Growth and puberty in children with HIV infection

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 85-90

  Majaliwa, Esma S ^a,b   Mohn, A ^a   Chiarelli, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^b MUHIMBILI NATIONAL HOSPITAL   (Tanzania)

Author keywords

Growth; Growth hormone; HIV; Puberty

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DEXTRO ALANINE PEPTIDE THREONINE AMIDE; FATTY ACID; FOLLITROPIN; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 120; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; RECOMBINANT GLYCOPROTEIN GP 120; RECOMBINANT SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 3; SOMATOMEDIN C; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR;

CHILD CARE; CHILD GROWTH; CLINICAL FEATURE; DELAYED PUBERTY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; FAILURE TO THRIVE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GROWTH DISORDER; GROWTH HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; GROWTH REGULATION; GROWTH RETARDATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOATROPHY; PERINATAL INFECTION; PROTEIN MALNUTRITION; PUBERTY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; TESTIS DISEASE; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 64549086332     PISSN: 03914097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03345686     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update: special report on HIV/AIDS: December 2006, www.unaids.org/en/HIV⊣ta/epi2006/default.asp (last accessed on interent on October 2, 2007).
2. UNAIDS - Report on the global AIDS epidemic Geneva, December 2004, UNAIDS/WHO-AIDS epidemic update. UNAIDS 44 E -WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/2000.9. Geneva, UNAIDS, December (2004). www.who.int/hiv/epi-update2005_en.pdf (Last accessed on internet on October 2, 2007).
3. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 1999, 354: 795-802.
4. Dabis F, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 6-month efficacy, tolerance, and acceptability of a short regimen of oral zidovudine to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in breastfed children in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. DITRAME Study Group Diminution de la transmission Mere-enfant. Lancet 1999, 353: 786-92.
5. Wiktor SZ, Ekpini E, Karon JM, et al. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999, 353: 781-5.
6. Polo R, José GM, Martínez E, et al. Recommendation of the study group for metabolic alterations/Secretariat for the national AIDS plan (GEAM/SPNS) on the management of metabolic and morphologic alteration in patients with HIV infection. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006, 24: 96-117.
7. Hirschfield S. Use of human recombinant growth hormone and human recombinant insulin like growth factor-I in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Horm Res 1996, 46: 215-21.
8. Henderson RA, Miotti PG, Saavedra JM, et al. Longitudinal growth during the first 2 years of life in children born to HIV-infected mothers in Malawi, Africa. Pediatr AIDS HIV Infect 1996, 7: 91-7.
9. Bobat R, Coovadia H, Moodley D, Coutsoudis A, Gouws E. Growth in early childhood in a cohort of children born to HIV-1 -infected women from Durban, South Africa. Ann Trop Pediatr 2001, 21: 203-10.
10. Bailey RC, Kamenga MC, Nsuami MJ, Nieburg P, St Louis ME. Growth of children according to maternal and child HIV, immunological and disease characteristics: a prospective cohort study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Int J Epidemiol 1999, 28: 532-40.
11. Bulterys M, Chao A, Munyemana S, et al. Maternal human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection and intrauterine growth: a prospective cohort study in Butare, Rwanda. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994, 354: 94-100.
12. Nair P, Alger L, Hines S, Seiden S, Hebel R, Johnson JP. Maternal and neonatal characteristics associated with HIV infection in infants of seropositive women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993, 6: 298-302.
13. Semprini AE, Ravizza M, Bucceri A, Vucetich, A, Pardi G. Perinatal outcome in HIV-infected pregnant women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990, 30: 15-8.
14. Bhushan V, Bamji M, Matheson P. Diminished head circumference in perinatal HIV-1 infection. The New York City Perinatal HIV-Transmission Study. The program for International conference of AIDS New York, 1993, p. 307 (abstract).
15. Lepage P, Msellati P, Hitimana DG, et al. Growth of human immunodeficiency type 1-infected and uninfected children: a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda, 1988 to 1993. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996, 15: 479-85.
16. Chantry CJ, Frederick MM, Meyer WA 3rd, et al. Endocrine abnormalities and impaired growth in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26: 53-60.
17. Villamor E, Fataki MR, Bosch RJ, Mbise RL, Fawzi WW. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, diarrheal disease and sociodemographic predictors of child growth. Acta Paediatr 2004, 93: 372-9.
18. Gabiano C, Tovo PA, de Martino M, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk of infection and correlates of transmission. Pediatrics 1992, 90: 369-74.
19. Tovo PA, cle Martino M, Gabiano C, et al. Mode of delivery, gestation age influence perinatal HIV-1 transmission. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children. J Aquir immune Defic Syndr Retrovir 1996, 11: 88-94.
20. Ott M, Lembcke B, Fischer H, et al. Early changes of body composition in human immunodeficiency virus-infected E583 patients: tetrapolar body impedance analysis indicates significant malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57: 15-9.
21. Sundar SK, Cierpial MA, Kamaraju LS, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein (gp120) infused into rat brain induces interleukin 1 to elevate pituitary-adrenal activity and decrease peripheral cellular immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991, 88: 11246-50.
22. Peisen JN, McDonnell KJ, Mulroney SE, Lumpkin MD. Endotoxin-induced suppression of the somatotropic axis is mediated by interleukin-1 beta and corticotropin-releasing factor in the juvenile rat. Endocrinology 1995, 136: 3378-90.
23. Brenneman DE, Westbrook GL, Fitzgerald SP, et al. Neuronal cell killing by the envelope protein of HIV and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Nature 1988, 355: 639-42.
24. Macallan DC, McNurlan MA, Milne E, Calder AG, Garlick PJ, Griffin GE. Whole-body protein turnover from leucine kinetics and the response to nutrition in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 61: 818-26.
25. St Louis ME, Pau CP, Nsuami M, et al. Lack of association between Anti-V3 loop antibody and perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Kinshasa, Zaire, despite use of assays based on local HIV-1 strains. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994, 7: 63-7.
26. Stein TP, Nutinsky C, Condoluci D, Schluter MD, Leskiw MJ. Protein and energy substrate metabolism in AIDS patients. Metabolism 1990, 39: 876-81.
27. Ratner Kaufman F, Gertner JM, Sleeper LA, Donfield SM. Growth hormone secretion in HIV positive versus HIV-negative haemophilic males with abnormal growth and pubertal development. The Hemophilia Growth and Development Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Synd Hum Retrovirol 1997, 15: 137-44.
28. Jospe N, Powell KR. Growth hormone deficiency in an 8-year-old girl with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 1990, 86: 309-12.
29. Lepage P, Van de Perre P, Van Vliet G, et al. Clinical and endocrinologic manifestations in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children aged 5 years or older. Am J Dis Child 1991, 145: 1248-51.
30. Laue L, Pizzo PA, Butler K, Cutler GB Jr. Growth and neuroendocrine dysfunction in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Pediatr 1990, 117: 541-5.
31. Public Health Services Task Force Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women infected with HIV-1 for maternal health and for reducing perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998, 47: 1-30.
32. Krentz AJ, Koster FT, Crist DM, et al. Anthropometric, metabolic, and immunological effects of recombinant human growth hormone in AIDS and AIDS-related complex. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993, 6: 245-51.
33. Schwartz LJ, St Louis Y, Wu R, Wiznia A, Rubinstein A, Saenger P. Endocrine function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Dis Childh 1991, 145: 330-3.
34. Panamonta O, Kosalaraksa P, Thinkhamrop B, Kirdpon W, Ingchanin C, Lumbiganon P. Endocrine function in Thai children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004, 17: 33-40.
35. Watson DC, Counts DR. Growth hormone deficiency in HIV-infected children following successful treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Pediatr 2004, 145: 549-51.
36. Grinspoon SK, Bilezikian JP. HIV disease, the endocrine system. N Engl J Med 1992, 327: 1360-5.
37. Geffner ME, Yeh DY, Landaw EM, et al. In vitro insulin-like growth factord, growth hormone, and insulin resistance occurs in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 -infected children. Pediatr Res 1993, 34: 66-72.
38. Frost RA, Nachman SA, Lang CH, Gelato MC. Proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive children who fail to thrive. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81: 2957-62.
39. Dreyer EB, Kaiser PK, Offermann JT, Lipton SA. HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists. Science 1990, 248: 364-7.
40. Buzy J, Brenneman DE, Siegal FP, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively impaired patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome shows gp120-like neuronal killing in vitro. Am J Med 1989, 87: 361-2.
41. Hill JM, Mervis RF, Avidor R, Moody TW, Brenneman DE. HIV envelope protein-induced neuronal damage and retardation of behavioral development in rat neonates. Brain Res 1993, 603: 222-33.
42. Pert CB, Hill JM, Ruff MR, et al. Octapeptides deduced from the neuropeptide receptor-like pattern of antigen T4 in brain potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus receptor binding and T-cell infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986, 83: 9254-8.
43. Lumpkin SD, Lumpkin MD, Mulroney SE, et al. HIV gp120 inhibits the somatotropic axis: a possible GH-releasing hormone receptor mechanism for the pathogenesis of AIDS wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95: 1927-32.
44. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 1998, 12: F51-8.
45. Hadigan C, Meigs JB, Wilson PWF, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease in HIV-infected patients with fat redistribution. Clin Inf Dis 2003, 36: 909-16.
46. Rietschel P, Hadigan C, Corcoran C, et al. Assessment of growth hormone dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86: 504-10.
47. Périard D, Telenti A, Sudre P, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Circulation 1999, 100: 700-5.
48. Walli RK, Herfort O, Michl GM, et al. Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1 infected patients. AIDS 1998, 12: F167-73.
49. Saint-Marc T, Partisani M, Poizot-Martin I, et al. A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy. AIDS 1999, 13: 1659-67.
50. Clasey JL, Weltman A, Patrie J, et al. Abdominal visceral fat and fasting insulin are important predictors of 24-hour GH release independent of age, gender, and other physiological factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86: 3845-52.
51. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 1998, 12: F51-8.
52. Hadigan C, Corcoran C, Stanley T, Piecuch S, Klibanski A, Grinspoon S. Fasting hyperinsulinemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: relationship to body composition, gonadal function, and protease inhibitor use. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85: 35-41.
53. Rondanelli M, Caselli D, Aricò M, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein 3 response to growth hormone is impaired in HIV-infected children. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002, 18: 331-9.
54. Rietschel P, Hadigan C, Corcoran C, et al. Assessment of growth hormone dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86: 504-10.
55. Jaquet D, Lévine M, Ortega-Rodriguez E, et al. Clinical and metabolic presentation of the lipodystrophic syndrome in HIV-infected children. AIDS 2000, 14: 2123-8.
56. Melvin AJ, Lennon S, Mohan KM, Purnell JQ. Metabolic abnormalities in HIV type 1-infected children treated and not treated with protease inhibitors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001, 17: 1117-23.
57. +-lymphocyte percentage at baseline and use of protease inhibitors and stavudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001, 27: 30-4.
58. Wedekind CA, Pugatch D. Lipodystrophy syndrome in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pharmacotherapy 2001, 21: 861-6.
59. Brambilla P, Bricalli D, Sala N, et al. Highly active antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected children show fat distribution changes even in absence of lipodystrophy. AIDS 2001, 15: 2415-22.
60. Cheseaux JJ, Jotterand V, Aebi C, et al. Hyperlipidemia in HIV-infected children treated with protease inhibitors: relevance for cardiovascular diseases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002, 30: 288-93.
61. European Paediatric Lipodystrophy Group. Antiretroviral therapy, fat redistribution and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected children in Europe. AIDS 2004, 18: 1443-51.
62. Viganò A, Mora S, Testolin C, et al. Increased lipodystrophy is associated with increased exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003, 32: 482-9.
63. Lo JC, Mulligan K, Noor MA, et al. The effects of recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and glucose metabolism in HIV-infected patients with fat accumulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86: 3480-7.
64. Engelson ES, Glesby MJ, Mendez D, et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of visceral fat accumulation in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002, 30: 379-91.
65. Kotler DP, Muurahainen N, Grunfeld C, et al; Serostim in Adipose Redistribution Syndrome Study group. Effects of growth hormone on abnormal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004, 35: 239-52.
66. Geffner ME, Bersch N, Bailey RC, Golde DW. Insulin-like growth factor-I resistance in immortalized T-cell lines from African Efe Pygmies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80: 3732-8.
67. Cortez AB, Van Dop C, Bailey RC, et al. IGF-I resistance in virus-transformed B-lymphocytes from African Efe Pygmies. Biochem Mol Med 1996, 58: 31-6.
68. Binoux M. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs): physiological and clinical implications. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996, 9 (Suppl 3): 285-8.
69. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998, 338: 853-60.
70. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 1998, 12: F51-8.
71. Noor MA, Lo JC, Mulligan K, et al. Metabolic effects of indinavir in healthy HIV-seronegative men. AIDS 2001, 15: F11-8.
72. Behrens G, Dejam A, Schmidt H, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance, beta cell function and lipid metabolism in HIV patients undertreatment with protease inhibitors. AIDS 1999, 13: F63-70.
73. Miller KK, Daly PA, Sentochnik D, et al. Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27: 68-72.
74. Hengel RL, Watts NB, Lennox JL. Benign symmetric lipomatosis associated with protease inhibitors. Lancet 1997, 350: 1596.
75. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Ho KK, Waters MJ, Johnson ML, Lizarralde G. Dual defects in pulsatile growth hormone secretion and clearance subserve the hyposomatotropism of obesity in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72: 51-9.
76. Koutkia P, Meininger G, Canavan B, Breu J, Grinspoon S. Metabolic regulation of growth hormone by free fatty acids, somatostatin, and ghrelin in HIV-lipodystrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004, 286: E296-303.
77. Hadigan C, Borgonha S, Rabe J, Young V, Grinspoon S. Increased rates of lipolysis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Metabolism 2002, 51: 1143-7.
78. Hadigan C, Rabe J, Meininger G, Aliabadi N, Breu J, Grinspoon S. Inhibition of lipolysis improves insulin sensitivity in protease inhibitor-treated HIV-infected men with fat redistribution. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77: 490-4.
79. Veldhuis JD, Liem AY, South S, et al. Differential impact of age, sex steroid hormones, and obesity on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in men as assessed in an ultra sensitive chemiluminescence assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80: 3209-22.
80. Ghigo E, Procopio M, Boffano GM, et al. Arginine potentiates but does not restore the blunted growth hormone response to growth-hormone releasing hormone in obesity. Metabolism 1992, 41: 560-3.
81. Maccario M, Procopio M, Loche S, et al. Interaction of free fatty acids and arginine on growth hormone secretion in man. Metabolism 1994, 43: 223-6.
82. Tovo PA, de Martino M, Gabiano C, et al. Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. The Italian Register for HIV Infections in Children. Lancet 1992, 339: 1249-53.
83. Davies SC, Wass JA, Ross RJ, et al. The induction of a specific protease for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the circulation during severe illness. J Endocrinol 1991, 130: 469-73.
84. Davenport ML, Isley WL, Pucilowska JB, et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 proteolysis is induced after elective surgery. J Clin Enocrinol Metab 1992, 75: 590-5.
85. Kotler DP, Grunfeld C. Pathophysiology and treatment of the AIDS wasting syndrome. AIDS Clin Rev 1995-1996: 229-75.
86. Weinroth SE, Parenti DM, Simon GL. Wasting syndrome in AIDS: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Infect Agents Dis 1995, 4: 76-94.
87. Viganò A, Mora S, Manzoni P, et al. Effects of recombinant growth hormone on visceral fat accumulation: pilot study in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90: 4075-80.
88. Chiarelli F, Verrotti A, Galli L, Basciani F, de Martino M. Endocrine dysfunction in children with HIV-1 infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 12: 17-26.
89. Laudat A, Blum L, Guéchot J, et al. Changes in systemic gonadal adrenal steroids in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: relationship with the CD4 cell counts. Eur J Endocrinol 1995, 133: 418-24.
90. Thissen J-P, Ketelslegers J-M. Endocrine response to undernutrition: From the experimental model to human physiology. In: Prader A, Rappaport R, eds. Clinical issues in growth disorders: evaluation, diagnosis and therapy. London: Freund Publishing House Ltd. 1994, 131-50.
91. Mahoney EM, Donfield SM, Howard C, Kaufman F, GertnerJM. HIV-associated immune dysfunction and delayed pubertal development in a cohort of young haemophiliacs. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999, 21: 333-7.
92. Honour JW, Schneider MA, Miller RF. Low adrenal androgens in men with HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency virus syndrome. Horm Res 1995, 44: 35-9.
93. Poretsky L, Can S, Zumoff B. Testicular dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. Metabolism 1995, 44: 946-53.
94. Ferreiro J, Vinters HV. Pathology of the pituitary gland in patients with acquired immune deficiency virus syndrome (AIDS). Pathology 1988, 20: 211-5.
95. Christeff N, Lortholary O, Casassus P, et al. Relationship between sex steroid hormone levels and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV infected men. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996, 104: 130-6.
96. Buchacz K, Rogol AD, Lindsey JC, et al; Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219 Study Team. Delayed onset of pubertal development in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003, 33: 56-65.