Onchocerciasis

Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, & Practice, 2-Volume Set with CD-ROM

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1176-1188

  Freedman, David O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65249175678     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50105-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Henry NL, Law M, Nutman TB, et al. Onchocerciasis in a nonendemic population: Clinical and immunologic assessment before treatment and at the time of presumed cure. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:512.
2. McCarthy JS, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB Onchocerciasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: Differences in clinical presentation and immunologic findings. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:736.
3. Encarnacion CF, Giordano MF, Murray HW Onchocerciasis in New York City. The Moa-Manhattan connection. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:1749.
4. Hoerauf A, Buttner DW, Adjei O, et al. Onchocerciasis. BMJ 2003, 326:207.
5. Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes. Parasitol Today 1999, 15:437.
6. Taylor MJ Wolbachia in the inflammatory pathogenesis of human filariasis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003, 990:444.
7. Keiser PB, Reynolds SM, Awadzi K, et al. Bacterial endosymbionts of Onchocerca volvulus in the pathogenesis of post-treatment reactions. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:805.
8. Nelson GS Human onchocerciasis: Notes on the history, the parasite and the life cycle. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1991, 85:83.
9. Robles R A new disease from Guatemala. Juventud Med Guatemala 1917, 15:97.
10. Blacklock DB The development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium damnosum. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1926, 20:1.
11. Blacklock DB The development of Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart, 1893). The cause of worm nodules in man in Africa. BMJ 1927, 1:129.
12. Duke BOL Human Onchocerciasis-An Overview of the Disease. Acta Leidensia 1990, 59:9.
13. Duke BO The population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus in the human host. Trop Med Parasitol 1993, 44:61.
14. Duke BOL, Lewis DJ, Moore PJ Onchocerca-Simulium complexes I. Transmission of forest and Sudan-savannah strains of Onchocerca volvulus, from Cameroon, by Simulium damnosum from various West African bioclimatic zones. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1966, 60:318.
15. Lobos E, Weiss N Immunochemical comparison between worm extracts of Onchocerca volvulus from savanna and rain forest. Parasite Immunol 1985, 7:333.
16. Bryceson AD, van Veen KS, Oduloju AJ, et al. Antigenic diversity among Onchocerca volvulus in Nigeria, and immunological differences between onchocerciasis in the savanna and forest of Cameroon. Clin Exp Immunol 1976, 24:168.
17. Flockhart HA, Cibulskis RE, Karam M, et al. Onchocerca volvulus: Enzyme polymorphism in relation to the differentiation of forest and savannah strains of this parasite. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986, 80:285.
18. Erttmann KD, Meredith SE, Greene BM, et al. Isolation and characterization of form specific DNA sequences of O. volvulus. Acta Leiden 1990, 59:253.
19. Meredith SE, Lando G, Gbakima AA, et al. Onchocerca volvulus: Application of the polymerase chain reaction to identification and strain differentiation of the parasite. Exp Parasitol 1991, 73:335.
20. Zimmerman PA, Dadzie KY, De Sole G, et al. Onchocerca volvulus DNA probe classification correlates with epidemiologic patterns of blindness. J Infect Dis 1992, 165:964.
21. Ogunrinade A, Boakye D, Merriweather A, et al. Distribution of the blinding and nonblinding strains of Onchocerca volvulus in Nigeria. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:1577.
22. Higazi TB, Katholi CR, Mahmoud BM, et al. Onchocerca volvulus: Genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan. Exp Parasitol 2001, 97:24.
23. Adjami AG, Toe L, Bissan Y, et al. The current status of onchocerciasis in the forest/savanna transition zone of Côte d'Ivoire. Parasitol 2004, 128:407.
24. Unnasch TR, Williams SA The genomes of Onchocerca volvulus. Int J Parasitol 2000, 30:543.
25. Toe L, Tang J, Back C, et al. Vector-parasite transmission complexes for onchocerciasis in West Africa. Lancet 1997, 349:163.
26. Tang J, Toe L, Back C, et al. Mitochondrial alleles of Simulium damnosum sensu lato infected with Onchocerca volvulus. Int J Parasitol 1995, 25:1251.
27. Tang J, Toe L, Back C, et al. The Simulium damnosum species complex: Phylogenetic analysis and molecular identification based upon mitochondrially encoded gene sequences. Insect Mol Biol 1995, 4:79.
28. Kipp W, Bamhuhiiga J Onchodermal skin disease in a hyperendemic onchocerciasis focus in western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002, 67:475.
29. Dadzie KY, Remme J, Rolland A, et al. Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. II. West African rainforest foci of the vector Simulium yahense. Trop Med Parasitol 1989, 40:348.
30. Dadzie KY, Remme J, Baker RH, et al. Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. III. West African rainforest foci of the vector Simulium sanctipauli. Trop Med Parasitol 1990, 41:376.
31. Remme JH Research for control: The onchocerciasis experience. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:243.
32. Remme J, Dadzie KY, Rolland A, et al. Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. I. West African savanna. Trop Med Parasitol 1989, 40:340.
33. Anderson JH, Fuglsang H, Hamilton PJS, et al. Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic II. Comparison of onchocerciasis in the rain-forest and Sudan-savanna. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1974, 68:209.
34. Little MP, Basanez MG, Breitling LP, et al. Incidence of blindness during the onchocerciasis control programme in western Africa, 1971-2002. J Infect Dis 2004, 189:1932.
35. Murdoch ME, Payton A, Abiose A, et al. HLA-DQ alleles associate with cutaneous features of onchocerciasis. The Kaduna-London-Manchester Collaboration for Research on Onchocerciasis. Hum Immunol 1997, 55:46.
36. Meyer CG, Gallin M, Erttmann KD, et al. HLA-D alleles associated with generalized disease, localized disease, and putative immunity in Onchocerca volvulus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:7515.
37. Brattig NW, Tischendorf FW, Reifegerste S, et al. Differences in the distribution of HLA antigens in localized and generalized form of onchocerciasis. Trop Med Parasitol 1986, 37:271.
38. Kirch AK, Duerr HP, Boatin B, et al. Impact of parental onchocerciasis and intensity of transmission on development and persistence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in offspring: An 18-year follow-up study. Parasitol 2003, 127:327.
39. Murdoch ME, Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, et al. A clinical classification and grading system of the cutaneous changes in onchocerciasis. Br J Dermatol 1993, 129:260.
40. Murdoch ME, Asuzu MC, Hagan M, et al. Onchocerciasis: The clinical and epidemiological burden of skin disease in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002, 96:283.
41. Hagan M Onchocercal dermatitis: Clinical impact. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998, 92(Suppl 1):S85.
42. Duke BO Onchocerciasis, epilepsy and hyposexual dwarfism. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998, 92:236.
43. Kabore JK, Cabore JW, Melaku Z, et al. Epilepsy in a focus of onchocerciasis in Burkina Faso. Lancet 1996, 347:836.
44. Kaiser C, Asaba G, Leichsenring M, et al. High incidence of epilepsy related to onchocerciasis in West Uganda. Epilepsy Res 1998, 30:247.
45. Kamgno J, Pion SD, Boussinesq M Demographic impact of epilepsy in Africa: Results of a 10-year cohort study in a rural area of Cameroon. Epilepsia 2003, 44:956.
46. Kipp W, Kasoro S, Burnham G Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda [Letter]. Lancet 1994, 343:183.
47. Newell ED, Vyungimana F, Bradley JE Epilepsy, retarded growth and onchocerciasis, in two areas of different endemicity of onchocerciasis in Burundi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997, 91:525.
48. Ovuga E, Kipp W, Mungherera M, et al. Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda. East Afr Med J 1992, 69:554.
49. Druet-Cabanac M, Boussinesq M, Dongmo L, et al. Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Neuroepidemiol 2004, 23:144.
50. Twum-Danso NA Mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin: Should people with epilepsy and/or growth-retardation syndromes be excluded?. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004, 98:99.
51. Kipp W, Burnham G, Bamuhiiga J, et al. The Nakalanga syndrome in Kabarole District, Western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996, 54:80.
52. Evans DB, Gelband H, VlassoffC Social and economic factors and the control of lymphatic filariasis: A review. Acta Trop 1993, 53:1.
53. Kirkwood B, Smith P, Marshall T, et al. Relationships between mortality, visual acuity and microfilarial load in the area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983, 77:862.
54. Little MP, Breitling LP, Basanez MG, et al. Association between microfilarial load and excess mortality in onchocerciasis: An epidemiological study. Lancet 2004, 363:1514.
55. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Onchocerciasis Control. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995, 852:1. Onchocerciasis and its control.
56. Kipp W, Bamuhiiga J, Rubaale T Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis: HIV infection increases severity of onchocercal skin disease in a small sample of patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003, 97:310.
57. Tawill SA, Gallin M, Erttmann KD, et al. Impaired antibody responses and loss of reactivity to Onchocerca volvulus antigens by HIV-seropositive onchocerciasis patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996, 90:85.
58. Fischer P, Kipp W, Kabwa P, et al. Onchocerciasis and human immunodeficiency virus in western Uganda: Prevalences and treatment with ivermectin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995, 53:171.
59. King CL, Nutman TB Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Immunol Today 1991, 12:A54.
60. Gallin M, Edmonds K, Ellner JJ, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses in human infection with Onchocerca volvulus. J Immunol 1988, 140:1999.
61. Ward DJ, Nutman TB, Zea-Flores G, et al. Onchocerciasis and immunity in humans: Enhanced T cell responsiveness to parasite antigen in putatively immune individuals. J Infect Dis 1988, 157:536.
62. Greene BM, Gbakima AA, Albiez EJ, et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses to Onchocerca volvulus infection in humans. Rev Infect Dis 1985, 7:789.
63. Plier DA, Awadzi K, Freedman DO Immunoregulation in onchocerciasis: Persons with ocular inflammatory disease produce a Th2-like response to Onchocerca volvulus antigen. J Infect Dis 1996, 174:380.
64. Cooper PJ, Mancero T, Espinel M, et al. Early human infection with Onchocerca volvulus is associated with an enhanced parasite-specific cellular immune response. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:1662.
65. Dafa'alla TH, Ghalib HW, Abdelmageed A, et al. The profile of IgG and IgG subclasses of onchocerciasis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 1992, 88:258.
66. Brattig NW, Krawietz I, Abakar AZ, et al. Strong IgG isotypic antibody response in sowdah type onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:955.
67. Lee SJ, Francis HL, Awadzi K, et al. Changes in antibody profile after treatment of human onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 1990, 162:529.
68. Steel C, Lujan-Trangay A, Gonzalez-Peralta C, et al. Immunologic responses to repeated ivermectin treatment in patients with onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 1991, 164:581.
69. Kilian HD, Nielsen G Cell-mediated and humoral immune response to tetanus vaccinations in onchocerciasis patients. Trop Med Parasitol 1989, 40:285.
70. Kilian HD, Nielsen G Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to BCG and rubella vaccinations and to recall antigens in onchocerciasis patients. Trop Med Parasitol 1989, 40:445.
71. Prost A, Nebout M, Rougemont A Lepromatous leprosy and onchocerciasis. BMJ 1979, 1:589.
72. Rougemont A, Boisson-Pontal ME, Pontal PG, et al. Tuberculin skin tests and B.C.G. vaccination in a hyperendemic area of onchocerciasis. Lancet 1977, 1:309.
73. Greene BM, Fanning MM, Ellner JJ Non-specific suppression of antigen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis in Onchocerca volvulus infection in man. Clin Exp Immunol 1983, 52:259.
74. Cooper PJ, Espinel I, Paredes W, et al. Impaired tetanus-specific cellular and humoral responses following tetanus vaccination in human onchocerciasis: A possible role for interleukin-10. J Infect Dis 1998, 178:1133.
75. Rokeach LA, Zimmerman PA, Unnasch TR Epitopes of the Onchocerca volvulus RAL1 antigen, a member of the calreticulin family of proteins, recognized by sera from patients with onchocerciasis. Infect Immun 1994, 62:3696.
76. Zhou Y, Dziak E, Unnasch TR, et al. Major retinal cell components recognized by onchocerciasis sera are associated with the cell surface and nucleoli. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:1089.
77. McKechnie NM, Gurr W, Braun G Immunization with the cross-reactive antigens Ov39 from Onchocerca volvulus and Hr44 rrom human retinal tissue induces ocular pathology and activates retinal microglia. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:1334.
78. McKechnie NM, Braun G, Connor V, et al. Immunologic cross-reactivity in the pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:2888.
79. Engelbrecht F, Eisenhardt G, Turner J, et al. Analysis of antibody responses directed against two Onchocerca volvulus antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies. Trop Med Parasitol 1992, 43:47.
80. Braun G, McKechnie NM, Gurr W Molecular and immunological characterization of Hr44, a human ocular component immunologically cross-reactive with antigen Ov39 of Onchocerca volvulus. J Exp Med 1995, 182:1121.
81. Braun G, McKechnie NM, Connor V, et al. Immunological cross-reactivity between a cloned antigen of Onchocerca volvulus and a component of the retinal pigment epithelium. J Exp Med 1991, 14:169.
82. Lux FA, McCauliffe DP, Buttner DW, et al. Serological cross-reactivity between a human Ro/SS-A autoantigen (calreticulin) and the lambda Ral-1 antigen of Onchocerca volvulus. J Clin Invest 1992, 89:1945.
83. Higazi TB, Pearlman E, Whikehart DR, et al. Angiogenic activity of an Onchocerca volvulus Ancylostoma secreted protein homologue. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003, 129:61.
84. Hall LR, Pearlman E Pathogenesis of onchocercal keratitis (river blindness). Clin Microbiol Rev 1999, 12:445.
85. Pearlman E, Hall LR Immune mechanisms in Onchocerca volvulus-mediated corneal disease (river blindness). Parasite Immunol 2000, 22:625.
86. KaifiJT, Diaconu E, Pearlman E Distinct roles for PECAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils to the cornea in ocular onchocerciasis (river blindness). J Immunol 2001, 166:6795.
87. Berger RB, Blackwell NM, Lass JH, et al. IL-4 and IL-13 regulation of ICAM-1 expression and eosinophil recruitment in Onchocerca volvulus keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43:2992.
88. Chan CC, Nussenblatt RB, Kim MK, et al. Immunopathology of ocular onchocerciasis. 2. Anti-retinal autoantibodies in serum and ocular fluids. Ophthalmology 1987, 94:439.
89. Chan CC, Ottesen EA, Awadzi K, et al. Immunopathology of ocular onchocerciasis. I. Inflammatory cells infiltrating the anterior segment. Clin Exp Immunol 1989, 77:367.
90. Chan CC, Li Q, Brezin AP, et al. Immunopathology of ocular onchocerciasis. 3. Th-2 helper T cells in the conjunctiva. Ocular Immunol 1993, 1:71.
91. Timmann C, Abraha RS, Hamelmann C, et al. Cutaneous pathology in onchocerciasis associated with pronounced systemic T-helper 2-type responses to Onchocerca volvulus. Br J Dermatol 2003, 149:782.
92. Ackerman SJ, Kephart GM, Francis H, et al. Eosinophil degranulation. An immunologic determinant in the pathogenesis of the Mazzotti reaction in human onchocerciasis. J Immunol 1990, 144:3961.
93. Kephart GM, Gleich GJ, Connor DH, et al. Deposition of eosinophil granule major basic protein onto microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the skin of patients treated with diethylcarbamazine. Lab Invest 1984, 50:51.
94. Cooper PJ, Beck LA, Espinel I, et al. Eotaxin and RANTES expression by the dermal endothelium is associated with eosinophil infiltration after ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis. Clin Immunol 2000, 95:51.
95. Cooper PJ, Awadzi K, Ottesen EA, et al. Eosinophil sequestration and activation are associated with the onset and severity of systemic adverse reactions following the treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:738.
96. Cooper PJ, Schwartz LB, Irani AM, et al. Association of transient dermal mastocytosis and elevated plasma tryptase levels with development of adverse reactions after treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin. J Infect Dis 2002, 186:1307.
97. Pearlman E, To L, Boatin BA, et al. Eotaxin expression in Onchocerca volvulus-induced dermatitis after topical application of diethylcarbamazine. J Infect Dis 1999, 180:1394.
98. Hoerauf A, Mand S, Volkmann L, et al. Doxycycline in the treatment of human onchocerciasis: Kinetics of Wolbachia endobacteria reduction and of inhibition of embryogenesis in female Onchocerca worms. Microbes Infect 2003, 5:261.
99. Mazzotti L The feasibility of using the allergic reactions which follow the administration of hetrazan as an auxiliary means of diagnosis in onchocerciasis. Rev Inst Salud Enfermed Trop Mex 1948, 9:935.
100. Saint Andre A, Blackwell NM, Hall LR, et al. The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness. Science 2002, 295:1892.
101. Taylor HR, Munoz B, Keyvan-Larijani E, et al. Reliability of detection of microfilariae in skin snips in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989, 41:467.
102. Taylor HR, Keyvan-Larijani E, Newland HS, et al. Sensitivity of skin snips in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Trop Med Parasitol 1987, 38:145.
103. Buck AA, Anderson RI, Colston JA, et al. Microfilaruria in onchocerciasis. A clinical and epidemiological follow-up study in the Republic of Chad. Bull World Health Organ 1971, 45:353.
104. Homeida MA, Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, et al. The detection of onchocercal nodules by ultrasound technique. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986, 80:570.
105. Poltera AA, Reyna O, Zea Flores G, et al. Detection of skin nodules in onchocerciasis by ultrasound scans. Lancet 1987, 1:505.
106. Poltera AA, Reyna O, Zea-Flores G, et al. Use of an ophthalmologic ultrasoundscanner in human onchocercal skin nodules for non-invasive sequential assessment during a macrofilaricidal trial with amocarzine in Guatemala. The first experiences. Trop Med Parasitol 1991, 42:303.
107. Reyna O, Flores Z, Nowell de Arevalo AM, et al. Ultrasound detection of changes in the vitreous humor of onchocerciasis patients from Guatemala. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988, 82:606.
108. Taylor HR Mazzotti test for onchocerciasis [Letter]. Lancet 1992, 339:1549.
109. Francis H, Awadzi K, Ottesen EA The Mazzotti reaction following treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine: Clinical severity as a function of infection intensity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985, 34:529.
110. Kilian HD The use of a topical Mazzotti test in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Trop Med Parasitol 1988, 39:235.
111. Toe L, Adjami AG, Boatin BA, et al. Topical application of diethylcarbamazine to detect onchocerciasis recrudescence in West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000, 94:519.
112. Pischke S, Buttner DW, Liebau E, et al. An internal control for the detection of Onchocerca volvulus DNA by PCR-ELISA and rapid detection of specific PCR products by DNA Detection Test Strips. Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7:526.
113. Toe L, Boatin BA, Adjami A, et al. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection by O-150 polymerase chain reaction analysis of skin scratches. J Infect Dis 1998, 178:282.
114. Boatin BA, Toe L, Alley ES, et al. Detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection in low prevalence areas: A comparison of three diagnostic methods. Parasitology 2002, 125:545.
115. Vincent JA, Lustigman S, Zhang S, et al. A comparison of newer tests for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2000, 94:253.
116. Campbell WC Ivermectin as an antiparasitic agent for use in humans. Annu Rev Microbiol 1991, 45:445.
117. Cully DF, Vassilatis DK, Liu KK, et al. Cloning of an avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel from Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1994, 371:707.
118. Greene BM, Dukuly ZD, Munoz B, et al. A comparison of 6-, 12-, and 24-monthly dosing with ivermectin for treatment of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis 1991, 163:376.
119. Greene BM, Taylor HR, Cupp EW, et al. Comparison of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in the treatment of onchocerciasis. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:133.
120. Tielsch JM, Beeche A Impact of ivermectin on illness and disability associated with onchocerciasis. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:A45.
121. Molyneux DH, Bradley M, Hoerauf A, et al. Mass drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Trends Parasitol 2003, 19:516.
122. Brieger WR, Awedoba AK, Eneanya CI, et al. The effects of ivermectin on onchocercal skin disease and severe itching: Results of a multicentre trial. Trop Med Int Health 1998, 3:951.
123. Emukah EC, Osuoha E, Miri ES, et al. A longitudinal study of impact of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in Imo State, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:556.
124. Awadzi K, Attah SK, Addy ET, et al. The effects of high-dose ivermectin regimens on Onchocerca volvulus in onchocerciasis patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999, 93:189.
125. Gardon J, Boussinesq M, Kamgno J, et al. Effects of standard and high doses of ivermectin on adult worms of Onchocerca volvulus: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:203.
126. Unnasch TR River blindness. Lancet 2002, 360:182.
127. Davidson RN, Godfrey-Faussett P, Bryceson AD Adverse reactions in expatriates treated with ivermectin. Lancet 1990, 336:1005.
128. Bryan RT, Stokes SL, Spencer HC Expatriates treated with ivermectin. Lancet 1991, 337:304.
129. Whitworth JA, Maude GH, Luty AJ Expatriates treated with ivermectin. Lancet 1991, 337:625.
130. Pacque M, Munoz B, Greene BM, et al. Community-based treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin: Safety, efficacy, and acceptability of yearly treatment. J Infect Dis 1991, 163:381.
131. Chijioke CP, Okonkwo PO Adverse events following mass ivermectin therapy for onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992, 86:284.
132. Pacque M, Munoz B, Poetschke G, et al. Pregnancy outcome after inadvertent ivermectin treatment during community-based distribution. Lancet 1990, 336:1486.
133. Twum-Danso NA, Meredith SE Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis. Trop Med Int Health 2003, 8:820.
134. Twum-Danso NA Serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control: A review of reported cases. Filaria J 2003, 2(Suppl 1):S3.
135. Twum-Danso NA Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: Implications for the future. Filaria J 2003, 2(Suppl 1):S7.
136. Kamgno J, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, et al. Adverse systemic reactions to treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin at normal and high doses given annually or three-monthly. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004, 98:496.
137. Duke BO Overview: Report of a Scientific Working Group on Serious Adverse Events following Mectizan treatment of onchocerciasis in Loa loa endemic areas. Filaria J 2003, 2(Suppl 1):S1.
138. Awadzi K Clinical picture and outcome of serious adverse events in the treatment of onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2003, 2(Suppl 1):S6.
139. Addiss DG, Rheingans R, Twum-Danso NA, et al. A framework for decision-making for mass distribution of Mectizan in areas endemic for Loa loa. Filaria J 2003, 2(Suppl 1):S9.
140. Awadzi K, Boakye DA, Edwards G, et al. An investigation of persistent microfilaridermias despite multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004, 98:231.
141. Hoerauf A, Volkmann L, Hamelmann C, et al. Endosymbiotic bacteria in worms as targets for a novel chemotherapy in filariasis. Lancet 2000, 355:1242.
142. Hoerauf A, Mand S, Adjei O, et al. Depletion of Wolbachia endobacteria in Onchocerca volvulus by doxycycline and microfilaridermia after ivermectin treatment. Lancet 2001, 357:1415.
143. Awadzi K, Hero M, Opoku NO, et al. The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis XVIII. Aspects of treatment with suramin. Trop Med Parasitol 1995, 46:19.
144. Chijioke CP, Umeh RE, Mbah AU, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of suramin in patients with onchocerciasis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 54:249.
145. Duke BO Suramin and the time it takes to kill Onchocerca volvulus. Trop Med Parasitol 1991, 42:346.
146. Molyneux DH, Davies JB Onchocerciasis control: Moving towards the millennium [Review]. Parasitol Today 1997, 13:418.
147. Thylefors B Eliminating onchocerciasis as a public health problem. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9A1.
148. Homeida M, Braide E, Elhassan E, et al. APOC's strategy of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) and its potential for providing additional health services to the poorest populations. African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002, 96(Suppl 1):S93.
149. Richards FO, Miri ES, Katabarwa M, et al. The Carter Center's assistance to river blindness control programs: Establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001, 65:108.
150. Burnham G, Mebrahtu T The delivery of ivermectin (Mectizan). Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:A26.
151. Peters DH, Phillips T Mectizan Donation Program: Evaluation of a public-private partnership. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:A4.
152. Winnen M, Plaisier AP, Alley ES, et al. Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa?. Bull World Health Organ 2002, 80:384.
153. Borsboom GJ, Boatin BA, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. Impact of ivermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: Assessing the empirical evidence that repeated ivermectin mass treatments may lead to elimination/eradication in West-Africa. Filaria J 2003, 2:8.