Deciphering morphology in Triatominae: The evolutionary signals

Acta Tropica

Volumn 110, Issue 2-3, 2009, Pages 101-111

  Dujardin, J P ^a   Costa, J ^b   Bustamante, D ^c   Jaramillo, N ^d   Catala S ^e  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^b Universidad de San Carlos ^*

^c UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA   (Guatemala)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTIOQUIA   (Colombia)

^e Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Canalization; Disruptive selection; Phenotypic plasticity; Quantitative morphology; Speciation; Triatominae

Indexed keywords

ARTHROPOD; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; INTRASPECIFIC INTERACTION; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY); TAXONOMY;

ARTICLE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION (SPECIES); HABITAT SELECTION; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRICS; NATURAL SELECTION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; TRIATOMINAE;

TRIATOMINAE;

EID: 64549099778     PISSN: 0001706X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.026     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Abad Franch F., Paucar A., Carpio C., Cuba C.A.C., Aguilar H.M., and Miles M.A. Biogeography of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Ecuador: implications for the design of control strategies. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 96 (2001) 611-620
2. Abrahan L., Hernández L., Gorla D., and Catalá S.S. Phenotypic diversity of Triatoma infestans at the microgeographic level on the Gran Chaco of Argentina and the Andean valleys of Bolivia. J. Med. Entomol. 45 (2008) 660-666
3. Arroyo C.M., Esteban L., Catalá S.S., and Angulo V.M. Antenal phenotype variation in sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic populations of Triatoma dimidiata (hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Santander, Colombia. Biomedica 27 (2007) 92-100
4. Atkinson D. Temperature and organism size-a biological law for ectotherms?. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25 (1994) 1-58
5. Bargues M.D., Klisiowicz D.R., Gonzalez-Candelas F., Ramsey J.M., Monroy C., Ponce C., Salazar-Schettino P.M., Panzera F., Abad-Franch F., Sousa O.E., Schofield C.J., Dujardin J.P., Guhl F., and Mas-Coma S. Phylogeography and genetic variation of Triatoma dimidiata, the main Chagas disease vector in Central America, and its position within the genus Triatoma. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2 (2006) e233
6. Bergman A., and Siegal M.L. Evolutionary capacitance as a general feature of complex gene networks. Nature 424 (2003) 501-504
7. Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature 447 (2007) 396-398
8. Bookstein F.L. Morphometric tools for landmark data: Geometry and Biology (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 435 pp.
9. Braendle C., and Flatt T. A role for genetic accommodation in evolution?. BioEssays 28 (2006) 868-873
10. Bustamante D.M., Monroy C., Menes C., Rodas A., Salazar-Schettino P.M., Rojas G., Pinto N., Guhl F., and Dujardin J.P. Metric variation among geographic populations of the Chagas vector Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) and related species. J. Med. Entomol. 41 (2004) 296-301
11. Carbajal de la Fuente L., Noireau F., and Catalá S.S. Inferences about antennal phenotype: the "Triatoma maculata" complex (Hemiptera: Triatominae) is valid?. Acta Trop. 106 (2008) 16-21
12. Carcavallo R., and Galindez Giron I. Algunas interesantes teratologias en Triatoma infestans (Klug). Entomol. Vect. 2 (1995) 1-32
13. Catalá S.S. Antennal sensilla of Triatominae. A comparative study of five genera. Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 26 (1997) 67-73
14. Catalá S.S., and Dujardin J.P. Antennal sensilla patterns indicate geographic and ecotopic variability among Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) populations. J. Med. Entomol. 38 (2001) 423-428
15. Catalá S.S., Sachetto C., Moreno M., Rosales R., Salazar-Schettino P.M., and Gorla D. The antennal phenotype of Triatoma dimidiata populations and its relationship with species of the phyllosoma and protracta complexes. J. Med. Entomol. 42 (2005) 719-725
16. Catalá S.S., and Schofield C.J. Antennal sensilla of Rhodnius. J. Morphol. 219 (1994) 193-204
17. Catalá S.S., Tomasi V., Hliba E., and Rovasio R. The cave organ in Triatominae antennae: an olfactory receptor?. S. Biocel. 22 (1998) 1-7
18. Catalá S.S., and Torres M. Similitude of the patterns of sensilla on the antennae of Triatoma melanosoma and Triatoma infestans. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 95 (2001) 287-295
19. Chaves L.F., Ramoni-Perazzi P., Lizano E., and Añez N. Morphometrical changes in eggs of Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) during development. Entomotropica 18 (2003) 83-88
20. Costa J., Barth O.M., Marchon-Silva V., Almeida C., Freitas-Sibajev M.G., and Panzera F. Morphological studies on the Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Genital structures and eggs of different chromatic forms. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 92 (1997) 493-498
21. Costa J., and Felix M. Triatoma juazeirensis sp. nov. from Bahia State, northeastern Brazil (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 102 (2007) 87-90
22. Costa J., Freitas-Sibajev M.G., Marchon-Silva V., Pires M.Q., and Pacheco R. Isoenzymes detect variation in populations of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 92 (1997) 459-464
23. Costa J., Monteiro F., and Beard C.B. Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 the most important Chagas disease vector in Brazil-Phylogenetic and population analyzes correlated to epidemiologic importance. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65 (2001) 280
24. Costa, J., Peterson, A., Dujardin, J.P. Indirect evidences suggest homoploid hybridization as a possible mode of speciation in Triatominae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae). IGE, in press.
25. Daly H.V. A statistical and empirical evaluation of some morphometric variables of honey bee classification. In: Foottit R.G., and Sorensen J.T. (Eds). Ordination in the study of morphology, evolution and Systematics of Insects: Applications and Quantitative Genetic Rationales (1992), Elsevier, New York 418 pp. 127-156
26. David J.R., Moreteau B., Gauthier J.P., Petavy G., Stockel A., and Imasheva A.G. Reaction norms of size characters in relation to growth temperature in Drosophila melanogaster: an isofemale lines analysis. Gen. Sel. Evol. 26 (1994) 229-251
27. Debat V., Milton C.C., Rutherford S., Klingenberg C.P., and Hoffmann A.A. Hsp90 and the quantitative variation of wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 60 (2006) 2529-2538
28. Dorn P., Monroy C., and Curtis A. Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811): a review of its diversity across its geographic range and the relationship among populations. IGE 7 (2006) 343-352
29. Dujardin J.P. Population genetics and the natural history of domestication in Triatominae. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 93 (1998) 34-36
30. Dujardin J.P., Beard C.B., and Ryckman R. The relevance of wing geometry in entomological surveillance of Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease. IGE 7 (2007) 161-167
31. Dujardin J.P., and Bermudez H. Transmision hereditaria de fenotipo ojos rojos en Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Bol. Cient. CENETROP, vol. XII, num (1986), Unico pp. 38-42
32. Dujardin J.P., Bermudez H., Casini C., Schofield C.J., and Tibayrenc M. Metric differences between silvatic and domestic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Bolivia. J. Med. Entomol. 34 (1997) 544-552
33. Dujardin J.P., Bermúdez H., and Schofield C.J. The use of morphometrics in entomological surveillance of silvatic foci of Triatoma infestans in Bolivia. Acta Trop. 66 (1997) 145-153
34. Dujardin J.P., Muñoz M., Chavez T., Ponce C., Moreno J., and Schofield C.J. The origin of Rhodnius prolixus in Central America. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12 (1998) 113-115
35. Dujardin J.P., Panzera P., and Schofield C.J. Triatominae as a model of morphological plasticity under ecological pressure. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 94 (1999) 223-228
36. Dujardin J.P., and Schofield C.J. Triatominae: systematics, morphology and population biology. In: Maudlin I., Holmes P.H., and Miles M. (Eds). The Trypanosomiases (2004), CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK 614 pp. 181-201
37. Dujardin, J.P., Schofield, C.J., Panzera, F., 2002. Los Vectores de la Enfermedad de Chagas. Investigaciones taxonómicas, biológicas y genéticas. Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Classe des Sciences naturelles et médicales. Traduction espagnole.
38. Dujardin J.P., Schofield C.J., and Tibayrenc M. Population structure of Andean Triatoma infestans: allozyme frequencies and their epidemiological relevance. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12 (1998) 20-29
39. Dujardin J.P., and Slice D. Geometric morphometrics. Contributions to medical entomology. In: Tibayrenc M. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases. Modern Methodologies (2007), Wiley & Sons 435-447 (Chapter 25)
40. Dujardin J.P., Steindel M., Chavez T., Martínez E., and Schofield C.J. Changes in the sexual dimorphism of Triatominae in the transition from natural to artificial habitats. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 94 (1999) 565-569
41. Dujardin J.P., Tibayrenc M., Venegas E., Maldonado L., Desjeux P., and Ayala F.J. Isozyme evidence of lack of speciation between wild and domestic Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in Bolivia. J. Med. Entomol. 24 (1987) 40-45
42. Esteban L., Angulo V.M., Feliciangeli M.D., and Catalá S.S. Analysis of antennal sensilla patterns of Rhodnius prolixus from Colombia and Venezuela. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 100 (2005) 909-914
43. Galvão C., Carcavallo R., Rocha D., and Jurberg J. A checklist of the current valid species of the subfamly Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their geographical distribution, with nomenclatural and taxonomic notes. Zootaxa 202 (2003) 1-36
44. Garcia B., Moriyama E., and Powell J. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Phylogenetic relationships. J. Med. Entomol. 38 (2001) 675-683
45. Gavrilet S., and Hastings A. A quantitative-genetic model for selection on developmental noise. Evolution 48 (1994) 1478-1486
46. Gavrilets S. Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution 57 (2003) 2197-2215
47. Gorla D.E., and Schofield C.J. Population dynamics of Triatoma infestans under natural climatic conditions in the Argentine Chaco. Med. Vet. Entomol. 3 (1989) 179-194
48. Görür G. The importance of phenotypic plasticity in herbivorous insect speciation. In: Anantakrishnan T.N., and Whitman D. (Eds). Insect Phenotypic Plasticity. Diversity of Responses (2005), Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield (NH), USA 145-172
49. Gracco M., and Catalá S. Inter-specific and developmental differences on the array of antennal chemoreceptors in four species of Triatominae. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 95 (2000) 67-74
50. Gumiel M., Catalá S., Noireau F., de Arias A.R., Garcia A., and Dujardin J.P. Wing geometry in Triatoma infestans (Klug) and T. melanosoma Martinez, Olmedo and Carcavallo (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Syst. Entomol. 28 (2003) 173-179
51. Henikoff S., and Matzke M.A. Exploring and explaining epigenetic effects. Trends Genet. 13 (1997) 293-295
52. Hernández L., Abrahan L., Gorla D., and Catalá S. Phenotypic variability associated to genomic changes in the main vector of Chagas disease in South America. Acta Trop. 106 (2008) 60-67
53. Hey J. Recent advances in assessing gene flow between diverging populations and species. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 16 (2006) 592-596
54. Hiernaux J. Long-term biological effects of human migration from the African savanna to the Equatorial forest: a case study of human adaptation to a hot and wet climate. In: Harrison G.A. (Ed). Population Structure and Human Variation vol. 8 (1977), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 187-221
55. Iriarte F.P.W., Céspedes W.C., and Santos M. Quantitative genetic analysis of wing form and bilateral asymmetry in isochromosomal lines of Drosophila subobscura using Procrustes methods. J. Genet. 82 (2003) 95-113
56. James F.C. Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology 51 (1970) 365-390
57. Jaramillo N., Castillo D., and Wolff M. Geometric morphometric differences between Panstrongylus geniculatus from field and laboratory. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 97 (2002) 667-673
58. Juarez E. Comportamento do Triatoma infestans sob varias condiçoes de laboratorio. Rev. Saude Publ. 4 (1970) 147-166
59. Klingenberg C., Leamy L.J., and Cheverud J.M. Integration and modularity of quantitative trait locus effects on geometric shape in the mouse mandible. Genetics 166 (2004) 1909-1921
60. Klingenberg C.P. Quantitative genetics of geometric shape: Heritability and the pitfalls of the univariate approach. Evolution 57 (2003) 191-195
61. Klingenberg C.P., and Leamy L.J. Quantitative genetics of geometric shape in the mouse mandible. Evolution 55 (2001) 2342-2352
62. Klingenberg C.P., Leamy L.J., Routman E.J., and Cheverud J.M. Genetic architecture of mandible shape in mice: Effects of quantitative trait loci analyzed by geometric morphometrics. Genetics 157 (2001) 785-802
63. Lane R.P., and Marshall J. Geographical variation, races and subspecies. In: Forey P.L. (Ed). The Evolving Biosphere (1981), British Museum (Natural History), London 9-19
64. Lehane M.J., and Schofield C.J. Field experiments of dispersive flight by Triatoma infestans. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75 (1981) 399-400
65. Lehmann T., Dalton R., Kim E., Dahl E., Diabate A., Dabire R., and Dujardin J. Genetic contribution to variation in larval development time, adult size, and longevity of starved adults of Anopheles gambiae. IGE 6 (2006) 410-416
66. Lent H., Jurberg J., Galvão C., and Carcavallo R.U. Triatoma melanosoma, novo status para Triatoma infestans melanosoma Martinez, Olmedo and Carcavallo, 1987 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 89 (1994) 353-358
67. Lima M.M., and Sarquis O. Is Rhodnius nasutus (Hemiptera; Reduviidae) changing its habitat as a consequence of human activities?. Parasitol. Res. 102 (2008) 797-800
68. Long A., Mullaney S., Reid L., Fry J., Langley C., and Mackay T.F.C. High resolution mapping of genetic factors affecting abdominal bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 139 (1995) 1273-1291
69. Marcilla A., Bargues M.D., Abad-Franch F., Panzera F., Carcavallo R.U., Noireau F., Galvão C., Jurberg J., Miles M.A., Dujardin J.P., and Mas-Coma S. Nuclear rDNA ITS-2 sequences reveal polyphyly of Panstrongylus species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. IGE 26 (2002) 1-11
70. Marcilla A., Bargues M.D., Ramsey J.M., Magallon-Gastelum E., Salazar-Schettino P.M., Abad-Franch F., Dujardin J.P., Schofield C.J., and Mas-Coma S. The ITS-2 of the nuclear rDNA as a molecular marker for populations, species, and phylogenetic relationships in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 18 (2001) 136-142
71. Mather K. Genetical control of stability in development. Heredity 7 (1953) 297-336
72. Matias A., De la Riva J.X., Martinez E., and Dujardin J.P. Domiciliation process of Rhodnius stali (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Alto Beni (La Paz, Bolivia). Trop. Med. Int. Health 8 (2002) 264-268
73. Matias A., De la Riva J.X., Torrez M., and Dujardin J.P. Rhodnius robustus in Bolivia identified by its wings. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 96 (2001) 947-950
74. Maynard Smith J. Sympatric speciation. Am. Nat. 100 (1966) 637-650
75. Mazza S., and Jorg M.E. Triatoma bruchi, nova species argentina de Triatominae (Hemiptera-Reduviidae). MEPRA Publicación 67 (1944) 3-11
76. McClintock B. The significance of responses of the genome challenge. Science 226 (1984) 792-801
77. McIver S. Sensilla of haematophagous insects sensitive to vertebrate host-associated stimuli. Insect Sci. Appl. 8 (1987) 627-635
78. Mettler L.E., and Gregg T.G. Population genetics and evolution (1969), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ p. 212
79. Monteiro F., Donnelly M.J., Beard C., and Costa J. Nested clade and phylogeographic analyses of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32 (2004) 46-56
80. Monteiro F.A., Barrett T.V., Fitzpatrick S., Cordon-Rosales C., Feliciangeli D., and Beard C.B. Molecular phylogeography of the Amazonian Chagas disease vectors Rhodnius prolixus and R. robustus. Mol. Ecol. 12 (2003) 997-1006
81. Monteiro F.A., Lazoski C., Noireau F., and Sole-Cava A.M. Allozyme relationships among ten species of Rhodniini, showing paraphyly of Rhodnius including Psammolestes. Med. Vet. Entomol. 16 (2002) 83-90
82. Monteiro L.R., Diniz J.A.F., dos Reis S.F., and Araujo E.D. Geometric estimates of heritability in biological shape. Evolution 56 (2002) 563-572
83. Monteiro F.A., Perez R., Panzera F., Dujardin J.P., Galvão C., Rocha D., Noireau F., Schofield C.J., and Beard C.B. Mitochondrial DNA variation of Triatoma infestans populations and its implication on the specific status of T. melanosoma. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 94 (1999) 229-238
84. Moreno M., Gorla D., and Catalá S. Association between antennal phenotype, wing polymorphism and sex in the genus Mepraia (Reduviidae: Triatominae). IGE 6 (2005) 228-234
85. Noe J., and Silva R. Una nueva variedad de Triatoma infestans-Klug 1834. Bol. Inf. Parasit. Chilenas 4 (1979) 4-5
86. Noireau F., Flores R., Gutierrez T., and Dujardin J.P. Detection of silvatic dark morphs of Triatoma infestans in the Bolivian Chaco. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 92 (1997) 583-584
87. Noireau F., Gutierrez T., Zegarra M., Flores R., Brenière F., and Dujardin J.P. Cryptic speciation in Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the Bolivian Chaco. Trop. Med. Int. Health 3 (1998) 364-372
88. Obara M.T., Barata J., da Silva N.N., Ceretti Junior W., Urbinatti P.R., da Rosa J.A., Jurberg J., and Galvao C. Morphologic, morphometrical, and histological aspects of the eggs of four species of the genera Meccus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 102 (2007) 13-19
89. Panzera F., Dujardin J.P., Nicolini P., Caraccio M.N., Rose V., Tellez T., Bermudez H., Bargues M.D., Mas-Coma S., O'Connor J.E., and Perez R. Genomic changes of Chagas disease vector, South America. Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2004) 438-446
90. Panzera F., Ferrandis I., Ramsey J., Ordonez R., Salazar-Schettino P.M., Cabrera M., Monroy M.C., Bargues M.D., Mas-Coma S., O'Connor J.E., Angulo V.M., Jaramillo N., Cordon-Rosales C., Gomez D., and Perez R. Chromosomal variation and genome size support existence of cryptic species of Triatoma dimidiata with different epidemiological importance as Chagas disease vectors. Trop. Med. Int. Health 11 (2006) 1092-1103
91. Panzera F., Hornos S., Pereira J., Cestau R., Canale D., Diotaiuti L., Dujardin J.P., and Perez R. Genetic variability and geographic differentiation among three species of triatomine bugs (Hemiptera-Reduviidae). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57 (1997) 732-739
92. Patterson J., and Klingenberg C. Developmental buffering: how many genes?. Evol. Dev. 9 (2007) 525-526
93. Pavan M., and Monteiro F.A. A multiplex pcr assay that separates Rhodnius prolixus from members of the Rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Trop. Med. Int. Health 12 (2007) 751-758
94. Pennisi E. Evolution: hidden genetic variation yields caterpillar of a different color. Science (2006) 591a
95. Pereira J., Dujardin J.P., Salvatella R., and Tibayrenc M. Enzymatic variability and phylogenetic relatedness among Triatoma infestans, T. platensis, T. delpontei and T. rubrovaria. Heredity 77 (1996) 47-54
96. Pérez R., Hernández M., Quintero O., Scvortzoff E., Canale D., Méndez L., Cohanoff C., Martino M., and Panzera F. Cytogenetic analysis of experimental hybrids in species of Triatominae (Hemiptera-Reduviidae). Genetica 125 (2005) 261-270
97. Pires H.H., Barbosa S., Margonari C., Jurberg J., and Diotaiuti L. Variations of the external male genitalia in three populations of Triatoma infestans Klug, 1834. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 93 (1998) 479-483
98. Ratner V., Zabanov S., Kolesnikova O., and Vasil'eva S. Induction of the mobile genetic element Dm412 transpositions in the Drosophila genome by heat shock treatment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1992) 5650-5654
99. Ray C. The application of Bergmann's and Allen's rules to the poikilotherms. J. Morphol. 106 (1960) 85-108
100. Rice W.R., and Hostert E.E. Laboratory experiments on speciation: What have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution 47 (1993) 1637-1652
101. Rodriguez J.R., Gonzalez O.F., Nodarze J.F., Fidalgo L.M., and Dujardin J.P. Morphometric changes of Triatoma flavida Neiva, 1911 (Hemiptera: Triatominae) in the transition from sylvatic to laboratory conditions. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S.P. 49 (2007) 127-130
102. Rogers A., and Harpending H.C. Population structure and quantitative characters. Genetics 105 (1983) 985-1002
103. Rohlf F.J. Rotational fit (Procrustes) methods. In: Rohlf F., and Bookstein F. (Eds). Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Special Publiation Number 2 (1990), The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI pp. 227-236, 380
104. Rohlf F.J., and Marcus L.F. A revolution in morphometrics. TREE 8 4 (1993) 129-132
105. Rutherford S.L., and Lindquist S. Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature 396 (1998) 336-342
106. Salvatella R., Casini C., Panzera F., Pereira J., Mazzella M.C., Pereira A., Basmadjián Y., Martínez M., and Scvortzoff E. Description of a new chromatomorph of Triatoma infestans (Klug) and its genetic characteristics. Parasitol. al día 16 (1992) 35-39
107. Scharloo W. Canalization: genetic and developmental aspects. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22 (1991) 65-93
108. Schofield C.J. Biosystematics of the Triatominae. Biosystematic of Haematophagous Insects, vol. 37 (1988), MW Service Systematics Assoc. Clarendon Press, Oxford pp. 284-312
109. Schofield C.J., Apt W., Sagua H., Panzera F., and Dujardin J.P. Alary polymorphism in Triatoma spinolai and its possible relationship with demographic strategy. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12 (1998) 30-38
110. Shrimpton A., and Robertson A. The isolation of polygenic factors controlling bristle score in Drosophila melanogaster: I. Allocation of third chromosome bristle effects to chromosome sections. Genetics 118 (1988) 437-443
111. Sollars V., Lu X., Xiao L., Wang X., Garfinkel M., and Ruden D.M. Evidence for an epigenetic mechanism by which Hsp90 acts as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nat. Genet. 33 (2002) 70-74
112. Spitze K. Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. Genetics 135 (1993) 367-374
113. Suzuki Y., and Nijhout H.F. Evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. Science 311 (2006) 650-652
114. Tartof K., Bishop C., Jones M., Hobbs C., and Locke J. Towards an understanding of position effect variegation. Dev. Genet. 10 (1989) 162-176
115. Tartof K., and Bremer M. Mechanisms for the construction and developmental control of heterochromatin formation and imprinted chromosome domains. Dev. Suppl. (1990) 35-45
116. Usinger R.L. The Triatominae of North and Central America and the West Indies and their public health significance, vol. 288 (1944), US Public Health Bulletin 83 pp.
117. Usinger R.L., Wygodzinsky P., and Ryckman R.E. The biosystematics of Triatominae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 11 (1966) 309-330
118. Vanvoorhies W. Bergmann size clines-a simple explanation for their occurrence in ectotherms. Evolution 50 (1996) 1259-1264
119. Villegas J., Feliciangeli M., and Dujardin J. Wing shape divergence between Rhodnius prolixus from Cojedes (Venezuela) and R. robustus from Mérida (Venezuela). IGE 2 (2002) 121-128
120. Villela M.M., Catalá S.S., Jurberg J., Silva I.G., and Dias J.C.P. Patterns of antennal sensilla of Panstrongylus megistus from three Brazilian states. Mem. Inst. O. Cruz 100 (2005) 699-702
121. Waddington C.H. Genetic assimilation for an acquired character. Evolution 7 (1953) 118-126
122. Waddington C.H. Genetic assimilation of the bithorax phenotype. Evolution 10 (1956) 1-13
123. West-Eberhard M. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution (2003), Oxford University Press 794 pp.
124. Whitlock M.C. Neutral additive variance in a metapopulation. Genet. Res. 74 (1999) 215-221
125. Workman M.S., Leamy L.J., Routman E.J., and Cheverud J.M. Analysis of quantitative trait locus effects on the size and shape of mandibular molars in mice. Genetics 160 (2002) 1573-1586
126. Zeledon R. El Triatoma dimidiata y su relacion con la enfermedad de Chagas (1981), Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia (EUNED), San Jose, Costa Rica