A frost "buzzsaw" mechanism for erosion of the eastern Southern Alps, New Zealand

Geomorphology

Volumn 107, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 241-253

  Hales, T C ^a   Roering, J J ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

Frost buzzsaw; Periglacial processes; Scree; Southern Alps

Indexed keywords

CRACKING; EROSION; FROST; HOLOCENE; PERIGLACIAL PROCESS; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); ROCKFALL; UPLIFT;

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND; SOUTHERN ALPS;

EID: 64949150529     PISSN: 0169555X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.12.012     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Adams J. Contemporary uplift and erosion of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91 (1980) 1-114
2. Adams C.J.D. Uplift rates and thermal structure in the Alpine fault zone and Alpine Schist, Southern Alps, New Zealand. In: McClay K., and Price N.J. (Eds). Thrust and Nappe Tectonics. Geological Society [London] Special Publication (1981) 211-222
3. Anderson R.S. Near-surface thermal profiles in alpine bedrock: implications for the frost weathering of rock. Arctic & Alpine Research 30 (1998) 362-372
4. Anderson B., and Mackintosh A. Temperature change is the major driver of late-glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations in New Zealand. Geology 34 (2006) 121-124
5. Arthur, G.R., 1975. Late Pleistocene-Holocene Geomorphology and Neotectonics of Part of the Waimakariri Valley. Undergraduate Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 36 pp.
6. Augustinus P. Glacial valley cross-profile development: the influence of in situ rock stress and rock mass strength, with examples from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geomorphology 14 (1995) 87-97
7. 26Al measurements. Quaternary Geochronology 3 (2008) 174-195
8. Ballantyne C.K., and Eckford J.D. Characteristics and evolution of two relict talus slopes in Scotland. Scottish Geographical Magazine 100 (1984) 20-33
9. Ballantyne C.K., and Kirkbride M.P. Rockfall activity in upland Britain during the Loch Lomond stadial. The Geographical Journal 153 (1987) 86-92
10. Basher L.R., Tonkin P., and McSaveney M.J. Geomorphic history of a rapidly uplifting area on a compressional plate boundary: Cropp River, New Zealand. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie Supplementeband 69 (1988) 117-131
11. Batt G.E. The approach to steady-state theromochronological distribution following orogenic development in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. American Journal of Science 301 (2001) 374-384
12. Batt G.E., and Brandon M.T. Lateral thinking: 2-D interpretation of thermochronolgy in convergent orogen settings. Tectonophysics 349 (2002) 185-201
13. Beaumont C., Kamp P.J.J., Hamilton J., and Fullsack P. The continental collision zone, South Island, New Zealand: comparison of geodynamical models and observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (1996) 3333-3359
14. Beavan J., Matheson D., Denys P., Denham M., Herring T., Hager B.H., and Molnar P. A vertical deformation profile across the Southern Alps, New Zealand, from 3.5 years of continuous GPS data. In: van Dam T., and Francis O. (Eds). The State of GPS Vertical Positioning Precision: Separation of Earth Processes by Space Geodesy, Caheirs de Centre Europeaan de Geodynamique et Seismologie (2004) 111-123
15. Benn J.L. Landslide events on the West Coast, South Island, 1867-2002. New Zealand Geographer 61 (2005) 3-13
16. Birkeland P.W. Subdivision of Holocene glacial deposits, Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand, using relative-dating methods. Geological Society of America Bulletin 93 (1982) 433-449
17. Blair R.W. Moraine and valley wall collapse due to rapid deglaciation in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. Mountain Research and Development 14 (1994) 347-358
18. Brazier V., Kirkbride M.P., and Owens I.F. The relationship between climate and rock glacier distribution in the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Geografiska Annaler Series A-Physical Geography 80A (1998) 193-207
19. Brocklehurst S.H., and Whipple K.X. Hypsometry of glaciated landscapes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29 (2004) 907-926
20. Brook M.S., and Tippett J.M. The influence of rock mass strength on the form and evolution of deglaciated valley slopes in the English Lake District. Scottish Journal of Geology 38 (2002) 15-20
21. Brook M.S., Kirkbride M.P., and Brock B.W. Quantified time scale for glacial valley cross-profile evolution in mountains. Geology 34 (2006) 637-640
22. Bull W.B., and Knuepfer P.L.K. Adjustments by the Charwell River, New Zealand, to uplift and climatic changes. Geomorphology 1 (1987) 15-32
23. Burrows C.J. A 500-year old landslide in the Acheron River Valley, Canterbury. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 18 (1975) 357-360
24. Burrows C.J. Radiocarbon dates from Late Quaternary deposits in the Cass District, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 21 (1983) 443-454
25. Burrows C.J., and Gellatly A.F. Holocene glacier activity in New Zealand. Striae 18 (1982) 41-47
26. Carter R.M. A New Zealand climatic template back to c.3.9 Ma: ODP Site 1119, Canterbury Bight, south-west Pacific Ocean, and its relationship to onland successions. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 35 (2005) 9-42
27. Chinn T.J.H. Use of rock-weathering rind thickness for Holocene absolute age-dating in New Zealand. Arctic & Alpine Research 13 (1981) 33-45
28. Coutard J.-P., and Francou B. Rock temperature measurements in two alpine environments: implications for frost shattering. Arctic & Alpine Research 21 (1989) 399-416
29. Curry A.M., and Morris C.J. Late glacial and Holocene talus slope development and rockwall retreat on Mynydd Du, UK. Geomorphology 58 (2004) 85-106
30. Dash J.G., Rempel A.W., and Wettlaufer J.S. The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences. Reviews of Modern Physics 78 (2006) 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.695
31. De Scally F.A., and Owens I.F. Morphometric controls and geomorphic responses on fans in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29 (2004) 311-322
32. Deere D.U., and Deere D.W. The rock quality designation (RQD) index in practice. In: Kirkaldie K. (Ed). Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes (1988), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philidelphia 91-101
33. Gage M. Late Pleistocene glaciations of the Waimakariri Valley, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1 (1958) 123-155
34. Gage M., and Suggate R.P. Glacial chronology of the New Zealand Pleistocene. Geological Society of America Bulletin 69 (1958) 589-598
35. Gardner J.S. Frequency, magnitude, and spatial distribution of mountain rockfalls and rockslides in the highwood pass area, Alberta, California. In: Coats D.R., and Vitek J.D. (Eds). Thresholds in Geomorphology (1980), George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London 498
36. Grapes R. Uplift and exhumation of the Alpine schist, Southern Alps, New Zealand: themobarometric constraints. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 38 (1995) 525-533
37. Griffiths G.A. High sediment yields from major rivers of the Western Southern Alps, New Zealand. Nature 282 (1979) 61-63
38. Griffiths G.A. Some suspended sediment yields from South Island catchments, New Zealand. Water Resources Bulletin 17 (1981) 662-671
39. Griffiths G.A., and McSaveney M.J. Distribution of mean annual precipitation across some steepland regions of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science 36 (1983) 197-209
40. Griffiths G.A., and McSaveney M.J. Hydrology of a basin with extreme rainfalls-Cropp River, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science 26 (1983) 293-306
41. Griffiths G.A., and McSaveney M.J. Sedimentation and river containment on Waitangitaona alluvial fan-South Westland, New Zealand. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 30 (1986) 215-230
42. Hales T.C., and Roering J.J. Climate-controlled variations in scree production, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geology 33 (2005) 701-704
43. Hales T.C., and Roering J.J. Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007) 10.1029/2006JF000616
44. Hallet B., Walder J., and Stubbs C.W. Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained sub-zero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2 (1991) 283-300
45. Harris S.A. Petrology and origin of stratified scree in New Zealand. Quaternary Research 5 (1975) 199-214
46. Henderson R.D., and Thompson S.M. Extreme rainfalls in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 38 (1999) 309-330
47. Hinchliffe S., and Ballantyne C.K. Talus accumulation and rockwall retreat, Trotternish, Isle of Skye, Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal 115 (1999) 53-70
48. Hovius N., Stark C.P., and Allen P.A. Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping. Geology 25 (1997) 231-234
49. Ivy-Ochs S., Schuluchter C., Kubik P.W., and Denton G.H. Moraine exposure dates imply synchronous Younger Dryas glacier advances in the European Alps and in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Geografiska Annaler 81 A (1999) 313-323
50. 2 consumption in the New Zealand Southern Alps. Geology 31 (2003) 865-868
51. Kirkbride M.P., and Matthews D. The role of fluvial and glacial erosion in landscape evolution: the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22 (1997) 317-327
52. Korup O. Landslide-induced river channel avulsions in mountain catchments of southwest New Zealand. Geomorphology 63 (2004) 57-80
53. Korup O. Geomorphic implications of fault zone weakening: slope instability along the Alpine Fault, South Westland to Fiordland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47 (2004) 257-267
54. Korup O. Geomorphic imprint of landslides on alpine river systems, southwest New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30 (2005) 783-800
55. Korup O. Large landslides and their effect on sediment flux in South Westland, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30 (2005) 305-307
56. Korup O. Distribution of landslides in southwest New Zealand. Landslides 2 (2005) 43-51
57. Korup O. Rock-slope failure and the river long profile. Geology 34 (2006) 45-48
58. Korup O. Effects of large deep-seated landslides on hillslope morphology, western Southern Alps, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006) 10.1029/2004JF000242
59. Korup O., and Crozier M. Landslide types and geomorphic impact on river channels, Southern Alps, New Zealand. In: Rybar J., Stemberk J., and Wagner P. (Eds). Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides, Prague (2002) 233-238
60. Korup O., McSaveney M.J., and Davies T.R.H. Sediment generation and delivery from large historic landslides in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geomorphology 61 (2004) 189-207
61. Korup O., Schmidt J., and McSaveney M.J. Regional relief characteristics and denudation pattern of the western Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geomorphology 71 (2005) 402-423
62. Leckie D.A. Climatic controls on nonmarine sedimentation-maximum aggradation during lowstand, incision during transgession and highstand. American Association of Petroleum Geology Annual Meeting, Denver (2001) 114
63. Linacre E., and Geerts B. Climates and Weather Explained (1997), Routledge, London 432 pp.
64. Little T.A., Cox S., Vry J.K., and Batt G.E. Variations in exhumation level and uplift rate along the oblique-slip Alpine fault, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117 (2005) 707-723
65. Luckman B.H. Rockfalls and rockfall inventory data: some observations from Surprise Valley, Jasper National Park, Canada. Earth Surface Processes 1 (1976) 287-298
66. Lynn I.H., Lilburne L.R., and McIntosh P.D. Testing a soil-landscape model for dry greywacke steeplands on three mountain ranges in the South Island, New Zealand. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40 (2002) 243-255
67. MacKinnon T.C. Origin of the Torlesse terrane and coeval rocks, South Island, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94 (1983) 967-985
68. Matsuoka N. Diurnal freeze-thaw depth in rockwalls: field measurements and theoretical considerations. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19 (1994) 423-435
69. Matsuoka N., and Sakai H. Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods. Geomorphology 28 (1999) 309-328
70. McArthur J.L. The characteristics, classification and origin of late Pleistocene fan deposits in the Cass Basin, Canterbury, New Zealand. Sedimentology 34 (1987) 459-471
71. McGlone M.S. Late glacial landscape and vegetation change and the Younger Dryas climatic oscillation in New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews 14 (1995) 867-881
72. McSaveney M.J. The magnitude of erosion across the Southern Alps. Proceeding of a Conference on Erosion Assessment and Control in New Zealand (1978), New Zealand Association of Soil Conservators 7-24
73. McSaveney M.J. A Manual for Weathering-rind Dating of Grey Sandstones of the Torlesse Supergroup, New Zealand (1992), Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand 52 pp.
74. McSaveney M.J. Recent rockfalls and rock avalanches in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. Reviews in Engineering Geology 15 (2002) 35-70
75. Moon B.P. Refinement of a technique for determining rock mass strength for geomorphological purposes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 9 (1984) 189-193
76. Mosley M.P. Mapping sediment sources in a New Zealand mountain watershed. Environmental Geology 3 (1980) 85-95
77. Mosley M.P. The effect of a New Zealand beech forest canopy on the kinetic energy of water drops and on surface erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7 (1982) 103-107
78. Murton J.B., Peterson R., and Ozouf J.-C. Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions. Science 314 (2006) 10.1126/science.1132127
79. Murton J.B., Coutard J.-P., Lautridou J.-P., Ozouf J.-C., Robinson D.A., and Williams R.B.G. Physical modelling of bedrock brecciation by ice segregation in permafrost. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12 (2001) 255-266
80. Muzikar P. Cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in episodically eroding surfaces: theoretical results. Geomorphology 97 (2007) 407-413
81. Nishiizumi K. 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 41Ca AMS Standards, 9th Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Nagoya (2002) 130
82. Nishiizumi K. Preparation of 26Al AMS Standards. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223-224 (2004) 388-392
83. Norris R.J., and Cooper A.F. Late Quaternary slip rates and slip partitioning on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology 23 (2000) 507-520
84. O'Loughlin C., Rowe L.K., and Pearce A.J. Hydrology of mid-altitude tussock grasslands, Upper Waipori Catchment, Otago: I-Erosion, sediment yields, and water quality. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) 23 (1984) 45-59
85. Olyphant G.A. Analysis of the factors controlling cliff burial by talus within Blanca Massif, Southern Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic & Alpine Research 15 (1983) 65-75
86. Orwin J.F. The application and implications of rock weathering rind dating to a large rock avalanche, Cragieburn Range, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41 (1998) 219-223
87. Pahnke K., Zahn R., Elderfield H., and Schulz M. 340,000-year centennial-scale marine record of Southern Hemisphere climatic oscillation. Science 301 (2003) 948-952
88. Pan B., Burbank D.W., Wang Y., Wu G., Li J., and Guan Q. A 900 k.y. record of strath terrace formation during glacial-interglacial transition in northwest China. Geology 31 (2003) 957-960
89. Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.-M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappelaz J., Davis M., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V.Y., Lorius C., Pepin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., and Stievenard M. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399 (1999) 429-436
90. Pierson T.C. Erosion and deposition by debris flows at Mt Thomas, North Canterbury, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 5 (1980) 227-247
91. Porter S.C. Equilibrium-line altitudes of late Quaternary glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Quaternary Research 5 (1975) 27-47
92. Rapp A. Talus slopes and mountain walls at Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen: a geomorphological study of the denudation of slopes in an arctic locality. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 119 (1960) 90-96
93. Rempel A.W., Wettlaufer J.S., and Worster M.G. Premelting dynamics in a continuum model of frost heave. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 498 (2004) 227-244
94. Rother H., and Shulmeister J. Synoptic climate change as a driver of late Quaternary glaciations in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Climate of the Past Discussions 1 (2005) 231-253
95. Schaefer J.M., Denton G.H., Barrell D.A., Kaplan M., Putnam A., Schwartz R., Anderson B., Finkel R.C., and Schluechter C. The pulse of Holocene glaciations in New Zealand's Southern Alps. Geophysical Research Abstracts 9 (2007) 05083
96. Selby M.J. A rock mass strength classification for geomorphic purposes: with tests from Antarctica and New Zealand. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 24 (1980) 31-51
97. Selby M.J. Hillslope Materials and Processes (1993), Oxford University Press, Oxford 451 pp.
98. Shulmeister J., Goodwin I., Renwick J., Harle K., Armand L., McGlone M.S., Cook E., Dodson J., Hesse P.P., Mayewski P., and Curran M. The Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the Australasian sector over the last glacial cycle: a synthesis. Quaternary International 118-119 (2004) 23-53
99. Smith G.M., Davies T.R.H., McSaveney M.J., and Bell D.H. The Acheron rock avalanche, Canterbury, New Zealand-morphology and dynamics. Landslides 3 (2006) 62-72
100. Speight R. The physiography of the Cass District. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 48 (1916) 145-153
101. Statham I., and Francis S.C. Influence of scree accumulation and weathering on the development of steep mountain slopes. In: Abrahams A.D. (Ed). Hillslope Processes. Binghampton Symposia in Geomorphology: International Series (1986), Allen & Unwin, Boston 245-267
102. Suggate R.P. Late Pliocene and Quaternary glaciations of New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews 9 (1990) 175-197
103. Suggate R.P., and Wilson D.D. Geology of the Harper and Avoca valleys, mid-Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1 (1958) 31-46
104. Taber S. Frost heaving. Journal of Geology 37 (1929) 428-461
105. Tarr R.S. The peneplain. American Geologist 21 (1898) 351-370
106. Thompson S.M., and Adams J. Suspended load in some major rivers of New Zealand. In: Murray D.L., and Ackroyd P. (Eds). Physical Hydrology-New Zealand Experience (1979), New Zealand Hydrological Society, Wellington 213-228
107. Tippett J.M., and Kamp P.J.J. Fission track analysis of the late Cenozoic vertical kinematics of continental Pacific crust, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 16119-16148
108. Tippett J.M., and Kamp P.J.J. Geomorphic evolution of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20 (1995) 177-192
109. Tonkin P., and Basher L.R. Soil-stratigraphic techniques in the study of soil and landform evolution across the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geomorphology 3 (1990) 547-575
110. Walcott R.I. Modes of oblique compression: Late Cenozoic tectonics of the South Island of New Zealand. Reviews of Geophysics 36 (1998) 1-26
111. Walder J., and Hallet B. A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96 (1985) 336-346
112. Wandres A.M., Bradshaw J.D., Weaver S.D., Maas R., Ireland T.R., and Eby N. Provenance analysis using conglomerate clast lithologies: a case study from the Pahau Terrane of New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology 167 (2004) 57-89
113. Wellman H.W. An uplift map for the South Island of New Zealand, and a model for the uplift of the Southern Alps. Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand 18 (1979) 13-20
114. Wettlaufer J.S., and Worster M.G. Dynamics of premelted films: frost heave in a capillary. Physical Review E 51 (1995) 4679-4689
115. Wettlaufer J.S., Worster M.G., Wilen L.A., and Dash J.G. A theory of premelting dynamics for all power law forces. Physical Review Letters 76 (1996) 3602-3605
116. Whitehouse I.E. A large rock avalanche in the Cragieburn Range, Canterbury. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 24 (1981) 415-421
117. Whitehouse I.E. Distribution of large rock avalanche deposits in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 26 (1983) 271-279
118. Whitehouse I.E. Geomorphology of the central Southern Alps, New Zealand: the interaction of plate collision and atmospheric circulation. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementeband 69 (1988) 105-116
119. Whitehouse I.E., and Griffiths G.A. Frequency and hazard of large rock avalanches in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geology 11 (1983) 331-334
120. Whitehouse I.E., and McSaveney M.J. Diachronous talus surfaces in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, and their implications to talus accumulation. Arctic and Alpine Research 15 (1983) 53-64
121. Wilen L.A., and Dash J.G. Frost heave dynamics at a single crystal interface. Physical Review Letters 74 (1995) 5076-5079
122. Willett S.D. Orogeny and orography: the effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (1999) 28957-28981
123. Worster M.G., and Wettlaufer J.S. The fluid mechanics of premelted liquid films. In: Shyy W. (Ed). Fluid Dynamics at Interfaces (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 339-351
124. Zhang P., Molnar P., and Downs W.R. Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates. Nature 410 (2001) 891-897
125. Zhu D.-M., Vilches O.E., Dash J.G., Sing B., and Wettlaufer J.S. Frost heave in argon. Physical Review Letters 85 (2000) 4908-4911