-Subsidized Theater, Ideology, and the Language of Style in Fascist Italy." American Journal of Sociology 99:1237-86.
11. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1977. Lobbying for the People. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
12. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1997. The Interest Group Society, 3rd ed. New York: Longman.
13. Boltanski, Luc and Eve Chiapello. 2005. The New Spirit of Capitalism. London, UK: Verso.
14. Brady, Henry E., Key Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 1999. "Prospecting for Participants: Rational Expectations and the Recruitment of Political Activists." American Political Science Review 93:153-66.
15. Browne, William P. 1995. "Organized Interests, Grassroots Confidants, and Congress." Pp. 281-97 in Interest Group Politics, 4th ed., edited by A. J. Cigler and B. A. Loomis. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
16. Cameron, A. Colin and Pravin K. Trivedi. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. New York: Cambridge.
17. Campaigns & Elections Magazine (C&E). 2000. The Political Pages 2000-01. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
18. Cigler, Allan J. and Burdett A. Loomis. 1995. "Contemporary Interest Group Politics: More Than 'More of the Same.'" Pp. 393-406 in Interest Group Politics, 4th ed., edited by A. J. Cigler and B. A. Loomis. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
19. Clemens, Elisabeth S. 1997. The People's Lobby. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
20. Conlan, Timothy J. 1998. From New Federalism to Devolution. Washington, DC: Brookings.
21. Crenson, Matthew A. and Benjamin Ginsberg. 2002. Downsizing Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
22. Crotty, William J. 1984. American Parties in Decline. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
23. Della Porta, Donatella and Sidney G. Tarrow. 2005. Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
24. Dewey, John. 1927. The Public and Its Problems. New York: Holt.
25. Ewen, Stuart. 1996. PR! A Social History of Spin. New York: Basic.
26. Faucheux, Ron. 1995. "The Grassroots Explosion." Campaigns and Elections December/January, p. 20.
27. Fisher, Dana R. 2006. Activism, Inc. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
28. Frank, Thomas. 2004. What's the Matter with Kansas? New York: Metropolitan.
29. Fraser, Nancy. 1990. "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy." Social Text 25/26:56-80.
30. Friedland, Roger and Robert Alford. 1991. "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions." Pp. 232-63 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
31. Frumkin, Peter. 2002. On Being Nonprofit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Gieryn, Thomas F. 2000. "A Space for Place in Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 26:463-96.
33. Godwin, R. Kenneth. 1988. One Billion Dollars of Influence. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
34. Goldstein, Kenneth M. 1999. Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Participation in America. New York: Cambridge.
35. Gramsci, Antonio. [1971] 1999. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International.
36. Grefe, Edward A. and Marty Linsky. 1995. The New Corporate Activism. New York: McGraw-Hill.
37. Greider, William. 1992. Who Will Tell the People. New York: Simon and Schuster.
38. Griswold, Wendy and Nathan Wright. 2004. "Cowbirds, Locals, and the Dynamic Endurance of Regionalism." American Journal of Sociology 109:1411-51.
39. Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Hamburger, Martin. 2000. "Lessons from the Field: A Journey into Political Consulting." Pp. 53-64 in Campaign Warriors, edited by J. A. Thurber and C. J. Nelson. Washington, DC: Brookings.
41. Hannan, Michael T. and John Freeman. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. Haveman, Heather A. and Hayagreeva Rao. 1997. "Structuring a Theory of Moral Sentiments: Institutional and Organizational Coevolution in the Early Thrift Industry." American Journal of Sociology 102:1606-51.
43. Heitshusen, Valerie. 2000. "Interest Group Lobbying and U.S. House Decentralization: Linking Informational Focus to Committee Hearing Appearances." Political Research Quarterly 53:151-76.
44. Hillman, Amy J., Gerald D. Keim, and Douglas Schuler. 2004. "Corporate Political Activity: A Review and Research Agenda." Journal of Management 30:837-57.
45. Himmelstein, Jerome L. 1990. To the Right. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
46. Hojnacki, Marie and David C. Kimball. 1999. "The Who and How of Organizations' Lobbying Strategies in Committee." The Journal of Politics 61:999-1024.
47. Jacobs, David. 1988. "Corporate Economic Power and the State: A Longitudinal Assessment of Two Explanations." American Journal of Sociology 93:852-81.
48. Jacobs, David, Jason T. Carmichael, and Stephanie L. Kent. 2005. "Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat, and Death Sentences." American Sociological Review 70:656-77.
49. King, Gary. 1989. "Variance Specification in Event Count Models: From Restrictive Assumptions to a Generalized Estimator." American Journal of Political Science 33:762-84.
50. Kollman, Ken. 1998. Outside Lobbying. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
51. Kolodny, Robin and David A. Dulio. 2003. "Political Party Adaptation in U.S. Congressional Campaigns: Why Political Parties Use Coordinated Expenditures to Hire Political Consultants." Party Politics 9:729-46.
52. Liang, Kung-Yee and Scott L. Zeger. 1986. "Longitudinal Analysis Using Generalized Linear Models." Biometrika 73:12-22.
53. Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
54. Lyon, Thomas P. and John W. Maxwell. 2004. "Astroturf: Interest Group Lobbying and Corporate Strategy." Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 13:561-97.
55. McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew Brashears. 2006. "Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks Over Two Decades." American Sociological Review 71:353-75
56. Minkoff, Debra C. 1994. "From Service Provision to Institutional Advocacy: The Shifting Legitimacy of Organizational Forms." Social Forces 72:943-69.
57. Newman, Bruce I. 1999. The Mass Marketing of Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
59. Oppenheimer, Bruce I. 1980. "Policy Effects of U.S. House Reform: Decentralization and the Capacity to Resolve Energy Issues." Legislative Studies Quarterly 5:5-30.
60. Osgood, D. Wayne. 2000. "Poisson-Based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16:21-43.
61. Pertschuk, Michael. 1982. Revolt against Regulation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
62. Peschek, Joseph G. 1987. Policy-Planning Organizations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
63. Plotke, David. 1992. "The Political Mobilization of Business." Pp. 175-98 in The Politics of Interests, edited by M. P. Petracca. Boulder, CO: Westview.
64. Putnam, Robert D. 1995. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital." Journal of Democracy 6:65-78.
65. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Schuster.
66. Putnam, Robert D. and Lewis M. Feldstein. 2003. Better Together. New York: Simon & Schuster.
67. Rao, Hayagreeva. 1998. "Caveat Emptor: The Construction of Nonprofit Consumer Watchdog Organizations." American Journal of Sociology 103:912-61.
68. Rao, Hayagreeva and Eric H. Nielsen. 1992. "An Ecology of Agency Arrangements: Mortality of Savings and Loan Associations, 1960-1987." Administrative Science Quarterly 37:448-70.
69. Rosenstone, Steven J. and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
70. Rubin, Barry R. 1997. A Citizen's Guide to Politics in America. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
71. Ruef, Martin. 2000. "The Emergence of Organizational Forms: A Community Ecology Approach." American Journal of Sociology 106:658-714.
72. Sabato, Larry. 1981. The Rise of Political Consultants. New York: Basic.
73. Safire, William. 1978. Safire's Political Dictionary. New York: Ballantine Books.
74. Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semisovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
75. Schier, Steven E. 2000. By Invitation Only. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
76. Schlozman, Kay Lehman and John T. Tierney. 1986. Organized Interests and American Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
77. Shulman, Stuart W. 2006. "Whither Deliberation? Mass E-mail Campaigns and U.S. Regulatory Rulemaking." Journal of E-Government 3:41-64.
78. Simons, Tal and Paul Ingram. 2004. "An Ecology of Ideology: Theory and Evidence from Four Populations." Industrial and Corporate Change 13:33-59.
79. Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
80. Smith, Mark A. 2000. American Business and Political Power. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
81. Spillman, Lynette. 2003. National Business Associations, United States, 2003. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR.
82. Staber, Udo and Howard Aldrich. 1982. "Trade Association Stability and Public Policy." Pp. 163-78 in Organizational Theory and Public Policy, edited by R. H. Hall and R. E. Quinn. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
83. StataCorp. 2007. Stata Statistical Software: Release 10. College Station, TX: StataCorp.
84. Stauber, John C. and Sheldon Rampton. 1995. Toxic Sludge Is Good for You. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
85. Stone, Peter H. 1994. "Learning from Nader." National Journal, June 11, pp. 1342-44.
86. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Viguerie, Richard A. 1981. The New Right. Falls Church, VA: Viguerie Co.
88. Vogel, David. 1989. Fluctuating Fortunes. New York: Basic.
89. Waldinger, Roger David. 1996. Helots No More. Los Angeles, CA: Lewis Center.
90. Walker, Edward T. 2007. The Privatization of Political Influence: Professional Grassroots Lobbying in the United States. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
91. Walker, Edward T. 2008a. "Contingent Pathways from Joiner to Activist: The Indirect Effect of Participation in Voluntary Associations on Civic Engagement." Sociological Forum 23(1):116-43.
92. Walker, Edward T. 2008b. "Outsourcing Member Mobilization: Why Public Interest Groups Contract with Professional Grassroots Lobbying Firms." Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, The University of Vermont.
93. Walker, Jack L., Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
94. Warren, Mark R. 2001. Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
95. Wittenberg, Ernest and Elisabeth Wittenberg. 1990. How to Win in Washington. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
96. Wuthnow, Robert. 1998. Loose Connections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.