Changing relationships between education and fertility: A study of women and men born 1940 to 1964

American Sociological Review

Volumn 73, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 854-873

  Kravdal, Øystein ^a   Rindfuss, Ronald R ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c EAST WEST CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COHORT ANALYSIS; EDUCATION; FERTILITY; GENDER ROLE; IDEOLOGY; SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL CHANGE;

EID: 65349125305     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240807300508     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Becker, Gary. 1991. A Treatise on the Family. Enlarged edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2. Bianchi, Suzanne M., Melissa A. Milkie, Liana C. Sayer, and John P. Robinson. 2000. "Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in Gender Division of Household Labor." Social Forces 79:191-228.
3. Birkelund, Gunn E. and Johan Heldal. 2003. "Who Marries Whom? Educational Homogamy in Norway." Demographic Research 8:1-30.
4. Blake, Judith. 1968. "Are Babies Consumer Durables?" Population Studies 22:1-25.
5. Budig, Michelle J. and Paula England. 2001. "The Wage Penalty for Motherhood." American Sociological Review 66:204-25.
6. Bumpass, Larry L. 1990. "What's Happening to the Family? Interactions between Demographic and Institutional Change." Demography 27:483-98.
7. Butz, William P. and Michael P. Ward. 1979. "The Emergence of Countercyclical U.S. Fertility." American Economic Review 69:318-28.
8. Caldwell, John C. and Thomas Schindlmayr. 2003. "Explanations of the Fertility Crisis in Modern Societies: A Search for Commonalities." Population Studies 57(3):241-63.
9. Coleman, David. 2000. "Male Fertility Trends in Industrial Countries: Theories in Search of Some Evidence." Pp 29-60 in Fertility and the Male Life-Cycle in the Era of Fertility Decline, edited by C. Bledsoe, S. Lerner, and J. Guyer. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10. Duvander, Ann-Zofie and Gunnar Andersson. 2006. "Gender Equality and Fertility in Sweden: A Study on the Impact of the Father's Uptake of Parental Leave on Continued Childbearing." Marriage and Family Review 39:121-42.
11. England, Paula and Nancy Folbre. 2005. "Gender and Economic Sociology." Pp 627-49 in Handbook of Economic Sociology. 2nd ed., edited by N. J. Smelser and R. Swedberg. New York and Princeton, NJ: Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press.
12. Ermisch, John. 1989. "Purchased Child Care, Optimal Family Size and Mother's Employment." Journal of Population Economics 2:79-102.
13. Forste, Renata. 2002. "Where are all the Men? A Conceptual Analysis of the Role of Men in Family Formation." Journal of Family Issues 23:579-600.
14. Gauthier, Anne H. and Jan Hatzius. 1997. "Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis." Population Studies 51:295-306.
15. Gauthier, Anne H., Timothy M. Smeeding, and Frank F. Furstenberg Jr. 2004. "Are Parents Investing Less Time in Children? Trends in Selected Industrialized Countries." Population and Development Review 30:647-71.
16. Goldscheider, Frances K. and Gayle Kaufman. 1996. "Fertility and Commitment: Bringing Men Back In." Population and Development Review 22(suppl):87-99.
17. Greene, Margaret E. and Ann E. Biddlecom. 2000. "Absent and Problematic Men: Demographic Accounts of Male Reproductive Roles." Population and Development Review 26:81-115.
18. Hagewen, Kellie J. and S. Philip Morgan. 2005. "Intended and Ideal Family Size in the United States, 1970-2002." Population and Development Review 31:507-27.
19. Happel, S. K., J. K. Hill, and S. A. Low. 1984. "An Economic Analysis of the Timing of Childbirth." Population Studies 38:299-311.
20. Huber, Joan. 1990. "Macro-Micro Links in Gender Stratification: 1989 Presidential Address." American Sociological Review 55:1-10.
21. Johansen, Anne, Arleen Leibowitz, and Linda J. Waite. 1996. "The Importance of Child Care Characteristics to Choice of Care." Journal of Marriage and the Family 58:759-72.
22. Joshi, Heather. 2002. "Population, Reproduction, and Education: Women, Children, and Work in a British Perspective." Population and Development Review 28:445-74.
23. Juby, Heather and Céline Le Bourdais. 1999. "Where Have all the Children Gone?: Comparing Mothers' and Fathers' Declarations in Retrospective Surveys." Canadian Studies in Population 26:1-20.
24. Kerckhoff, Alan C. 1995. "Institutional Arrangements and Stratification Processes in Industrial Societies." Annual Review of Sociology 21:323-47.
25. Kitterød, Hege. 2002. "Utdanning og Ulikhet? En Diskusjon av Utdanningsnivåets Betydning for Deling av Husarbeidet Blant Småbarnsforeldre." Sosiologisk Tidsskrift 10:179-208.
26. Kitterød, Hege and Silje V. Pettersen. 2006. "Making up for Mothers' Employed Working Hours? Housework and Childcare among Norwegian Fathers." Work, Employment and Society 20:473-92.
27. Klijzing, Eric. 2000. "Are There Unmet Family Planning Needs in Europe?" Family Planning Perspectives 32:74-81
28. Kohler, Hans-Peter, Francesco Billari, and José A. Ortega. 2002. "The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe during the 1990s." Population and Development Review 28:641-80.
29. Kravdal, Øystein. 1994. "The Importance of Economic Activity, Economic Potential and Economic Resources for the Timing of First Birth in Norway." Population Studies 48:249-67.
30. Kravdal, Øystein. 1999. "Does Marriage Require a Stronger Economic Underpinning than Informal Cohabitation?" Population Studies 53:63-80.
31. Kravdal, Øystein. 2001. "The High Fertility of College Educated Women in Norway: An Artefact of the Separate Modelling of each Parity Transition." Demographic Research 5:187-216 (http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol5/6).
32. Kreyenfeld, Michaela. 2002. "Time-Squeeze, Partner Effect or Self-Selection? An Investigation into the Positive Effect of Women's Education on Second Birth Risks in West Germany." Demographic Research 7:15-48 (http://www.demographicresearch.org/ Volumes/Vol7/2).
33. Lillard, Lee and Constantijn W. A. Panis. 2000. aML Multilevel Multiprocess Statistical Software. Release 1.0. Los Angeles, CA: EconWare.
34. Macunovich, Diana J. 1996. "Relative Income and Price of Time: Exploring their Effects on US Fertility and Female Labor Force Participation." Population and Development Review 22(suppl):223-57.
35. National Institute for Consumer Research. 2007. "Standard Budget." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.sifo.no/files/ standardbudsjett_enkel.pdf).
36. Olah, Livia Sz. 2003. "Gendering Fertility: Second Births in Sweden and Hungary." Population Research and Policy Review 22:171-200.
37. Oppenheimer, Valerie K. 1994. "Women's Rising Employment and the Future of the Family in Industrialized Countries." Population and Development Review 20:293-342.
38. Petersen, Trond, Andrew Penner, and Geir Hogsnes. 2007. "From Motherhood Penalties to Fatherhood Premia: The New Challenge for Family Policy." Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, University of California, Berkeley. Working Paper Series. Paper iiirwps-154-07. (http://repositories.cdlib.org/iir/iirwps/iirwps-154-07).
39. Rauan, Estralitta C. 2006. "Undersoking om Foreldrebetaling i Barnehager, Januar 2006." Notater 2006/32. Oslo-Kongsvinger, Norway: Statistics Norway.
40. Rindfuss, Ronald R., David Guilkey, S. Philip Morgan, Øystein Kravdal, and Karen B. Guzzo. 2007. "Child Care Availability and First Birth Timing in Norway." Demography 44:345-72.
41. Rindfuss, Ronald R., Karen B. Guzzo, and S. Philip Morgan. 2003. "The Changing Institutional Context of Low Fertility." Population Research and Policy Review 22(5-6):411-38.
42. Rønsen, Marit. 2004. "Fertility and Family Policy in Norway: A Reflection on Trends and Possible Connections." Demographic Research 10:265-86 (http://www.demographic-research.org/ volumes/vol10/10).
43. Rønsen, Marit and Marianne Sundström. 2002. "Family Policy and After-Birth Employment among New Mothers: A Comparison of Finland, Norway and Sweden." European Journal of Population 18:121-52.
44. Rosenfeld, Rachel. 1996. "Women's Work Histories." Population and Development Review 22(suppl):199-222.
45. Ryder, Norman. 1965. "The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change." American Sociological Review 30:843-61.
46. Santow, Gigi and Michael Bracher. 2001. "Deferment of First Birth and Fluctuating Fertility in Sweden." European Journal of Population 17:343-63.
47. Schwartz, Christine R. and Robert D. Mare. 2005. "Trends in Educational Assortative Marriage from 1940 to 2003." Demography 42:621-46.
48. Sorenson, Ann M. 1989. "Husbands' and Wives' Characteristics and Fertility Decisions: A Diagonal Mobility Model." Demography 26:125-35.
49. Spring, Joel. 1976. The Sorting Machine. New York: David McKay.
50. Statistics Norway. 2001. "Norwegian Standard Classification of Education. Revised 2000." Official Statistics of Norway C 617. Oslo-Kongsvvinger, Norway.
51. Statistics Norway. 2008a. "Age-Specific Fertility Rates and Total Fertility Rate. 1961-2006." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/10/fodte_en/ tab-2007-04-19-03-en.html.
52. Statistics Norway. 2008b. "8 out of 10 Children in Kindergarten." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/ english/subjects/04/02/10/barnehager_en/).
53. Statistics Norway. 2008c. "After-Tax Income for Private Households." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/ english/subjects/02/01/fobhusinnt_en/tab-2003-12-18-01-en.html).
54. Statistics Norway. 2008d. "Married and Cohabiting Females in the Labour Force with Children under 16 Years." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/emner/historisk_statistikk/tabeller/ 9-9-10t.txt).
55. Statistics Norway. 2008e. "Married/Cohabiting Women in the Labour Force in Groups by Number of Children less than 16 Years of Age and Age of Youngest Child." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/02/10/wmnorway/gifs/ side35b.shtml).
56. Statistics Norway. 2008f. "Population Statistics: Marriage and Divorces 2006." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/ english/subjects/02/02/30/ekteskap_en/).
57. Statistics Norway. 2008g. "More Cohabitation: Fewer Marriages." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/ 20/samboer_en/).
58. Statistics Norway. 2008h. "Live Births, by Parity, Cohabitation Status of Mother, and County." Retrieved January 4, 2008 (http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/10/fodte_en/ tab-2006-04-20-07-en.html.
59. Swanberg, Jennifer E., Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes, and Karista Drescher-Burke. 2005. "A Question of Justice: Disparities in Employees' Access to Flexible Schedule Arrangements." Journal of Family Issues 26:866-95.
60. Thomson, Elizabeth. 1997. "Couple Childbearing Desires, Intentions and Births." Demography 34:343-54.
61. Thomson, Elizabeth and Jan M. Hoem. 1998. "Couple Childbearing Plans and Births in Sweden." Demography 35:315-22.
62. Torr, Berna M. and Susan E. Short. 2004. "Second Births and the Second Shift: A Research Note on Gender Equity and Fertility." Population and Development Review 30:109-30.
63. Træen Bente, Hein Stigum, and Anne Eskild. 2002. "Contraception and STD Protection among Urban Norwegians." Culture, Health & Sexuality 4:85-102.
64. United Nations. 2004. World Population Monitoring 2003: Population, Education and Development. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (http://www.un.org/esa/ population/publications/2003monitoring/WorldPopMonitoring_2003.pdf).
65. UNESCO. 1996. World Guide to Higher Education. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
66. Wickremasinghe, Walter. 1992. Handbook of World Education. Houston, TX: American Collegiate Service.
67. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Sectional and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.