Patent foramen ovale: Comparison among diagnostic strategies in cryptogenic stroke and migraine

Echocardiography

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 495-503

  Zito, Concetta ^a,b   Dattilo, Giuseppe ^a   Oreto, Giuseppe ^a   Di Bella, Gianluca ^a   Lamari, Annalisa ^a   Iudicello, Raffaella ^a   Trio, Olimpia ^a   Caracciolo, Giuseppe ^a   Coglitore, Sebastiano ^a   Arrigo, Francesco ^a   Carerj, Scipione ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^b NONE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Patent foramen ovale; Transesophageal echocardiography; Transthoracic echocardiography

Indexed keywords

POLYGELINE; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CRYPTOGENIC STROKE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIGRAINE AURA; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; STROKE; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VALSALVA MANEUVER;

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRAINE DISORDERS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STROKE; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, TRANSCRANIAL;

EID: 65349166276     PISSN: 07422822     EISSN: 15408175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00852.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Drighil A, El Mosalami H, Elbadaoui N, et al : Patent foramen ovale: A new disease? Int J Cardiol 2007 122 : 1 9.
2. Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, et al : Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl Med 1988 318 : 1148 1152.
3. Webster MW, Chancelor AM, Smith HJ, et al : Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Lancet 1988 2 : 11 12.
4. Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, et al : Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann Intern Med 1999 117 : 1 2.
5. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, et al : Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm or both. N Engl J Med 2001 345 : 1740 1746.
6. Homma S, Sacco RL : Patent foramen ovale and stroke. Circulation 2005 112 : 1063 1072.
7. De Belder MA, Tourikis L, Leach G, et al : Risk of patent foramen ovale for thromboembolic events in all age groups. Am J Cardiol 1992 69 : 1316 1320.
8. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR : Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000 55 : 1172 1179.
9. Yahia AM, Shaukat A, Kirmani JF, et al : Age is not a predictor of patent foramen ovale with right to left shunt in patients with cerebral ischemic events. Echocardiography 2004 21 : 517 521.
10. Cabanes L, Mas JL, Cohen A, et al : Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke 1993 24 : 1865 1873.
11. Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Heit JA, et al : Patent foramen ovale: Innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 47 : 440 445.
12. Ranoux D, Cohen A, Cabanes L, et al : Patent foramen ovale: Is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? Stroke 1993 24 : 31 34.
13. Albers GW, Comess KA, De Rook FA, et al : Transesophageal echocardiography findings in stroke subtypes. Stroke 1994 25 : 23 28.
14. Jeanrenaud X, Bogousslavsky J, Payot M, et al : Patent foramen ovale and cerebral infarct in young patients. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1990 120 : 823 829.
15. Gupta V, Yesilbursa D, Huang WY, et al : Patent foramen ovale in a large population of ischemic stroke patients: Diagnosis, age distribution, gender, and race. Echocardiography 2008 25 : 217 227.
16. Del Sette M, Angeli S, Leandri M, et al : Migraine with aura and right-to-left shunt on transcranial Doppler: A case-control study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998 8 : 327 330.
17. Carerj S, Narbone MC, Zito C, et al : Prevalence of atrial septal aneurysm in migraine patients: An echocardiographic study. Headache 2003 43 : 725 728.
18. Schneider B, Zienkiewcz T, Jansen V, et al : Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and correlation with autopsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1996 77 : 1202 1209.
19. Hausmann D, Mugge A, Betcht I, et al : Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and association with cerebral and peripheral embolic events. Am J Cardiol 1992 70 : 668 672.
20. Van Camp G, Franken P, Melis P, et al : Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with second harmonic imaging with transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of right to left shunts. Am J Cardiol 2000 86 : 1284 1287.
21. Kuhl P, Hoffmann R, Merx MW, et al : Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging: diagnostic alternative to transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of atrial to left shunt in patients with cerebral embolic events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 34 : 1823 1830.
22. Teague SM, Sharma MK : Detection of paradoxical cerebral echo contrast embolization by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1991 22 : 740 745.
23. Devuyst G, Piechowski-Józwiak B, Karapanayiotides T, et al : Controlled contrast transcranial Doppler and arterial blood gas analysis to quantify shunt through patent foramen ovale. Stroke 2004 35 : 859 863.
24. Mugge A, Daniel WG, Klopper JW, et al : Visualization of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal color-coded Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1988 62 : 837 838.
25. Cujec B, Polasek P, Voll C, et al : Transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of potential cardiac source of embolism in stroke patients. Stroke 1991 22 : 727 733.
26. Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Tatineni S, et al : Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac source of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia of uncertain etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991 17 : 66 72.
27. de Bruijn SFTM, Agema WRP, Lammers GJ, et al : Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke 2006 37 : 2531 2534.
28. Scheneider B, Zienkiewicz T, Jansen V, et al : Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and correlation with autopsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1996 77 : 1202 1209.
29. Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Massaro A, et al : Transcranial Doppler with contrast injection for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Int J Card Imaging 1993 9 : 1 5.
30. Klotzsch C, Janssen G, Berlit P, et al : Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale: Experiences with 111 patients. Neurology 1994 44 : 1603 1606.
31. Devuyst G, Despland PA, Bogousslavsky J, et al : Complementarity of contrast transcranial Doppler and contrast transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Eur Neurol 1997 38 : 21 25.
32. Droste DW, Reisener M, Kemeny V, et al : Contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of right to left shunts: Reproducibility, comparison of two agents and distribution of microemboli. Stroke 1999 30 : 1014 1018.
33. Clarke NRA, Timperley J, Kelion AD, et al : Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging with Valsalva manoeuvre for the detection of right to left shunts. Eur J Echocardiogr 2004 5 : 176 181.
34. Ha JW, Shin MS, Kang S, et al : Enhanced detection of right to left shunt through patent foramen ovale by transthoracic contrast echocardiography using harmonic imaging. Am J Cardiol 2001 87 : 669 671.
35. Souteyrand G, Motreff P, Lusson JR, et al : Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging, transcranial Doppler and transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006 7 : 147 154.
36. Soliman OII, Geleijnse ML, Meijboom FJ, et al : The use of contrast echocardiography for the detection of cardiac shunts. Eur J Echocardiogr 2007 8 : S2 S12.
37. Daniels C, Weytjens C, Cosyns B, et al : Second harmonic transthoracic echocardiography: The new reference screening method for the detection of patent foramen ovale. Eur J Echocardiogr 2004 5 : 449 452.
38. Trevelyan J, Steeds RP : Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with harmonic imaging with transoesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. Postgrad Med J 2006 82 : 613 614.
39. Madala D, Zaroff JG, Hourigan L, et al : Harmonic imaging improves sensitivity at the expense of specificity in the detection of patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography 2004 21 : 33 36.
40. Thanigaraj S, Valika A, Zajarias A, et al : Comparison of transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography for detection of right to left atrial shunting using agitated saline contrast. Am J Cardiol 2005 96 : 1007 1010.
41. Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kapelle LJ : Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definition for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Stroke 1993 24 : 35 41.
42. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society : The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd Ed. Cephalalgia 2004 24 (Suppl 1 9 160.
43. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al : ACC-AHA-ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (ACC-AHA-ASE Committee to update the 1997 guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 42 : 954 970.
44. Droste DW, Lakemeier S, Witcher T, et al : Optimizing the technique of contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of right to left shunts. Stroke 2002 33 : 2211 2216.
45. Droste DW, Silling K, Stypmann J, et al : Contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of right to left shunts: Time window and threshold in microbubble numbers. Stroke 2000 31 : 1640 1645.
46. Lynch JJ, Schuchard GH, Gross CM, et al : Prevalence of right to left atrial shunting in a healthy population: Detection by Valsalva manoeuvre contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1984 53 : 1478 1480.
47. Attaran RR, Ata I, Kudithipudi V, et al : Protocol for optimal detection and exclusion of a patent foramen ovale using transthoracic echocardiography with agitated saline microbubbles. Echocardiography 2006 23 : 616 622.
48. Woods TD, Patel A : A critical review of patent foramen ovale detection using saline contrast echocardiography: When bubbles lie. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006 19 : 215 222.
49. Kerut EK, Lee S, Fox E : Diagnosis of an anatomically and physiologically significant patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography 2006 23 : 810 815.
50. Mugge A, Daniel WG, Angermann C, et al : Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients: A multicenter study using transthoracic echocardiography. Circulation 1995 91 : 2785 2792.
51. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, et al. for the PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICCS) Investigators : Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: Patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke study. Circulation 2002 105 : 2625 2631.
52. Anzola GP, Magoni M, Guindani M, et al : Potential source of cerebral embolism in migraine with aura: a transcranial Doppler study. Neurology 1999 52 : 1622 1625.
53. Diener HC, Kurth T, Dodick D : Patent foramen ovale, stroke, and cardiovascular disease in migraine. Curr Opin Neurol 2007 20 : 310 319.
54. Dalla Volta G, Guindani M, Zavarise P, et al : Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in a large series of patients with migraine with aura, migraine without aura and cluster headache, and relationship with clinical phenotype. J Headache Pain 2005 6 : 328 330.
55. Sztajzel R, Genoud D, Roth S, et al : Patent foramen ovale, a possible cause of symptomatic migraine: A study of 74 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002 13 : 102 106.
56. Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Horner S, et al : The association between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. Am J Med 2000 109 : 456 462.
57. Serena J, Segura T, Perez-Ayuso MJ, et al : A. The need to quantify right to left shunt in acute ischemic stroke: A case-control study. Stroke 1998 29 : 1322 1328.
58. Jauss M, Kaps M, Keberle M, et al : A comparison of transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler sonography with contrast medium for detection of patent foramen ovale. Stroke 1994 25 : 1265 1267.
59. Zanette EM, Mancini G, De Castro S, et al : Patent foramen ovale and transcranial Doppler: Comparison of different procedures. Stroke 1996 27 : 2251 2255.
60. Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al : Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2008 62 : 1468 1481.
61. Albert A, Muller HR, Hetzel A : Optimizing transcranial Doppler technique for the diagnosis of cardiac right to left shunts. J Neuroimag 1997 7 : 159 163.
62. Jauss M, Zanette EM : Detection of right to left shunt with ultrasound contrast agent and transcranial Doppler sonography. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002 13 : 235 241.
63. Fox ER, Picard MH, Chow CM, et al : Interatrial septal mobility predicts larger shunts across patent foramen ovale: An analysis with transmitral Doppler scanning. Am Heart J 2003 145 : 730 736.