Advances in hepatitis B and C

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 449-459

  Thomson, Emma C ^a   Main, Janice ^a  

^a ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Treatment

Indexed keywords

3 [2 [(2 TERT BUTYLPHENYLAMINOOXALYL)AMINO]PROPIONYLAMINO] 4 OXO 5 (2,3,5,6 TETRAFLUOROPHENOXY)PENTANOIC ACID; ADEFOVIR; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; AMANTADINE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 LEIDEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CILUPREVIR; ENZYME INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERFERON; KETOPROFEN; LAMIVUDINE; LEVOVIRIN; MERIMEPODIB; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PEGINTERFERON; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; RIBAVIRIN; RIBAVIRIN DERIVATIVE; RNA POLYMERASE; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; TENOFOVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALOPICITABINE; VIRAMINIDINE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BODY MASS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CHEMOTHERAPY; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; COMORBIDITY; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; DEPRESSION; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GENDER; GENE MUTATION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HEPATITIS G VIRUS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MONOTHERAPY; NEUTROPENIA; PATIENT SELECTION; PHLEBOTOMY; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; SUPERINFECTION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS MUTATION; VIRUS RESISTANCE;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 6444227379     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200410000-00010     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Lee W. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1733-1745.
2. Brown RS, Gaglio PJ. Scope of worldwide hepatitis C problem. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:S10-S13.
3. Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:992-1000.
4. Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung N, et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:1714-1722. A study on the long-term tolerablilty and safety of lamivudine therapy.
5. Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL, et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1256-1263.
6. Liaw YF. Results of lamivudine trials in Asia. J Hepatol 2003; 39:S111-S115.
7. Dienstag JL, Goldin RD, Heathcote EJ, et al. Histological outcome during during long-term lamivudine therapy. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:105-117. A study looking at the liver-biopsy histology of patients treated with lamivudine.
8. Liaw Y. Management of YMDD mutations during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:S333-S337.
9. Wong VW, Chan HL, Wong ML et al. Clinical course after stopping lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine-resistant mutants. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19:323-329. A study looking at the impact of stopping lamivudine therapy in patients who have resistant virus.
10. Lin CL, Liao LY, Wang CS, et al. Evolution of hepatitis B virus precore/basal core promoter gene in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients receiving lamivudine therapy. Liver Int 2004; 24:9-15. A longitudinal study of emergence of precore/basal core promoter mutations in patients treated with lamivudine.
11. Niro GA, Santantonio T, Fontana R, et al. Re-treatment of patients with anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B who relapsed after an initial course of lamivudine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18:933-940. A study examining retreatment of patients previously treated with lamivudine who have subsequently relapsed.
12. Dienstag JL, Cianciara J, Karayalcin S, et al. Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2003; 37:748-755. A study looking into the long-term effect of lamivudine treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B infection who have had an initial HBeAg seroconversion response.
13. Van Zonneveld M, Honkoop P, Hansen BE, et al. Long-term follow-up of alpha-interferon treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2004; 39:804-810. An important study looking at the long-term impact of treatment in HBV infection.
14. Cooksley WG, Piratvisuth T, Lee SD, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:298-305. A key study looking into the impact of using PEG-IFN in patients with chronic (eAg-positive) hepatitis B infection.
15. Lampertico P, Del Ninno E, Vigano M, et al. Long-term suppression of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B by 24-month interferon therapy. Hepatology 2003; 37:756-763. A study targeting the more challenging eAg-negative chronic hepatitis patient group with interferon therapy.
16. Yalcin K, Degertekin H, Yildiz F, Celik Y. Comparison of 12-month courses of interferon-alpha-2b-lamivudine combination therapy and interferon-alpha-2b monotherapy among patients with untreated chronic hepatitis B. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1516-1522. An investigation into the value of using prolonged combination therapy compared with monotherapy in patients with chronic HBV.
17. Jaboli MF, Fabbri C, Liva S, et al. Long-term alpha interferon and lamivudine combination therapy in non-responder patients with anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B: results of an open, controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1491-1495. A study investigating the impact of prolonged interferon and lamivudine combination therapy in non-responder patients.
18. Schiff ER. Treatment algorithims for hepatitis B and C. Gut 1993; 34:S148-S149.
19. Hoofnagle JH, DiBisceglie AM. The treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:347-356.
20. Brook MG, Karayiannis P, Thomas HC. Which patients with chronic hepatitis B infection will respond to alpha interferon therapy? A statistical analysis of predictive factors. Hepatology 1989; 10:761-763.
21. Ito K, Tanaka Y, Orito E, et al. Predicting relapse after cessation of Lamivudine monotherapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:490-495. A study examining factors predictive of relapse of HBV infection post lamivudine therapy.
22. Lee HC, Sun DJ, Ryu SH, et al. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for serum hepatitis B virus DNA as a predictive factor for post-treatment relapse after lamivudine induced hepatitis B e antigen loss or seroconversion. Gut 2003; 52:1779-1783. Another study looking at prediction of post-treatment relapse as well as the value of prolonging lamivudine therapy.
23. Chan HL, Wong ML, Hui AY, et al. Use of hepatitis B virus DNA quantitation to predict hepatitis B e antigen reversion in cases of chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:4793-4795. A study of HBV DNA levels in relation to risk of HBeAg reversion.
24. Ide T, Kumashiro R, Koga Y, et al. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2048-2051. A study of HBV DNA levels measured by real-time PCR and relation to emergence of YMDD mutations.
25. Yuen MF, Wong DK, Sablon E, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C do not affect the antiviral response to lamivudine. Antivir Ther 2003; 8:531-534. A study of the effect of viral genotypes B and C on lamivudine response and development of YMDD mutation.
26. Chan HL, Wong ML, Hui AY, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype has no impact on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2695-2697. A prospective comparison of HBV genotypes B and C and response to treatment.
27. Zollner B, Petersen J, Puchhammer-Stockl E, et al. Viral features of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B genotypes A and D. Hepatology 2004; 39:42-50. A comparison of resistance mutations in HBV genotype A and D infections.
28. Westland C, Delaney W 4th, Yang H, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefovir dipivoxil 1. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:107-116. A large study looking at the impact of genotype on the response to adefovir therapy.
29. Kao JH, Wu NH, Chen PJ, et al. Hepatitis B genotypes and the response to interferon therapy. J Hepatol 2000; 33:998-1002. A study of the impact of HBV genotype on the response to interferon treatment.
30. Zhang X, Zoulim F, Harbersetzer F, et al. Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes and pre-core region variability during interferon treatment of HBe antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 1996; 48:8-16.
31. Liu ZW, Han QY, Zhang N, Kang W. Sequential changes of serum ferritin levels and their clinical significance in lamivudjne-treated patients with chronic viral hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:972-976.
32. Myers RP, Tainturier MH, Ratziu V, et al. Prediction of liver histological lesions with biochemical markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2003; 39:222-230. A study designed to correlate biochemical markers with liver histology in order to predict disease progression.
33. Schiff ER, Dienstag JL, Karayalcin S et al. International Lamivudine Investigator Group. Lamivudine and 24 weeks of lamivudine/interferon combination therapy for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B in interferon nonresponders. J Hepatol 2003; 38:818-826. A study investigating the impact of combined lamivudine and interferon in interferon non-responders.
34. Peters MG, Hann Hw H, Martin P, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:91-101. A study looking at the impact of adefovir treatment in patients infected with lamivudine-resistant HBV.
35. Westland CE, Yang H, Delaney WE 4th, et al. 437 and 438 Study Teams. Week 48 resistance surveillance in two phase 3 clinical studies of adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2003; 38:96-103. An ongoing trial looking at the impact of adefovir treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
36. Kuo A, Dienstag JL, Chung RT. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2:266-272. A small trial looking at efficacy of tenofovir on HBV in HIV-negative individuals.
37. Dore GJ, Cooper DA, Pozniak AL, et al. 903 Study Team; 907 Study Team. Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral therapy-naive and -experienced patients coinfected with HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:1185-1192. A study on the impact of tenofovir on HBV in HIV-co-infected patients.
38. Tassopoulos N, Hadziyannis S, Cianciara, J, et al. Entecavir is effective in treating patients with chronic hepatitis B who have failed lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2001; 34:340A.
39. Marcellin P, Sereni D, Sacks S, et al. Anti-HBV activity and tolerability of clevudine, a novel nucleoside analogue: initial results of a phase I/II 28-day study. Hepatology 2001; 34:320A.36.
40. Bryant ML, Bridges EG, Placidi L, et al. Antiviral L-nucleosides specific for hepatitis B virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:229-235.
41. Lai CL, Myers MW, Pow DM, et al. Safe and potent suppression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with L-deoxythymidine (LDT): results of a dose-escalation trial. Hepatology 2001; 34:321A.
42. Idilman R, Arat M, Soydan E, et al. Lamivudine prophylaxis for prevention of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B virus carriers with malignancies. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:141-147. A comparison of using lamivudine prophylaxis versus no treatment in HBV carriers undergoing chemotherapy.
43. Yeo W, Chan PK, Ho WM, et al. Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B s-antigen seropositive cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:927-934. A comparison of lamivudine-treated HBV carriers undergoing chemotherapy and historical controls who did not receive prophylaxis.
44. Lau GK, Yiu HH, Fong DY, et al. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:1742-1749. A randomized comparison of lamivudine prophylaxis versus therapy after seroconversion in lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy.
45. Simpson ND, Simpson PW, Ahmed AM, et al. Prophylaxis against chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection with Lamivudine. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 37:68-71. A small study looking at efficacy of lamivudine treatment in patients who have developed HBV reactivation following chemotherapy.
46. Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Kaneko J, et al. Living donor liver transplantation for hepatitis B cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:1181-1184.
47. Albeniz Arbizu E, Barcena Marugan R, Oton Nieto E, et al. Use of combined treatment of hepatitis B immune globulin and lamivudine as prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence in liver allograft. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:1844-1845.
48. Dumortier J, Chevallier P, Scoazec JY, et al. Combined lamivudine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin for the prevention of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation: long-term results. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:999-1002.
49. Buti M, Mas A, Prieto M, et al. A randomized study comparing lamivudine monotherapy after a short course of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) and lamivudine with long-term lamivudine plus HBIg in the prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2003; 38:811-817. A small study comparing the use of long-term lamivudine monotherapy (after initial combined therapy) with long-term combined immunoglobulin and lamivudine therapy in HBV-infected transplant patients.
50. Faust D, Rabenau HF, Allwinn R, et al. Cost-effective and safe ambulatory long-term immunoprophylaxis with intramuscular instead of intravenous hepatitis B immunoglobulin to prevent reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2003; 17:254-258. A study into the efficacy of intramuscular versus intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent HBV reinfection after liver transplantation.
51. Haydon GH, Mutimer DJ. Hepatitis B and C virus infections in the immune compromised. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16:473-479. A comprehensive review of the impact of immunocompromise in patients infected with hepatitis B and C.
52. Van Zonneveld M, Van Nunen AB, Niesters HG, et al. Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:294-297. A trial of prophylactic lamivudine therapy in hepatitis B-infected mothers to prevent vertical transmission.
53. Manolakopoulos S, Karatapanis S, Elefsiniotis J, et al. Clinical course of lamivudine monotherapy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis due to HBeAg negative chronic HBV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:57-63. A study of lamivudine monotherapy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and chronic (HBeAg-negative) hepatitis B.
54. Schmilovitz-Weiss H, Melzer E, Tur-Kaspa R, Ben-Ari Z. Excellent outcome of Lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic renal failure and hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 37:64-67. A study looking at the impact and tolarablilty of lamividine in patients with chronic renal failure.
55. Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1452-1457.
56. Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:80-88. A study of individuals with acute hepatitis C looking at the rate of spontaneous clearance and the difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
57. Nomura H, Sou S, Tanimoto H, et al. Short-term interferon-alfa therapy for acute hepatitis C: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2004; 39:1213-1219. A small study looking at the impact of reduced duration of interferon therapy in patients infected acutely with HCV.
58. Watanabe H, Saito T, Shinzawa H, et al. Spontaneous elimination of serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in chronic HCV carriers: a population-based cohort study. J Med Virol 2003; 71:56-61. A longitudinal study looking at rates of clearance of HCV in chronic carriers.
59. Fried MW, Schiffman ML, Reddy KR, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:975-982.
60. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 358:958-965.
61. Shiftman ML, Di Bisceglie AM, Lindsay KL, et al. Hepatitis C antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis trial group. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who have failed prior treatment. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1015-1023; discussion 947. A large trial investigating the benefit of using combination PEG-IFN and ribavirin therapy in previous interferon-based non-responder patients.
62. Boucher EJ, Jacquelinet S, Canva V, et al. High rate of long-term virological response after a 1-year course of interferon +/- ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C relapsers. Results of a 191 patients randomized trial. Liver Int 2003; 23:255-261. A trial of prolonged conventional interferon therapy in relapsed patients.
63. August-Jorg BS, Borovicka J, Dufour JF, et al. Swiss Association for the Study of the Liver. Twenty-four vs. forty-eight weeks of re-therapy with interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin in interferon alpha monotherapy relapsers with chronic hepatitis C. Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133:455-460. A study investigating the impact of prolonging conventional interferon combination therapy in those who have relapsed on interferon monotherapy.
64. Steindl-Munda P, Ferenci P, Brunner H, et al. Austrian Hepatitis Study Group. Impact of high-dose interferon induction and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C relapsing after or not responding to interferon monotherapy. Liver Int 2003; 23:269-275. A study looking at the impact of high-dose induction therapy in interferon monotherapy relapser and non-responder patients.
65. Moskovitz DN, Manoharan P, Heathcote EJ. High dose consensus interferon in nonresponders to interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin with chronic hepatitis C. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17:479-482. A small study looking at retreatment of non-responders to combination therapy.
66. Poynard T, Marcellin P, Bissery A, et al. GER-CYT-RIBANON group. Reinforced interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin is more effective than standard combination therapy in the retreatment of chronic hepatitis C previously nonresponsive to interferon: a randomized trial. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:197-204. A study looking at the use of high-dose and prolonged conventional interferon and ribavirin combination in interferon monotherapy non-responders.
67. Fargion S, Bruno S, Borzio M, et al. Sustained response to combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed to respond to interferon. J Hepatol 2003; 38:499-505. A study looking at retreatment of non-responders with conventional interferon and ribavirin.
68. Tassopoulos NC, Tsantoulas D, Raptopoulou M, et al. A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of interferon alpha in combination with ribavirin in the treatment of interferon alpha nonresponders with chronic hepatitis C: superior efficacy of high daily dosage of interferon alpha in genotype 1. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:189-196. A study looking at non-responder patients investigating the value of re-treatment with high daily dosing of interferon.
69. Hoofnagle JH, Ghany MG, Kleiner DE, et al. Maintenance therapy with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who fail to respond to combination therapy with interferon alfa and ribavirin. Hepatology 2003; 38:66-74. A study looking into the value of prolonging ribavirin therapy in combination non-reponder patients.
70. Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR, et al. PEGASYS International Study Group. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:346-355. This key paper showed that higher-dose and 48-week treatment was superior in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection whereas 24-week treatment was sufficient in those with type 2 or 3 infection.
71. Arase Y, Suzuki F, Tsubota A, et al. Sustained negativity for HCV-RNA over 24 or more months by long-term interferon therapy correlates with eradication of HCV in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1b and high viral load. Intervirology 2004; 47:19-25. A study looking at prolonged treatment of patients of varying genotype with conventional interferon.
72. Formann E, Jessner W, Bennett L, Ferenci P. Twice-weekly administration of peginterferon-alpha-2b improves viral kinetics in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:271-276. A study looking at the value of increased dosing of PEG-IFN-α-2b in patients with varying genotype.
73. Perez R, Jimenez M, Crespo J, et al. Grupo Inter-Hospitalario Espanol. Comparative study of the efficacy of an induction dose of interferon-alpha2b with ribavirin compared with standard combined treatment in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:437-445. An investigation into the value of induction treatment in treatment-naive patients.
74. Van Vlierberghe H, Leroux-Roels G, Adler M, et al. Daily induction combination treatment with alpha 2b interferon and ribavirin or standard combination treatment in naive chronic hepatitis C patients. A multicentre randomized controlled trial. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:460-466. An investigation into the value of induction treatment in treatment-naive patients.
75. Kyrlagkitsis I, Portmann B, Smith H, et al. Liver histology and progression of fibrosis in individuals with chronic hepatitis C and persistently normal ALT. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:1588-1593. A study reviewing progression of fibrosis on sequential biopsy in patients with HCV and normal alanine aminotransferase levels.
76. Hui CK, Monto A, Belaye T, et al. Outcomes of interferon alpha and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients with normal serum aminotransaminases. Gut 2003; 52:1644-1648. A study comparing the results of combination therapy with interferon plus ribavirin in patients with normal alanine aminotransferase levels and those with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels.
77. Siddique I, El-Naga HA, Madda JP, et al. Sampling variability on percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38:427-432. An interesting study looking at the variability in histological appearance of two samples of liver taken at the same time.
78. Sud A, Hui JM, Farrell GC, et al. Improved prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C using measures of insulin resistance in a probability index. Hepatology 2004; 39:1239-1247.
79. Leroy V, Monier F, Bottari S, et al. Circulating matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 as serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: comparison with PIIINP and hyaluronic acid. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:271-279.
80. Watson MW, Jaksic A, Price P, et al. Interferon-gamma response by peripheral blood mononuclear cells to hepatitis C virus core antigen is reduced in patients with liver fibrosis. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1533-1536.
81. Zeuzem S, Heathcote EJ, Shiftman ML, et al. Twelve weeks of follow-up is sufficient for the determination of sustained virologic response in patients treated with interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2003; 39:106-111. A key longitudinal study looking at HCV RNA levels during treatment with conventional or PEG-IFN-2a and comparison with outcome.
82. Davis GL, Wong JB, McHutchison JG, et al. Early virologic response to treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38:645-652. Another key study looking at HCV RNA levels during treatment with PEG-IFN-2b and ribavirin comparing early with sustained virologic response.
83. Liu LW, Tomlinson G, Mazzulli T, et al. Early prediction of nonresponders to treatment with interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17:483-487. A study looking at early prediction of SVR in patients on treatment.
84. Ferenci P, Formann E, Gschwantler M, et al. Prospective evaluation of the 24 hour interferon (IFN) induced decline in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 load to predict sustained virologic response (SVR) to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin combination therapy with or without amantadine. J Hepatol 2004; 40:141. An interesting study looking at early prediction of SVR in HCV-infected patients on treatment.
85. Gamma C, Di Bona D, Schepis F, et al. Effect of peginterferon alfa-2a on liver histology in chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Hepatology 2004; 39:333-342. A large study comparing PEG-IFN-α-2a relative to conventional interferon and histological fibrosis as well as viral response.
86. Legrand-Abravanel F, Sandres-Saune K, Barange K, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotype 5: epidemiological characteristics and sensitivity to combination therapy with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:1397-1400. A study of 26 individuals from the Midi-Pyrenees area of France with genotype 5 infection looking at response to interferon treatment.
87. Klein MB, Lalonde RG, Suissa S. The impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on HIV progression before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33:365-372. A study of HIV/HCV co-infection.
88. Ripamonti D, Arici C, Pezzotti P, et al. Hepatitis C infection increases the risk of the modification of first highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2004; 18:334-337. A study on HIV/HCV co-infection including the impact on HIV treatment of HCV co-infection.
89. Martin-Carbonero L, Benhamou Y, Puoti M, et al. Incidence and predictors of severe liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:128-133. A large study looking at HIV/HCV co-infection investigating the incidence of liver fibrosis and risk factors for advanced disease.
90. Rosenthal E, Poiree M, Pradier C, et al. GERMIVIC Joint Study Group. Mortality due to hepatitis C-related liver disease in HIV-infected patients in France (Mortavic 2001 study). AIDS 2003; 17:1803-1809.
91. Mohsen AH, Easterbrook PJ, Taylor C, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut 2003; 52:1035-1040. A histological study looking at factors such as older age at infection, HIV status, CD4 cell count, alanine aminotransferase levels and inflammatory activity on first biopsy and fibrosis progression.
92. Brau N, Rodriguez-Torres M, Prokupek D, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV/HCV-coinfection with interferon alpha-2b+ full-course vs. 16-week delayed ribavirin. Hepatology 2004; 39:989-998. Pre-APRICOT study looking at treatment of co-infected patients.
93. Kottilil S, Jagannatha S, Lu A, et al. Changes in hepatitis C viral response after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy and control of HIV viremia in chronically co-infected individuals. HIV Clin Trials 2004; 5:25-32. A study looking at the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on HCV-co-infected patients.
94. Perez-Olmeda M, Soriano V, Asensi V, et al. The HCV/HIV Spanish Study Group. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:1083-1089. A pre-APRICOT study looking at co-infected patients receiving conventional interferon and low-dose ribavirin.
95. Torriani FJ, Ribeiro RM, Gilbert TL, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamics during HCV treatment in HCV/HIV coinfection. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1498-1507.
96. Neau D, Galperine T, Legrand E, et al. T-lymphocyte populations in hepatitis C and HIV co-infected patients treated with interferon-alfa-2a and ribavirin. HIV Med 2003; 4:120-126.
97. Perez-Olmeda M, Nunez M, Romero M, et al. Pegylated IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin as therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2003; 17:1023-1028. A small pre-APRICOT study looking at PEG-IFN/ribavirin (low dose) in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection.
98. Neau D, Trimoulet P, Winnock M, et al. ROCO Study Group. Comparison of 2 regimens that include interferon-alpha-2a plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-coinfected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1564-1571. A small trial showing that conventional interferon-α-2a and ribavirin treatment in HCV/HIV-co-infected patients appeared to have low efficacy.
99. Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:438-450. A large landmark trial comparing PEG-IFN-α-2a plus ribavirin versus conventional interferon-α-2a plus ribavirin or PEG-IFN-α-2a plus placebo in patients infected with HIV.
100. Williams CF, Klinzman D, Yamashita TE, et al. Persistent GB virus C infection and survival in HIV-infected men. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:981-990. A longitudinal study of patients with HIV co-infected with GB virus C suggesting a protective effect of co-infection.
101. Neumann UP, Berg T, Bahra M, et al. Long-term outcome of liver transplants for chronic hepatitis C: a 10-year follow-up. Transplantation 2004; 77:226-231. A study looking at the impact of HCV recurrence in HCV-positive transplant patients.
102. Machicao VI, Bonatti H, Krishna M, et al. Donor age affects fibrosis progression and graft survival after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 2004; 77:84-92. A study assessing histological progression of fibrosis in patients post-liver biopsy and comparing this with donor age.
103. Thomas RM, Brems JJ, Guzman-Hartman G, et al. Infection with chronic hepatitis C virus and liver transplantation: a role for interferon therapy before transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:905-915. Two studies investigating the value of pretreatment of selected cirrhotic patients with HCV to reduce recurrence after transplant.
104. Forns X, Garcia-Retortillo M, Serrano T, et al. Antiviral therapy of patients with decompensated cirrhosis to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2003; 39:389-396.
105. Abdelmalek MF, Firpi RJ, Soldevila-Pico C, et al. Sustained viral response to interferon and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:199-207. A review of patients treated for recurrent HCV after liver transplantation and their response to treatment.
106. Ciccorossi P, Filipponi F, Oliveri F, et al. Increasing serum levels of IgM anti-HCV are diagnostic of recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant patients with ALT flares. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:168-173. A study investigating the value of IgM levels in diagnosing hepatitis C recurrence.
107. Bressler BL, Guindi M, Tomlinson G, Heathcote J. High body mass index is an independent risk factor for nonresponse to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38:639-644. A study looking at the independent impact of high body mass index on response to antiviral treatment.
108. Serra MA, Rodriguez F, del Olmo JA, et al. Influence of age and date of infection on distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes and fibrosis stage. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:183-188. A study looking into the effects of alcohol consumption, duration of infection and older age at infection on progression of liver fibrosis.
109. Freeman AJ, Law MG, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Predicting progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:285-293. A study investigating factors associated with an increased risk of disease progression.
110. Hezode C, Lonjon I, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Impact of moderate alcohol consumption on histological activity and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C, and specific influence of steatosis: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:1031-1037. A study comparing alcohol intake and liver biopsy histology in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
111. Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Stahle L, et al. Interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C-associated renal disease and renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18:1573-1580. A small study looking at efficacy and tolerability of interferon and ribavirin in patients with renal dysfunction.
112. Gupta SK, Pittenger AL, Swan SK, et al. Single dose pharmacokinetics and safety of Pegylated Interferon 2b with patients with chronic renal dysfunction. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42:1109-1115.
113. Kamar N, Sandres-Saune K, Selves J, et al. Long-term ribavirin therapy in hepatitis C virus-positive renal transplant patients: effects on renal function and liver histology. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42:184-192.
114. Persico M, De Marino FA, Di Giacomo Russo G, et al. Prevalence and incidence of cryoglobulins in hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis patients: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:884-888. A study looking at the prevalence of cryoglobulins in patients infected with HCV.
115. Mazzaro C, Zorat F, Comar C, et al. Interferon plus ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus positive mixed cryoglobulinemia resistant to interferon. J Rheumatol 2003; 30:1775-1781. A study of combination therapy of interferon plus ribavirin in patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia who are resistant to interferon as monotherapy.
116. Rossi P, Bertani T, Baio P, et al. Hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephrrtis: long-term remission after antiviral therapy. Kidney Int 2003; 63:2236-2241. A small study of antiviral therapy with interferon-α and ribavirin in patients with HCV-related cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis.
117. Pol S, Carnot F, Nalpas B, et al. Reversibility of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:107-112.
118. Johanson FD, Balliram DB. Successful treatment of hepatitis C in a patient with advanced AIDS and decompensated cirrhosis. AIDS Read 2003; 13:494-496, 500-501.
119. Wright M, Goldin R, Hellier S, et al. Factor V Leiden polymorphism and the rate of fibrosis development in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 2003; 52:1206-1210. A study investigating the effect of the factor V Leiden polymorphism on disease progression in HCV.
120. Peffault de Latour R, Levy V, Asselah T, et al. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2004; 103:1618-1624.
121. Rossi S, Wright T, Lin CC, et al. Phase I clinical studies of levovirin - a second generation ribavirin candidate. Hepatology 2001; 34:327A.
122. Lin CC, Philips L, Xu C, Yeh LT. Pharmacokinetics and safety of viramidine, a prodrug of ribavirin, in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44:265-275.
123. Gish R, Arora S, Nelson DR, et al. Safety and efficacy of viramidine in combination with pegylated interferon alfa-2a for treatment of hepatitis C in therapy naïve patients. J Hepatol 2004; 40:1.
124. Zhou S, Liu R, Baroudy BM, et al. The effect of ribavirin and IMPDH inhibitors on hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon RNA. Virology 2003; 310:333-342.
125. Hutchison JG, Cheung R, Shiffman ML, et al. A 4 week trial of VX 497 (an IMPDH inhibitor) combined with interferon in previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001; 34:329A.
126. Marcellin P, Horsmans Y, Nevens F, et al. A phase II, placebo-controlled study of merimepodib (VX-497), in combination with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C non-responsive to previous therapy with interferon-alfa and ribavirin. J Hepatol 2004; 40:145.
127. Cornberg M, Hinrichsen H, Teuber G, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in combination with recombinant interferon alfa-2a in interferon-nonresponder patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2002; 37:843-847.
128. Cotler SJ, Morrissey MJ, Wiley TE, et al. A pilot study of the combination of cyclosporin A and interferon alfacon-1 for the treatment of hepatitis C in previous nonresponder patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36:352-355.
129. Hoglen NC, Fisher CD, Hirakawa, et al. IDN-6556, the first anti-apoptotic caspase inhibitor: Preclinical efficacy and safety. Hepatology 2003; 38:579A.
130. Schiff ER, Pockros PJ, Schiffman ML, et al. Oral IDN-6556, an anti-apoptotic caspase inhibitor, lowers aminotransferases in HCV patients. J Hepatol 2004; 40:24.
131. Hinrichsen H, Benhamou JP, Reiser M, et al. First report on the antiviral efficacy of BILN 2061, a novel HCV serine protease inhibitor, in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype-1. Hepatology 2002; 36:379A.
132. Benhamou JP, Hinrichsen H, Sentjens R, et al. Safety, tolerability and antiviral effect of BILN 2061, a novel HCV serine protease inhibitor, after oral treatment over 2 days in patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotype-1, with advanced liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2002; 36:304A.
133. Wedemeyer H, Erhardt A, Schmiegel W, et al. Safety and antiviral effect of BILN 2061, a novel HCV serine protease inhibitor, after oral treatment over 2 days in patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 1, and liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 38:297A. Two small studies looking at the efficacy and tolerability of BILN 2061 in patients with hepatitis C.
134. Godofsky E, Afdhal NH, Rustgi V, et al. First clinical results for a novel antiviral treatment for hepatitis C: a phase I/II dose escalation trial assessing tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of NM283. J Hepatol 2004; 40:35. A small study looking at the efficacy and tolerability of NM283 in patients with hepatitis C.
135. Angelico M, Cepparulo M, Angelico F, et al. The SMIEC 1 Group. A randomized controlled trial of amantadine plus interferon-alpha2a vs. interferon-alpha2a alone in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C randomized
136. Thuluvath PJ, Maheshwari A, Mehdi J, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of interferon, ribavirin, and amantadine versus interferon, ribavirin, and placebo in treatment naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2004; 53:130-135. A trial looking at triple therapy of interferon-α, ribavirin and amantadine compared with standard therapy of interferon-α and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients.
137. Yang SS, Tu TC, Wu CH, Chen DS. Combination of interferon alfa-2a and amantadine does not improve the efficacy of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50:1575-1578. A small study comparing amantadine and interferon over interferon alone in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
138. Adinolfi LE, Utili R, Tonziello A, Ruggiero G. Effects of alpha interferon induction plus ribavirin with or without amantadine in the treatment of interferon non-responsive chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Gut 2003; 52:701-705. A small study looking at the value of triple treatment in interferon-non-responders.
139. Berg T, Kronenberger B, Hinrichsen H, et al. Triple therapy with amantadine in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C: a placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2003; 37:1359-1367. A trial looking at the outcome of treatment naïve patients treated with triple amantadine/interferon/ribavirin therapy.
140. Weegink CJ, Sentjens RE, Beld MG, et al. Chronic hepatitis C patients with a post-treatment virological relapse re-treated with an induction dose of 18 MU interferon-alpha in combination with ribavirin and amantadine: a two-arm randomized pilot study. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:174-182.
141. Andreone P, Gramenzi A, Cursaro C, et al. Interferon-alpha combined with ketoprofen as treatment of naive patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized controlled trial. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10:306-309.
142. Nelson DR, Tu Z, Soldevila-Pico C, et al. Long-term interleukin 10 therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients has a proviral and anti-inflammatory effect. Hepatology 2003; 38:859-868.
143. Pockros PJ, Patel K, O'Brien C, et al. A multicenter study of recombinant human interleukin 12 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in patients nonresponsive to previous therapy. Hepatology 2003; 37:1368-1374.
144. Nevens F, Roskams T, Van Vlierberghe H, et al. A pilot study of therapeutic vaccination with envelope protein E1 in 35 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38:1289-1296.
145. Carlo C, Daniela P, Giancarlo C. Iron depletion and response to interferon in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50:1467-1471.