An outbreak of hepatitis A in recently vaccinated students from ice snacks made from contaminated well water

Epidemiology and Infection

Volumn 137, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 428-433

  Zhang, L J ^a   Wang, X J ^a   Bai, J M ^b   Fang, G ^c   Liu, L G ^c   Zhang, Y ^a   Fontaine, R E ^a,d  

^a CHINESE CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (China)

^b Xichong County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention   (China)

^c SICHUAN CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (China)

^d CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Disease outbreaks; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A vaccines; Water borne

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; HEPATITIS A VACCINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; TAP WATER; WELL WATER; ICE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CHILD; CHINA; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDEMIC; FAST FOOD; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS A; HUMAN; ICE SNACK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SCHOOL CHILD; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEWAGE; STUDENT; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VACCINATION; VIRUS DETECTION; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER SUPPLY; CASE CONTROL STUDY; FEMALE; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHINA; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS A VACCINES; HUMANS; ICE; MALE; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 64549132214     PISSN: 09502688     EISSN: 14694409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268808001337     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. Calder L, et al. An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries. Epidemiology and Infection 2003; 131: 745-751.
2. Desenclos JC, et al. A multistate outbreak of hepatitis A caused by the consumption of raw oysters. American Journal of Public Health 1991; 81: 1268-1272.
3. Beller M. Hepatitis A outbreak in Anchorage, Alaska, traced to ice slush beverages. West Journal of Medicine 1992; 156: 624-627.
4. Massoudi MS, et al. An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with an infected foodhandler. Public Health Reports 1999; 114 157-164.
5. Bowen GS, McCarthy MA. Hepatitis A associated with hardware store water fountain and a contaminated well in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1980. American Journal of Epidemiology 1983; 117 695-705.
6. Poonawagul U, et al. Outbreak of hepatitis A in a college traced to contaminated water reservoir in cafeteria. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health 1995; 26: 705-708.
7. Bloch AB, et al. Recovery of hepatitis A virus from a water supply responsible for a common source outbreak of hepatitis A. American Journal of Public Health 1990; 80: 428-430.
8. 2 strains and LA-1 strains). National Medical Journal of China 2002; 82: 678-681.
9. Cao JY, et al. Genotyping of hepatitis A prevalent strains in Xinjiang Yili of China in 2005. Chinese Journal of Virology 2007; 23: 110-114.
10. Nainan OV, et al. Diagnosis of hepatitis A virus : A molecular approach. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006; 19: 63-79.
11. Nainan OV, et al. Hepatitis A molecular epidemiology in the United States, 1996-1997: Sources of infection and implication of vaccination policy. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 191 957-963.
12. Hutin YJ, et al. A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 595-602.
13. Gaston DS, et al. Molecular confirmation of hepatitis A virus from well water: Epidemiology and public health implications. Journal of Infectious Disease 1999; 179: 37-43.
14. Novak R, Williams I, Bell B. Prevention of hepatitis A after exposure to hepatitis A virus and in international travelers. Updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2007; 56: 1080-1084.
15. Abbaszadegan M, LeChevallier M, Gerba C. Occurrence of viruses in US groundwaters. Journal of the American Water Works Association 2003; 95: 107-120.
16. Borchardt MA, Haas NL, Hunt RJ. Vulnerability of drinking-water wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to enteric-virus contamination from surface water contributions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004; 70: 5937-5946.
17. Yuan H, et al. Epidemiological Investigation on outbreak of waterborne typhoid in a middle school. Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004; 110: 20-22.
18. Liu H. A pathogenic analysis of a school's headwaters-borne shigellosis outbreak by Shigella sonnei. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology 2007; 17: 682-683.