Brief report: Diurnal salivary cortisol in youth-clarifying the nature of posttraumatic stress dysregulation

Journal of Pediatric Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 389-395

  Weems, Carl F ^a   Carrión, Victor G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Hierarchical linear modeling; Posttraumatic stress

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADOLESCENT; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME; CHILD; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOTRAUMA; SALIVA LEVEL; SCHOOL CHILD; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; AROUSAL; CHILD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; REFERENCE VALUES; SALIVA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 65349150068     PISSN: 01468693     EISSN: 1465735X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn087     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Abplanalp, J. M., Livingston, L., Rose, R. M., & Sandwisch, D. (1977). Cortisol and growth hormone responses to psychological stress during the menstrual cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine, 39, 158-177.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Child behavior check-list. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
3. Alfano, C. A., Zakem, A., Costa, N. M., Taylor, L. K., & Weems, C. F. (in press). Sleep problems and their relation to cognitive factors, anxiety and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Depression and Anxiety.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Bevans, K., Cerbone, B. A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Relations between recurrent trauma exposure and recent life stress and salivary cortisol among children. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 257-272.
6. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1987). Application of hierarchical linear models to assessing change. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 147-158.
7. Bryk, A., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models for social and behavioral research: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
8. Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., Glasser, B., Hessl, D., & Reiss, A. (2002a). Diurnal salivary cortisol in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 575-582.
9. Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., & Reiss, A. L. (2002b). Towards an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173.
10. Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2007). Stress predicts brain changes in children: A pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, PTSD, and the hippocampus. Pediatrics, 119, 509-516.
11. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 677-693.
12. De Bellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 539-564.
13. De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., et al. (1999a).
14. Developmental traumatology part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1259-1270.
15. De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M. et al. (1999b).
16. Developmental traumatology: I. Biological Stress Systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1259-1270.
17. Delahanty, D. L., Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C., & Walsh, M. (2005). Initial urinary epinephrine and cortisol levels predict acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 121-128.
18. Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., & Treadwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376-384.
19. Forbes, E. E., Williamson, D. E., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2006). Peri-sleep-onset cortisol levels in children and adolescents with affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 24-30.
20. Goenjian, A. K., Yehuda, R., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Tashjian, M., Yang, R. K., et al. (1996). Basal cortisol, dexamethasone suppression of cortisol, and MHPG in adolescents after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 929-934.
21. Gunnar, M. R. (2001). The role of glucocorticoids in anxiety disorders: A critical analysis. In M. W. Vasey, & M. R. Dadds (Eds), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 143-159). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
22. Gunnar, M. R., & Vazquez, D. M. (2001). Low cortisol and a flattening of the expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 516-538.
23. Hruschka, D. J., Kohrt, B. A., & Worthman, C. M. (2005). Estimating between-and within-individual variation in cortisol levels using multilevel models. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 698-714.
24. Marshal, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970). Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 45, 13-23.
25. Nader, K. O., Kriegler, J. A., Blake, D. D., Pynoos, R. S., Newman, E., & Weather, F. W. (1996). Clinician administered PTSD Scale, child and adolescent version. White River Junction, VT: National Center for PTSD.
26. Sapolsky, R., Uno, H., Rebert, C. S., & Finch, C. E. (1990). Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 2897-2902.
27. Sapolsky, R. M. (2000). Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 925-935.
28. Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2007). The associat between PTSD symptoms and salivary cortisol in youth: The role of the time since the trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 903-907.
29. Weems, C. F., Saltzman, K., Reiss, A. L., & Carrion, V. G. (2003). A prospective test of the association between emotional numbing and hyperarousal in youth with a history of traumatic stress. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 166-171.
30. Yehuda, R. (2006). Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 137-166.