Pain management within the palliative and end-of-life care experience in the ICU

Chest

Volumn 135, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 1360-1369

  Mularski, Richard A ^a   Puntillo, Kathleen ^b   Varkey, Basil ^c   Erstad, Brian L ^d   Grap, Mary Jo ^e   Gilbert, Hugh C ^f   Li, Denise ^g   Medina, Justine ^h   Pasero, Chris ⁱ   Sessler, Curtis N ^j  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^e VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h American Association of Critical Care Nurses   (United States)

ⁱ Virginia Commonwealth University Health System ^*

^j VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Critical care; End of life; Pain

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; MORPHINE; OPIATE;

ARTICLE; CAREGIVER BURDEN; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; CULTURAL SENSITIVITY; DEATH; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; FAMILY ASSESSMENT; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL PRACTICE; PAIN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEDATION; TERMINAL CARE;

EID: 65249129545     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: 19313543     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-2328     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Nelson JE, Mulkerin CM, Adams LL, et al. Improving comfort and communication in the ICU: a practical new tool for palliative care performance measurement and feedback. Qual Saf Health Care 2006; 15:264-271
2. Mularski RA, Curtis JR, Billings JA, et al. Proposed quality measures for palliative care in the critically ill: a consensus from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Critical Care Workgroup. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(suppl):S404-S411
3. Ferrell BR. Overview of the domains of variables relevant to end-of-life care. J Palliat Med 2005; 8(suppl):S22-S29
4. Lorenz K, Lynn J, Morton SC, et al. End-of-life care and outcomes. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2004; 110:1-6
5. Mularski RA. Defining and measuring quality palliative and end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(suppl):S309-S316 (Pubitemid 44627419)
6. National Consensus Project. Clinical practice guidelines for palliative care; 2004. Available at: www.nationalconsensusproject.org. Accessed November 18, 2008
7. Steinhauser KE, Christakis NA, Clipp EC, et al. Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family, physicians, and other care providers. JAMA 2000; 284:2476-2482
8. Selecky PA, Eliasson CA, Hall RI, et al. Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with cardiopulmonary diseases: American College of Chest Physicians position statement. Chest 2005; 128:3599-3610
9. Lanken PN, Terry PB, Delisser HM, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical policy statement: palliative care for patients with respiratory diseases and critical illnesses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:912-927
10. Truog RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:953-963
11. Mularski RA, Rosenfeld KE, Sloan JA, et al. International conference on malignant bowel obstruction: a model for randomized prospective trials in palliative care: measuring outcomes in randomized prospective trials in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 34(suppl):S7-S19
12. Patrick DL, Curtis JR, Engelberg RA, et al. Measuring and improving the quality of dying and death. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139:410-415 (Pubitemid 38120868)
13. Field MJ, Cassel CK. Approaching death: improving care at the end of life. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997
14. Pritchard RS, Fisher ES, Teno JM, et al. Influence of patient preferences and local health system characteristics on the place of death: SUPPORT Investigators; Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Risks and Outcomes of Treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:1242-1250 (Pubitemid 28467427)
15. Weitzen S, Teno JM, Fennell M, et al. Factors associated with site of death: a national study of where people die. Med Care 2003; 41:323-335
16. SUPPORT Principal Investigators. A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT). JAMA 1995; 274:1591-1598
17. Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences at Dartmouth Medical School. The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, 2002. Available at: http://www. dartmouthatlas.org. Accessed November 18, 2008
18. Angus DC, Barnato AE, Linde-Zwirble WT, et al. Use of intensive care at the end of life in the United States: an epidemiologic study. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:638-643
19. Lynn J, Harrell F Jr, Cohn F, et al. Prognoses of seriously ill hospitalized patients on the days before death: implications for patient care and public policy. New Horiz 1997; 5:56-61
20. Lunney JR, Lynn J, Foley DJ, et al. Patterns of functional decline at the end of life. JAMA 2003; 289:2387-2392 (Pubitemid 37430171)
21. Mularski RA. Pain management in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20:381-401 (Pubitemid 38748482)
22. Mularski RA. Defining and measuring quality palliative and end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(suppl):S309-S316 (Pubitemid 44627419)
23. World Health Organization. WHO definition of palliative care, 2005. Available at: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/. Accessed November 18, 2008
24. Cassel EJ. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:639-645 (Pubitemid 12192880)
25. Cassel EJ. Diagnosing suffering: a perspective. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:531-534 (Pubitemid 29482398)
26. Desbiens NA, Wu AW, Broste SK, et al. Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults: findings from the SUPPORT research investigations; for the SUPPORT investigators - Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1953-1961 (Pubitemid 26418886)
27. Desbiens NA, Wu AW. Pain and suffering in seriously ill hospitalized patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48(suppl): S183-S186 (Pubitemid 30266012)
28. Nelson JE, Meier DE, Oei EJ, et al. Self-reported symptom experience of critically ill cancer patients receiving intensive care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:277-282 (Pubitemid 32171771)
29. Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998
30. Lanken P: Optimal care for patients dying in the ICU, International consensus conference in intensive care medicine, Brussels, 2003. Available at: www.esicm.org. Accessed November 18, 2008
31. Curtiss CP, Haylock PJ. Managing cancer and noncancer chronic pain in critical care settings: knowledge and skills every nurse needs to know. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2001; 13:271-280
32. Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG. Pain management in the culture of critical care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2001; 13:151-166
33. Foley KM. Management of cancer pain. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Principles and practices of oncology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1994; 2417-2448
34. World Health Organization. Cancer pain relief and palliative care. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1996
35. Prendergast TJ, Claessens MT, Luce JM. A national survey of end-of-life care for critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:1163-1167 (Pubitemid 28489017)
36. Luce JM, Prendergast TJ. The changing nature of death in the ICU. In: Curtis JR, Rubenfield GD, eds. Managing death in the intensive care unit: the transition from cure to comfort. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001; 19-29
37. Curtis JR, Rubenfeld GD. Managing death in the intensive care unit: the transition from cure to comfort. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001
38. Curtis JR, Rubenfeld GD. Improving palliative care for patients in the intensive care unit. J Palliat Med 2005; 8:840-854 (Pubitemid 41266260)
39. Clarke EB, Curtis JR, Luce JM, et al. Quality indicators for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2255-2262 (Pubitemid 37100826)
40. Promoting Excellence in End-of-Life Care. Innovative models and approaches for palliative and end-of-life care: promoting palliative care excellence in intensive care. Available at: http://www.promotingexcellence.org. Accessed November 18, 2008
41. Curtis JR, Rubenfeld GD. Managing death in the intensive care unit: the transition from cure to comfort. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001
42. Lorenz K, Lynn J, Dy S, et al. Cancer care quality measures: symptoms and end-of-life care; summary, evidence report/technology assessment - Number 137. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/eolcanqmtp.htm#Report.Accessed February 27, 2009
43. Lautrette A, Darmon M, Megarbane B, et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:23-32
44. Lilly CM, De Meo DL, Sonna LA, et al. An intensive communication intervention for the critically ill. Am J Med 2000; 109:469-475
45. Schneiderman LJ, Gilmer T, Teetzel HD, et al. Effect of ethics consultations on nonbeneficial life-sustaining treatments in the intensive care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290:1166-1172
46. Curtis JR. Communicating about end-of-life care with patients and families in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20:363-380 (Pubitemid 38748481)
47. Curtis JR, Engelberg RA. Measuring success of interventions to improve the quality of end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34(suppl):S341-S347 (Pubitemid 44627423)
48. Heyland DK, Tranmer JE, Kingston General Hospital ICURWG. Measuring family satisfaction with care in the intensive care unit: the development of a questionnaire and preliminary results. J Crit Care 2001; 16:142-149 (Pubitemid 34106649)
49. Heyland DK, Rocker GM, Dodek PM, et al. Family satisfaction with care in the intensive care unit: results of a multiple center study. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1413-1418
50. Curtis JR, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD, et al. Missed opportunities during family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:844-849
51. Mularski RA, Osborne ML. Palliative care and intensive care unit care: daily intensive care unit care plan checklist #123. J Palliat Med 2006; 9:1205-1206
52. Mularski RA, Osborne ML. Palliative care and intensive care unit care: preadmission assessment #122. J Palliat Med 2006; 9:1204-1205
53. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Culture. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture. Accessed January 8, 2008
54. Braun K, Pietsch J, Blanchette P. An introduction to culture and its influence on end-of-life decision making. In: Braun K, Pietsch J, Blanchette P, eds. Cultural issues in end-of-life decision making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000; 1-12
55. Saunders C. Foreword. In: Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2004
56. Prince-Paul MJ. Relationships among communicative acts, social well-being, and spiritual well-being on the quality of life at the end of life in patients with cancer enrolled in hospice. J Palliat Med 2008; 11:20-25
57. Cassel EJ. Diagnosing suffering: a perspective. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:531-534 (Pubitemid 29482398)
58. Hawryluck LA, Harvey WR, Lemieux-Charles L, et al. Consensus guidelines on analgesia and sedation in dying intensive care unit patients. BMC Med Ethics 2002; 3:E3
59. Wilson WC, Smedira NG, Fink C, et al. Ordering and administration of sedatives and analgesics during the withholding and withdrawal of life support from critically ill patients. JAMA 1992; 267:949-953
60. Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG. Pain management in the culture of critical care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2001; 13:151-166
61. Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:1435-1439
62. Rubenfeld GD. Principles and practice of withdrawing life-sustaining treatments. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20:435-451 (Pubitemid 38748485)
63. American Medical Association. Pain management: the online series. 2004
64. American Medical Association. Pain management: the online series. Available at: http://www.ama-cmeonline.com/pain-mgmt. Accessed February 27, 2009
65. American Medical Association. Education for physicians on end-of-life care. Available at: http://www.epec.net/EPEC/webpages/index.cfm. Accessed February 27, 2009
66. Mularski RA, Heine CE, Osborne ML, et al. Quality of dying in the ICU: ratings by family members. Chest 2005; 128:280-287
67. Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:2258-2263
68. Gelinas C, Fillion L, Puntillo KA, et al. Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients. Am J Crit Care 2006; 15:420-427
69. Puntillo KA, Morris AB, Thompson CL, et al. Pain behaviors observed during six common procedures: results from Thunder Project II. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:421-427
70. Desbiens NA, Mueller-Rizner N. How well do surrogates assess the pain of seriously ill patients? Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1347-1352
71. Lobchuk MM, Kristjanson L, Degner L, et al. Perceptions of symptom distress in lung cancer patients: I. Congruence between patients and primary family caregivers. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997; 14:136-146
72. Nekolaichuk CL, Bruera E, Spachynski K, et al. A comparison of patient and proxy symptom assessments in advanced cancer patients. Palliat Med 1999; 13:311-323
73. Sneeuw KC, Aaronson NK, Sprangers MA, et al. Evaluating the quality of life of cancer patients: assessments by patients, significant others, physicians and nurses. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:87-94
74. Nekolaichuk CL, Maguire TO, Suarez-Almazor M, et al. Assessing the reliability of patient, nurse, and family caregiver symptom ratings in hospitalized advanced cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:3621-3630
75. American Thoracic Society Bioethics Task Force. Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:478-485
76. Behavioral research. Making health care decisions: a report on the ethical and legal implications of informed consent in the patient-practitioner relationship. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982
77. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. 5th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001
78. Paris JJ, Muir JC, Reardon FE. Ethical and legal issues in intensive care. J Intensive Care Med 1997; 12:298-309 (Pubitemid 27488483)
79. Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ. Clinical ethics. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1998
80. Bercovitch M, Waller A, Adunsky A. High dose morphine use in the hospice setting: a database survey of patient characteristics and effect on life expectancy. Cancer 1999; 86:871-877 (Pubitemid 29399929)
81. Vella-Brincat J, Macleod AD. Adverse effects of opioids on the central nervous systems of palliative care patients. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2007; 21:15-25 (Pubitemid 46607875)
82. Estfan B, Mahmoud F, Shaheen P, et al. Respiratory function during parenteral opioid titration for cancer pain. Palliat Med 2007; 21:81-86
83. Citron ML, Johnston-Early A, Fossieck BE Jr, et al. Safety and efficacy of continuous intravenous morphine for severe cancer pain. Am J Med 1984; 77:199-204
84. Edwards MJ. Opioids and benzodiazepines appear paradoxically to delay inevitable death after ventilator withdrawal. J Palliat Care 2005; 21:299-302
85. Mularski RA. Pain management in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20:381-401 (Pubitemid 38748482)
86. Chan JD, Treece PD, Engelberg RA, et al. Narcotic and benzodiazepine use after withdrawal of life support: association with time to death? Chest 2004; 126:286-293
87. Campbell ML. How to withdraw mechanical ventilation: a systematic review of the literature. AACN Adv Crit Care 2007; 18:397-403
88. Hall RI, Rocker GM. End-of-life care in the ICU: treatments provided when life support was or was not withdrawn. Chest 2000; 118:1424-1430
89. Rocker GM, Heyland DK, Cook DJ, et al. Most critically ill patients are perceived to die in comfort during withdrawal of life support: a Canadian multicentre study. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:623-630
90. Treece PD, Engelberg RA, Crowley L, et al. Evaluation of a standardized order form for the withdrawal of life support in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1141-1148
91. University of Washington Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington Physicians. Withdrawal of life support orders for the withdrawal of life support in the ICU. Available at: http://depts.washington.edu/eolcare/instruments/wls-orders2.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2009
92. Hall RI, Rocker GM, Murray D. Simple changes can improve conduct of end-of-life care in the intensive care unit. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:631-636 (Pubitemid 38877550)
93. Salacz M, Weissman D. Fast fact and concept #106 and #107: controlled sedation for refractory suffering; part I and II. Available at: http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/ff-index.htm. Accessed February 27, 2009
94. National Ethics Committee, Veterans Health Administration. The ethics of palliative sedation as a therapy of last resort. Am J Hosp Palliat Med 2007; 23:483-491
95. Cherny NI, Portenoy RK. Sedation in the management of refractory symptoms: guidelines for evaluation and treatment. J Palliat Care 1994; 10:31-38
96. Fainsinger RL, Waller A, Bercovici M, et al. A multicentre international study of sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients. Palliat Med 2000; 14:257-265
97. Muller-Busch HC, Andres I, Jehser T. Sedation in palliative care: a critical analysis of 7 years experience. BMC Palliat Care 2003; 2:2
98. Rousseau P. Existential suffering and palliative sedation: a brief commentary with a proposal for clinical guidelines. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2001; 18:151-153
99. Carr MF, Mohr GJ. Palliative sedation as part of a continuum of palliative care. J Palliat Med 2008; 11:76-81
100. Puntillo KA, Benner P, Drought T, et al. End-of-life issues in intensive care units: a national random survey of nurses' knowledge and beliefs. Am J Crit Care 2001; 10:216-229
101. Kirchhoff KT, Beckstrand RL. Critical care nurses' perceptions of obstacles and helpful behaviors in providing end-oflife care to dying patients. Am J Crit Care 2000; 9:96-105
102. Nordgren L, Olsson H. Palliative care in a coronary care unit: a qualitative study of physicians' and nurses' perceptions. J Clin Nurs 2004; 13:185-193 (Pubitemid 38185887)
103. Elpern EH, Covert B, Kleinpell R. Moral distress of staff nurses in a medical intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care 2005; 14:523-530 (Pubitemid 41578591)
104. American Association of Critical Care Nurses. AACN protocols for practice: palliative care and end-of-life issues in critical care. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett, 2006
105. Chapple HS. Changing the game in the intensive care unit: letting nature take its course. Crit Care Nurse 1999; 19:25-34
106. Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1996
107. Ramirez AJ, Graham J, Richards MA, et al. Burnout and psychiatric disorder among cancer clinicians. Br J Cancer 1995; 71:1263-1269
108. Ramirez AJ, Graham J, Richards MA, et al. Mental health of hospital consultants: the effects of stress and satisfaction at work. Lancet 1996; 347:724-728
109. Linzer M, Visser MR, Oort FJ, et al. Predicting and preventing physician burnout: results from the United States and the Netherlands. Am J Med 2001; 111:170-175
110. Shanafelt TD, Bradley KA, Wipf JE, et al. Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136:358-367
111. Meier DE, Back AL, Morrison RS. The inner life of physicians and care of the seriously ill. JAMA 2001; 286:3007-3014 (Pubitemid 33140368)
112. Desbiens NA, Mueller-Rizner N, et al. The symptom burden of seriously ill hospitalized patients: SUPPORT Investigators; Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcome and Risks of Treatment. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999; 17:248-255
113. Nelson JE, Meier DE, Oei EJ, et al. Self-reported symptom experience of critically ill cancer patients receiving intensive care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:277-282
114. Prendergast TJ, Claessens MT, Luce JM. A national survey of end-of-life care for critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:1163-1167 (Pubitemid 28489017)
115. Faber-Langendoen K. A multi-institutional study of care given to patients dying in hospitals: ethical and practice implications. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:2130-2136 (Pubitemid 26346972)
116. Smedira NG, Evans BH, Grais LS, et al. Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:309-315
117. Blumenthal D. Part 1: quality of care; what is it? N Engl J Med 1996; 335:892
118. Lorenz K, Lynn J, Dy S, et al. Cancer care quality measures: symptoms and end-of-life care. 137th ed. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2006
119. Lorenz KA, Lynn J, Dy S, et al. Quality measures for symptoms and advance care planning in cancer: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:4933-4938