The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 291-306

  Niemiec, Christopher P ^a   Ryan, Richard M ^a   Deci, Edward L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Goal attainment; Intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations; Need satisfaction; Psychological health; Self determination theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 64949133458     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: 10957251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Adams G.R., and Marshall S.K. A developmental social psychology of identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence 19 (1996) 429-442
2. Aristotle (1946). The politics of Aristotle. (E. Barker, Trans.). London: Oxford University Press.
3. Bandura A. The self and mechanisms of agency. In: Suls J. (Ed). Psychological perspectives on the self (1982), Erlbaum, Hillside, NJ 3-39
4. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory (1986), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
5. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (1997), Freeman, New York
6. Bandura A., and Locke E.A. Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2003) 87-99
7. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
8. Byrne B.M. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2001), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
9. Carver C.S., and Scheier M.F. Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior (1981), Springer-Verlag, New York
10. Carver C.S., and Scheier M. Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion. In: Higgins E.T., and Sorrentino R.M. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior Vol. 2 (1990), Guilford Press, New York 3-52
11. Caspi A., and Roberts B.W. Personality development across the life course: The argument for change and continuity. Psychological Inquiry 12 (2001) 49-66
12. Cole D.A., and Maxwell S.E. Testing meditational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 (2003) 558-577
13. Crosby R. A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review 83 (1976) 84-113
14. Deci E.L., Koestner R., and Ryan R.M. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin 125 (1999) 627-668
15. Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior (1985), Plenum, New York
16. Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 11 (2000) 227-268
17. Deci E.L., Ryan R.M., Gagné M., Leone D.R., Usunov J., and Kornazheva B.P. Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern Bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001) 930-942
18. Eccles J.S., and Wigfield A. Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology 53 (2002) 109-132
19. Emmons R.A. Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1058-1068
20. Emmons R.A., and Diener E. A goal-affect analysis of everyday situational choices. Journal of Research in Personality 20 (1986) 309-326
21. Emmons R.A., and King L.A. Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988) 1040-1048
22. Emmons R.A., and King L.A. Personal striving differentiation and affective reactivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 478-484
23. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7 (1954) 117-140
24. Frey B.S. Not just for the money: An economic theory of personal motivation (1997), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK
25. Frey B.S., and Oberholzer-Gee F. The cost of price incentives: An empirical analysis of motivation crowding-out. American Economic Review 87 (1997) 746-755
26. Gagné M. The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion 27 (2003) 199-223
27. Hertzog C., and Nesselroade J.R. Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues. Psychology and Aging 18 (2003) 639-657
28. Kasser T. Sketches for a self-determination theory of values. In: Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. (Eds). Handbook of self-determination research (2002), University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY 123-140
29. Kasser T., and Ryan R.M. A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 410-422
30. Kasser T., and Ryan R.M. Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (1996) 280-287
31. Kasser T., and Ryan R.M. Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In: Schmuck P., and Sheldon K.M. (Eds). Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (2001), Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Seattle 116-131
32. Kasser T., Ryan R.M., Zax M., and Sameroff A.J. The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents' materialistic and prosocial values. Developmental Psychology 31 (1995) 907-914
33. Kline R.B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (1998), Guilford Press, New York
34. Little B.R. Personal projects: A rationale and method for investigation. Environment and Behavior 15 (1983) 273-309
35. Little B.R. Personal projects and the distributed self: Aspects of a conative psychology. In: Suls J. (Ed). The self in social perspective: Psychological perspectives on the self Vol. 4 (1993), Erlbaum, Hillside, NJ 157-185
36. Locke E.A., and Latham G.P. A theory of goal setting and task performance (1990), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
37. MacKinnon D.P., Fairchild A.J., and Fritz M.S. Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007) 593-614
38. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Hoffman J.M., West S.G., and Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods 7 (2002) 83-104
39. Martin J. Tolerance of injustice. In: Olson M.M., Herman C.P., and Zanna M.P. (Eds). Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario Symposium Vol. 4 (1986), Erlbaum, Hillside, NJ 217-240
40. McGregor I., and Little B.R. Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 494-512
41. Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (in press). Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of personality and self-regulation. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
42. Niemiec C.P., Lynch M.F., Vansteenkiste M., Bernstein J., Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence 29 (2006) 761-775
43. O'Brien E.J., and Epstein S. The multidimensional self-esteem inventory: Professional manual (1988), Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL
44. Palys T.S., and Little B.R. Perceived life satisfaction and the organization of personal project systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983) 1221-1230
45. Pavot W., Diener E., and Suh E. The temporal satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 70 (1998) 340-354
46. Pennebaker J.W. The psychology of physical symptoms (1982), Springer-Verlag, New York
47. Raynor J.O. Self-possession of attributes, self-evaluation, and future-orientation: A theory of adult competence motivation. In: Raynor J.O., and Entin E.E. (Eds). Motivation, career striving, and aging (1982), Hemisphere, Washington, DC 207-226
48. Ryan R.M., Chirkov V.I., Little T.D., Sheldon K.M., Timoshina E., and Deci E.L. The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (1999) 1509-1524
49. Ryan R.M., and Deci E.L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 68-78
50. Ryan R.M., and Deci E.L. On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. In: Leary M.R., and Tangney J.P. (Eds). Handbook of self and identity (2003), Guilford Press, New York 253-272
51. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L., Grolnick W.S., and La Guardia J.G. The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In: Cicchetti D., and Cohen D.J. (Eds). Developmental Psychopathology Vol. 1 (2006), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ 795-849
52. Ryan R.M., Huta V., and Deci E.L. Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (2008) 139-170
53. Ryan R.M., Sheldon K.M., Kasser T., and Deci E.L. All goals are not created equal: An organismic perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. In: Gollwitzer P.M., and Bargh J.A. (Eds). The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (1996), Guilford Press, New York 7-26
54. Salovey P., and Rodin J. Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984) 780-792
55. Schmuck P., Kasser T., and Ryan R.M. Intrinsic and extrinsic goals: Their structure and relationship to well-being in German and U.S. college students. Social Indicators Research 50 (2000) 225-241
56. Seligman M.E.P., and Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 5-14
57. Sheldon K.M., and Elliot A.J. Not all personal goals are personal: Comparing autonomous and controlled reasons as predictors of effort and attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (1998) 546-557
58. Sheldon K.M., and Elliot A.J. Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 482-497
59. Sheldon K.M., and Houser-Marko L. Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (2001) 152-165
60. Sheldon K.M., and Kasser T. Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (1998) 1319-1331
61. Sheldon K.M., Ryan R.M., Deci E.L., and Kasser T. The independent effects of goal contents and motives on well-being: It's both what you pursue and why you pursue it. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (2004) 475-486
62. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.C., and Lushene R.E. Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (1970), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA
63. Vansteenkiste M., Neyrinck B., Niemiec C.P., Soenens B., de Witte H., and Van den Broeck A. On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 80 (2007) 251-277
64. Vroom V.H. Work and motivation (1964), John Wiley & Sons, New York
65. Watson D. Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988) 1020-1030
66. Wheeler L., and Miyake K. Social comparison in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 760-773
67. Wigfield A., and Eccles J.S. Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25 (2000) 68-81
68. Williams G.C., Cox E.M., Hedberg V.A., and Deci E.L. Extrinsic life goals and health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30 (2000) 1756-1771