Transportation of Pacific salmon carcasses from streams to riparian forests by bears

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 195-203

  Quinn, Thomas P ^a   Carlson, Stephanie M ^a,b   Gende, Scott M ^a,c   Rich, Harry B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NATIONAL PARK SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM; BEAR; NUTRIENT CYCLING; PREDATION; RIPARIAN FOREST; SALMONID; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPAWNING; STREAM; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM; TRANSPORT PROCESS; WATER DEPTH;

ALASKA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

ONCORHYNCHUS; ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA; ONCORHYNCHUS KETA; ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA; URSUS;

EID: 65349113821     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Z09-004     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Ben-David, M., Hanley, T.A., Klein, D.R., and Schell, D.M. 1997. Seasonal changes in diets of coastal and riverine mink: the role of spawning Pacific salmon. Can. J. Zool. 75: 803-811. doi:10. 1139/z97-102.
2. Ben-David, M., Hanley, T.A., and Schell, D.M. 1998. Fertilization of terrestrial vegetation by spawning Pacific salmon: the role of flooding and predator activity. Oikos, 83: 47-55. doi:10.2307/3546545.
3. Ben-David, M., Titus, K., and Beier, L.R. 2004. Consumption of salmon by Alaskan brown bears: a trade-off between nutritional requirements and the risk of infanticide? Oecologia 138: 465-474. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1442-x.
4. Carlson, S.M., and Quinn, T.P. 2007. Ten years of varying lake level and selection on size-at-maturity in sockeye salmon. Ecology, 88: 2620-2629. doi:10.1890/06-1171.1. PMID:18027764.
5. Carlson, S.M., Hilborn, R., Hendry, A.P., and Quinn, T.P. 2007. Predation by bears drives senescence in natural populations of salmon. PLoS One, 2: e1286. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001286.
6. Cederholm, C.J., Houston, D.B., Cole, D.L., and Scarlett, W.J. 1989. Fate of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) carcasses in spawning streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1347-1355. doi:10.1139/f89-173.
7. Chi, D.K. 1999. The effects of salmon availability, social dynamics, and people on black bear (Ursus americanus) fishing behavior on an Alaskan salmon stream. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, Logan.
8. Frame, G.W. 1974. Black bear predation on salmon at Olsen Creek, Alaska. Z. Tierpsychol. 35: 23-38.
9. Gard, R. 1971. Brown bear predation on sockeye salmon at Karluk Lake, Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 35: 193-204. doi:10.2307/3799591.
10. Gende, S.M., and Quinn, T.P. 2004. The relative importance of prey density and social dominance in determining energy intake by bears feeding on Pacific salmon. Can. J. Zool. 82: 75-85. doi:10.1139/z03-226.
11. Gende, S.M., Quinn, T.P., and Willson, M.F. 2001. Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon. Oecologia (Berl.), 127: 372-382. doi:10.1007/s004420000590.
12. Gende, S.M., Edwards, R.T., Willson, M.F., and Wipfli, M.S. 2002. Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Bioscience, 52: 917-928. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0917:PSIAAT]2. 0.CO;2.
13. Gende, S.M., Quinn, T.P., Hilborn, R., Hendry, A.P., and Dickerson, B. 2004a. Brown bears selectively kill salmon with higher energy content but only in habitats that facilitate choice. Oikos, 104: 518-528. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12762.x.
14. Gende, S.M., Quinn, T.P., Willson, M.F., Heintz, R., and Scott, T.M. 2004b. Magnitude and fate of salmon-derived nutrients and energy in a coastal stream ecosystem. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 19: 149-160.
15. Gende, S.M., Miller, A.E., and Hood, E. 2007. The effects of salmon carcasses on soil nitrogen pools in a riparian forest of southeastern Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 37: 1194-1202. doi:10. 1139/X06-318.
16. Hanson, R. 1992. Brown bear (Ursus arctos) predation on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawners in two tributaries of the Wood River Lake system, Bristol Bay, Alaska. M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
17. Helfield, J.M., and Naiman, R.J. 2002. Salmon and alder as nitrogen sources to riparian forests in a boreal Alaskan watershed. Oecologia (Berl.), 133: 573-582. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-1070-x.
18. Helfield, J.M., and Naiman, R.J. 2006. Keystone interactions: salmon and bear in riparian forests of Alaska. Ecosystems, 9: 167-180. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5.
19. Hendry, A.P., Berg, O.K., and Quinn, T.P. 1999. Condition dependence and adaptation-by-time: breeding date, life history, and energy allocation within a population of salmon. Oikos, 85: 499-514. doi:10.2307/3546699.
20. Hilderbrand, G.V., Hanley, T.A., Robbins, C.T., and Schwartz, C.C. 1999. Role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the flow of marine nitrogen into a terrestrial ecosystem. Oecologia (Berl.), 121: 546-550. doi:10.1007/s004420050961.
21. Hocking, M.D., and Reimchen, T.E. 2006. Consumption and distribution of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) nutrients and energy by terrestrial flies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63: 2076-2086. doi:10. 1139/F06-110.
22. Klinka, D.R., and Reimchen, T.E. 2002. Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 80: 1317-1322. doi:10.1139/z02-123.
23. Marriott, R.A. 1964. Stream catalog of the Wood River lake system, Bristol Bay, Alaska. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 494.
24. Meehan, E.P., Seminet-Reneau, E.E., and Quinn, T.P. 2005. Bear predation on Pacific salmon facilitates colonization of carcasses by fly maggots. Am. Midl. Nat. 153: 142-151. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2005)153[0142:BPOPSF]2.0. CO;2.
25. Merrell, T.R.J. 1964. Ecological studies of sockeye salmon and related limnological and climatological investigations, Brooks Lake, Alaska, 1957. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. No. 466.
26. Naiman, R.J., Bilby, R.E., Schindler, D.E., and Helfield, J.M. 2002. Pacific salmon, nutrients, and the dynamics of freshwater and riparian ecosystems. Ecosystems, 5: 399-417. doi:10.1007/s10021-001-0083-3.
27. Naiman, R.J., Helfield, J.M., Bartz, K.K., Drake, D.C., and Honea, J.M. 2009. Pacific salmon, marine-derived nutrients and the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. In press.
28. O'Keefe, T.C., and Edwards, R.T. 2002. Evidence for hyporheic transfer and removal of marine-derived nutrients in a sockeye stream in southwest Alaska. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 33: 99-107.
29. Quinn, T.P., and Buck, G.B. 2000. Scavenging by brown bears, Ursus arctos, and glaucous-winged gulls, Larus glaucescens, on adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Can. Field-Nat. 114: 217-223.
30. Quinn, T.P., and Buck, G.B. 2001. Size and sex selective mortality on adult Pacific salmon: bears, gulls and fish out of water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 130: 995-1005. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0995:SASSMO>2.0.CO;2.
31. Quinn, T.P., and Kinnison, M.T. 1999. Size-selective and sexselective predation by brown bears on sockeye salmon. Oecologia (Berl.), 121: 273-282. doi:10.1007/s004420050929.
32. Quinn, T.P., Hendry, A.P., and Buck, G.B. 2001. Balancing natural and sexual selection in sockeye salmon: interactions between body size, reproductive opportunity and vulnerability to predation by bears. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3: 917-937.
33. Quinn, T.P., Gende, S.M., Ruggerone, G.T., and Rogers, D.E. 2003. Density dependent predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos) on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 553-562. doi:10.1139/f03-045.
34. Reimchen, T.E. 2000. Some ecological and evolutionary aspects of bear-salmon interactions in coastal British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 78: 448-458. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-3-448.
35. Ruggerone, G.T., Hanson, R., and Rogers, D.E. 2000. Selective predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos) foraging on spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Zool. 78: 974-981. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-6-974.
36. Schindler, D.E., Scheuerell, M.D., Moore, J.W., Gende, S.M., Francis, T.B., and Palen, W.J. 2003. Pacific salmon and the ecology of coastal ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ, 1: 31-37.
37. Shuman, R.F. 1950. Bear depredations on red salmon spawning populations in the Karluk River system, 1947. J. Wildl. Manage. 14: 1-9. doi:10.2307/3795972.
38. Thomas, S.C., Halpern, C.B., Falk, D.A., Liguori, D.A., and Austin, K.A. 1999. Plant diversity in managed forests: understory responses to thinning and fertilization. Ecol. Appl. 9: 864-879. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999) 009[0864:PDIMFU]2.0.CO;2.
39. Wilkinson, C.E., Hocking, M.D., and Reimchen, T.E. 2005. Uptake of salmon-derived nitrogen by mosses and liverworts in coastal British Columbia. Oikos, 108: 85-98. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299. 2005.13277.x.
40. Willson, M.F., and Halupka, K.C. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conserv. Biol. 9: 489-497. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030489.x.
41. Willson, M.F., Gende, S.M., and Marston, B.H. 1998. Fishes and the forest: expanding perspectives on fish-wildlife interactions. Bioscience, 48: 455-462. doi:10.2307/1313243.
42. Willson, M.F., Gende, S.M., and Bisson, P.A. 2004. Anadromous fishes as ecological links between ocean, fresh water, and land. In Food webs at the landscape level. Edited by G.A. Polis, M.E. Power, and G.R. Huxel. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 284-300.
43. Winder, M., Schindler, D.E., Moore, J.W., Johnson, S.P., and Palen, W.J. 2005. Do bears facilitate transfer of salmon resources to aquatic macroinvertebrates? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62: 2285-2293. doi:10.1139/f05-136.