High energy physics in the atmosphere: Phenomenology of cosmic ray air showers

Annals of Physics

Volumn 314, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 145-207

  Anchordoqui, Luis ^a   Dova, María Teresa ^b   Mariazzi, Analisa ^b   McCauley, Thomas ^a   Paul, Thomas ^a   Reucroft, Stephen ^a   Swain, John ^a  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Cosmic rays; Extensive air showers

Indexed keywords

EID: 6444225991     PISSN: 00034916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aop.2004.07.003     Document Type: Article

References (313)

1. J. Linsley Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 1963 146
2. D.J. Bird et al. Astrophys. J. 441 1995 144
3. P. Sokolsky P. Sommers B.R. Dawson Phys. Rep. 217 1992 225
4. S. Yoshida H. Dai J. Phys. G 24 1998 905 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9802294
5. J.W. Cronin Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 1999 S165
6. M. Nagano A.A. Watson Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 2000 689
7. X. Bertou M. Boratav A. Letessier-Selvon Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 15 2000 2181 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0001516
8. A.A. Watson Phys. Rept. 333 2000 309
9. Cronin J.W. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0402487
10. A.M. Hillas Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22 1984 425
11. P.L. Biermann J. Phys. G 23 1997 1
12. P. Bhattacharjee G. Sigl Phys. Rep. 327 2000 109 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9811011
13. V.A. Kuzmin I.I. Tkachev Phys. Rep. 320 1999 199 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9903542
14. A.V. Olinto Phys. Rep. 333 2000 329 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0002006
15. L. Anchordoqui T. Paul S. Reucroft J. Swain Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 18 2003 2229 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0206072
16. G. Sigl Ann. Phys. 303 2003 117 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0210049
17. F.W. Stecker J. Phys. G 29 2003 R47 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0309027
18. Torres D.F. Anchordoqui L.A. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0402371
19. M. Nagano et al. J. Phys. G 18 1992 423
20. Bunner A.N. PhD Thesis Cornell University Ithaca NY 1964
21. Nagano M. Kobakayawa K. Sakaki N. Ando K. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0406474
22. Keilhauer B. Blumer J. Engel R. Klages H.O. Risse M. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0405048
23. J. Linsley L. Scarsi B. Rossi Phys. Rev. Lett. 6 1961 485
24. M.A. Lawrence R.J. Reid A.A. Watson J. Phys. G 17 1991 733
25. Khristiansen G.B. in: Proceedings og 19th International Cosmic Conference, La Jolla vol 9 p 487 1985
26. M.M. Winn J. Ulrichs L.S. Peak C.B. Mccusker L. Horton J. Phys. G 12 1986 653
27. N. Chiba et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 311 1992 338
28. Ohoka H. et al. (AGASA Collaboration) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 385 1997 268
29. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 240 1985 410
30. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 264 1988 87
31. T. Abu-Zayyad et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 450 2000 253
32. Abraham J. et al. (AUGER Collaboration) Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 523 2004 50
33. K.S. Capelle J.W. Cronin G. Parente E. Zas Astropart. Phys. 8 1998 321 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9801313
34. O. Catalano Nuovo Cim. C 24 2001 445
35. L. Scarsi Nuovo Cim. C 24 2001 471
36. M. Takeda et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1998 1163 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9807193
37. M. Takeda et al. Astropart. Phys. 19 2003 447 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0209422
38. K. Greisen Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 1966 748
39. G.T. Zatsepin V.A. Kuzmin JETP Lett. 4 1966 78 [Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 4 (1966) 114]
40. Abu-Zayyad T. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0208301
41. Bird D.J. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Astrophys. J. 424 1994 491
42. D. De Marco P. Blasi A.V. Olinto Astropart. Phys. 20 2003 53 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0301497
43. L.A. Anchordoqui C. Hojvat T.P. McCauley T.C. Paul S. Reucroft J.D. Swain A. Widom Phys. Rev. D 68 2003 083004 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0305158
44. Abbasi R. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0309457
45. N. Hayashida et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 1996 1000
46. Hayashida N. et al. (AGASA Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0008102
47. Abbasi R.U. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0404137
48. Abbasi R.U. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0404366
49. C.B. Finley S. Westerhoff Astropart. Phys. 21 2004 359 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0309159
50. A. Capella U. Sukhatme C.I. Tan J. Tran Thanh Van Phys. Rep. 236 1994 225
51. Predazzi E. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9809454
52. D. Cline F. Halzen J. Luthe Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 1973 491
53. S.D. Ellis M.B. Kislinger Phys. Rev. D 9 1974 2027
54. F. Halzen Nucl. Phys. B 92 1975 404
55. T.K. Gaisser F. Halzen Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 1985 1754
56. G. Pancheri C. Rubbia Nucl. Phys. A 418 1984 117C
57. G. Pancheri Y. Srivastava Phys. Lett. B 159 1985 69
58. G. Pancheri Y.N. Srivastava Phys. Lett. B 182 1986 199
59. Albajar C. et al. (UAI Collaboration) Nucl. Phys. B 309 1988 405
60. Adloff C. et al. (Hi Collaboration) Eur. Phys. J. C. 21 2001 33 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/0012053
61. G. Ingelman P.E. Schlein Phys. Lett. B 152 1985 256
62. L. Alvero J.C. Collins J. Terron J.J. Whitmore Phys. Rev. D 59 1999 074022 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9805268
63. V.N. Gribov L.N. Lipatov Yad. Fiz. 15 1972 1218
64. V.N. Gribov L.N. Lipatov Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 1972 15 675
65. V.N. Gribov L.N. Lipatov Yad. Fiz. 15 1972 781
66. V.N. Gribov L.N. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 15 (1972) 438
67. Y.L. Dokshitzer Sov. Phys. JETP 46 1977 641
68. Y.L. Dokshitzer Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 73 1977 1216
69. G. Altarelli G. Parisi Nucl. Phys. B 126 1977 298
70. H. Abramowicz A. Caldwell Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 1999 1275 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/9903037
71. R. Engel Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 40
72. L.V. Gribov E.M. Levin M.G. Ryskin Phys. Rep. 100 1983 1
73. J. Kwiecinski A.D. Martin Phys. Rev. D 43 1991 1560
74. R.J. Glauber G. Matthiae Nucl. Phys. B 21 1970 135
75. P. L'Heureux B. Margolis P. Valin Phys. Rev. D 32 1985 1681
76. L. Durand H. Pi Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1987 303
77. L. Durand H. Pi Phys. Rev. D 38 1988 78
78. M.M. Block R.N. Cahn Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 1985 563
79. K.A. Ter-Martirosyan Phys. Lett. B 44 1973 377
80. V.A. Abramovsky V.N. Gribov O.V. Kancheli Yad. Fiz. 18 1973 595
81. V.A. Abramovsky V.N. Gribov O.V. Kancheli Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 1974 18 308
82. T.K. Gaisser T. Stanev Phys. Lett. B 219 1989 375
83. R.S. Fletcher T.K. Gaisser P. Lipari T. Stanev Phys. Rev. D 50 1994 5710
84. N.N. Kalmykov S.S. Ostapchenko A.I. Pavlov Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. B 52 1997 17
85. Engel R. Gaisser T.K. Stanev T. in: Proceedings of the 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hamburg 431 2001
86. Abe F. et al. (CDF Collaboration) Phys. Rev. D 56 1997 3811
87. G. Calucci D. Treleani Phys. Rev. D 60 1999 054023 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9902479
88. L.A. Anchordoqui M.T. Dova L.N. Epele S.J. Sciutto Phys. Rev. D 59 1999 094003 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9810384
89. Anchordoqui L.A. Dova M.T. Sciutto S.J. in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference Salt Lake City vol 1 147 1999 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9905248
90. J. Alvarez-Muniz R. Engel T.K. Gaisser J.A. Ortiz T. Stanev Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 033011 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0205302
91. R. Engel H. Rebel Acta Phys. Polon. B 35 2004 321
92. M. Froissart Phys. Rev. 123 1961 1053
93. U. Amaldi K.R. Schubert Nucl. Phys. B 166 1980 301
94. M.M. Block F. Halzen T. Stanev Phys. Rev. D 62 2000 077501 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0004232
95. M. Honda et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1993 525
96. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 1984 1380
97. T.K. Gaisser U. Sukhatme G.B. Yodh Phys. Rev. D 36 1987 1350
98. B.Z. Kopeliovich N.N. Nikolaev I.K. Potashnikova Phys. Rev. D 39 1989 769
99. N.N. Nikolaev Phys. Rev. D 48 1993 1904 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9304283
100. M.M. Block F. Halzen T. Stanev Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1999 4926 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9908222
101. J. Ranft Phys. Rev. D 51 1995 64
102. G. Bossard et al. Phys. Rev. D 63 2001 054030 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0009119
103. Engel R. Gaisser T.K. Stanev T. Lipari P. in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference Salt Lake City vol 1 415 1999
104. Heck D. in: Proceedings of the 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hamburg 233 2001
105. Roesler S. Engel R. Ranft J. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0012252
106. T. Sjostrand Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 3 1988 751
107. J. Engel T.K. Gaisser T. Stanev P. Lipari Phys. Rev. D 46 1992 5013
108. A.B. Kaidalov K.A. Ter-Martirosian Y.M. Shabelski Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 43 1986 822
109. A.B. Kaidalov K.A. Ter-Martirosian Y.M. Shabelski Yad. Fiz. 43 (1986) 1282
110. J.E. Elias W. Busza C. Halliwell D. Luckey P. Swartz L. Votta C. Young Phys. Rev. D 22 1980 13
111. A. Bialas M. Bleszynski W. Czyz Nucl. Phys. B 111 1976 461
112. X.N. Wang M. Gyulassy Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001 3496 Available from: arxiv:nucl-th/0008014
113. K.J. Eskola K. Kajantie K. Tuominen Phys. Lett. B 497 2001 39 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0009246
114. Bearden I.G. et al. (BRAHAMS Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002 202301 Available from: arxiv:nucl-ex/0112001
115. Adcox K. et al. (PHENIX Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001 3500 Available from: arxiv:nucl-ex/0012008
116. S.R. Klein Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 76 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0211018
117. J. Dias de Deus R. Ugoccioni Phys. Lett. B 491 2000 253 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0008086
118. J. Dias de Deus R. Ugoccioni Phys. Lett. B 494 2000 53 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0009288
119. M.A. Braun C. Pajares J. Ranft Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 14 1999 2689 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9707363
120. M.A. Braun C. Pajares Eur. Phys. J. C 16 2000 349 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9907332
121. M.A. Braun F. Del Moral C. Pajares Phys. Rev. C 65 2002 024907 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0105263
122. Back B.B. et al. (PHOBOS Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:nucl-ex/0311009
123. Bopp F.W. Ranft J. Engel R. Roesler S. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0403084
124. Antoni T. et al. (KASCADE Collaboration) J. Phys. G 27 2001 1785 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0106494
125. Evans L.R. CERN-LHC-PROJECT-REPORT-303 Invited talk at IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC 99) New York 29 mar-2 Apr 1999
126. K. Eggert Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 447
127. TOTEM Collaboration Total cross-section, elastic scattering and difraction dissociation at LHC Technical Proposal CERN/LHCC 99-7 1999
128. TOTEM Technical Design Report CERN-LHCC-2004-002
129. G. Matthiae Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. A 99 2001 281
130. P. Lipari Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 133 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0301196
131. Augier C. et al. (UA4/2 Collaboration) Phys. Lett. B 315 1993 503
132. M. Rijssenbeek Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 459
133. L.W. Jones Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 433
134. R. Engel Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 437 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0212340
135. G. Schatz Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 462
136. D. Heck Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 451
137. Barbosa H.M.J. Catalani F. Chinellato J.A. Dobrigkeit C. Available arxiv:astro-ph/0310234
138. T.J.L. Mccomb R.J. Protheroe K.E. Turver J. Phys. G 5 1979 1613
139. B. Rossi K. Greisen Rev. Mod. Phys. 13 1941 240
140. T.K. Gaisser Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics 1990 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
141. H. Bethe W. Heitler Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 146 1934 83
142. Eidelman S. et al. (Particle Data Group Collaboration) Phys. Lett. B 592 2004 1
143. B. Rossi High Energy Particles 1952 Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NY
144. R.C. Weast CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 1981 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, USA
145. Tsai Y.S. Rev. Mod. Phys. 46 1974 815 [Erratum Rev. Mod. Phys. 49 1977 421]
146. L.D. Landau I. Pomeranchuk Dokl. Akad. Nauk Ser. Fiz. 92 1953 535
147. A.B. Migdal Phys. Rev. 103 1956 1811
148. T. Stanev C. Vankov R.E. Streitmatter R.W. Ellsworth T. Bowen Phys. Rev. D 25 1982 1291
149. Anthony P.L. et al. (SLAC-E-146 Collaboration) Phys. Rev. D 56 1997 1373 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/9703016
150. S. Klein Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 1999 1501 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9802442
151. J. Alvarez-Muniz E. Zas Phys. Lett. B 411 1997 218 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9706064
152. J. Alvarez-Muniz E. Zas Phys. Lett. B 434 1998 396 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9806098
153. A.N. Cillis H. Fanchiotti C.A. Garcia Canal S.J. Sciutto Phys. Rev. D 59 1999 113012 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9809334
154. J.N. Capdevielle C. Le Gall K.N. Sanosian Astropart. Phys. 13 2000 259
155. A.V. Plyasheshnikov F.A. Aharonian J. Phys. G 28 2002 267 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0107592
156. Sciutto S.J. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0107592
157. T. Erber Rev. Mod. Phys. 38 1966 626
158. B. Mcbreen C.J. Lambert Phys. Rev. D 24 1981 2536
159. X. Bertou P. Billoir S. Dagoret-Campagne Astropart. Phys. 14 2000 121
160. H.P. Vankov N. Inoue K. Shinozaki Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 043002 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0211051
161. Homola P. et al. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0311442
162. Risse M. Homola P. Gora D. Pekala J. Wilczynska B. Wilczynski H. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0401629
163. F. Halzen R.A. Vazquez T. Stanev H.P. Vankov Astropart. Phys. 3 1995 151
164. L.A. Anchordoqui M. Kirasirova T.P. McCauley S. Reucroft J.D. Swain Phys. Lett. B 492 2000 237 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0007403
165. W. Heitler The Quantum Theory of Radiation second ed. 1944 Oxford University Press London
166. J. Knapp D. Heck S.J. Sciutto M.T. Dova M. Risse Astropart. Phys. 19 2003 77 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0206414
167. Knapp J. Heck S. Sciutto S.J. Dova M.T. Risse M. Astropart Phys. 19 2003 77 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0206414
168. H.J. Drescher G.R. Farrar Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 116001 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0212018
169. H.J. Drescher G.R. Farrar Astropart. Phys. 19 2003 235 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0206112
170. K. Kamata J. Nishimura Progr. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 6 1958 93
171. K. Greisen Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 10 1960 63
172. M.T. Dova L.N. Epele A.G. Mariazzi Astropart. Phys. 18 2003 351 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0110237
173. Linsley J. in: Proceedings of the 13th International Cosmic Ray Cinference Denver vol 5 3212 1973
174. Aguirre C. et al. Proceedings of the 13th International Cosmic Ray Conference Denver vol 4 2592 1973
175. Porter N.A. Proceedings of the 13th International Cosmic Ray Conference Denver vol 5 3657 1973
176. Kawaguchi S. Suga K. Sakuyama H. in: Proceedings of the 14rth International Cosmic Ray Conference Munich vol. 8 p. 2826 1975
177. M. Nagano et al. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 53 1984 1667
178. S. Yoshida et al. J. Phys. G 20 1994 651
179. Glushkov A.V. et al in: Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference Durban vol 6 233 1997
180. R.N. et al. Coy Astropart. Phys. 6 1997 263
181. M.F. Bourdeau J.N. Capdevielle J. Procureur J. Phys. G 6 1980 901
182. Plyasheshnikov A.V. Lagutin A.A. Uchaikin V.V. in: Proceedings of the 16th International Cosmic Ray Conference Kyoto vol 7 1 1979
183. Roth M. (AUGER Collaboration) Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0308392
184. Bertou X. Billoir P. Auger Note (GAP-2000-017) Available from: www.auger/org/admin
185. M.T. Dova L.N. Epele A. Mariazzi Nuovo Cim. C 24 2001 745
186. A. Cillis S.J. Sciutto J. Phys. G 26 2000 309
187. M. Ave R.A. Vazquez E. Zas J.A. Hinton A.A. Watson Astropart. Phys. 14 2000 109 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0003011
188. L. Anchordoqui H. Goldberg Phys. Lett. B 583 2004 213 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0310054.
189. A.N. Cillis S.J. Sciutto Phys. Rev. D 64 2001 013010 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0010488
190. Adloff C. et al. (H1 Collaboration) Nucl. Phys. B 497 1997 3 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/9703012
191. Derrick M. et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Phys. Lett B 293 1992 465
192. S.N. Vernov G.B. Khristiansen A.T. Abrasimov V.B. Atrashkevitch I.F. Beljaeva G.V. Kulikov K.V. Mandritskaya K.B. Solovjeva B.A. Khrenov Can. J. Phys. 46 1968 s197
193. A.M. Hillas et al. Acta Phys. Acad. Sci. Hung. 29 Suppl. 3 1970 533
194. R.G. et al. Brownlee Acta Phys. Acad. Sci. Hung. 29 Suppl. 3 1970 651
195. Antoni A. et al. (KASCADE Collaboration) Astropart Phys. 14 2001 245 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0004233
196. S. Alessio H. Bilokon B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli G. Mannocchi P. Picchi K. Sitte Nuovo Cim. C 3 1980 573
197. G. Bosia G. Navarra O. Saavedra E. Bohm Nuovo Cim. C 3 1980 215
198. L. Bergamasco M. Castagnoli M. Dardo B. D'Ettore Piazzoli G. Mannochi P. Pichi R. Visentin K. Sitte Nuovo Cim. A 34 1976 613
199. M. Ave R.A. Vazquez E. Zas Astropart. Phys. 14 2000 91 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0011490
200. Hillas A.M. Hollows J.D. Hunter H.W. Marsden D.J. in: Proceedings of the 12th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hobart vol 3 1007 1971
201. Hillas A.M. Hollows J.D. Hunter H.W. Marsden D.J. in: Proceedings of the 12th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hobart vol 3 1001 1971
202. M. Ave J.A. Hinton R.A. Vazquez A.A. Watson E. Zas Phys. Rev. D 65 2002 063007 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0110613
203. J. Alvarez-Muniz R. Engel T.K. Gaisser J.A. Ortiz T. Stanev Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 123004 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0209117
204. K. Shinozaki et al. (AGASA Collaboration), in: Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Tsukuba, p. 401, 2003.
205. K. Shinozaki et al. Astrophys. J. 571 2002 L117
206. M. Ave J.A. Hinton R.A. Vazquez A.A. Watson E. Zas Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2000 2244 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0007386
207. M. Ave J.A. Hinton R.A. Vazquez A.A. Watson E. Zas Astropart. Phys. 18 2003 367 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0112071
208. M. Ave J.A. Hinton R.A. Vazquez A.A. Watson E. Zas Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 043005 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0208228
209. Gaisser T.K. Hillas A.M. in: Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference Plovdiv vol 8 353 1977
210. Archbold G. et al. in: Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference Tsukuba 405 2003
211. Lindsley J. in: Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference Plovdiv vol 12 89 1977
212. J. Linsley A.A. Watson Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 1981 459
213. Bird D.J. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1993 3401
214. Abu-Zayyad T. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2000 4276 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9911144
215. Abu-Zayyad T. et al. (HiRes Collaboration) Astrophys. J. 557 2001 686 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0010652
216. Arqueros F. (HEGRA Collaboration) Astron. Astrophys. 359 2000 682 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9908202
217. J.W. Fowler L.F. Fortson C.C.H. Jui D.B. Kieda R.A. Ong C.L. Pryke P. Sommers Astropart. Phys. 15 2001 49 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0003190
218. S.P. Swordy D.B. Kieda Astropart. Phys. 13 2000 137 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9909381
219. Dickinson J.E. et al. in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference Salt Lake City vol 3 136 1999
220. Knurenko S. et al. in: Proceedings of the 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hamburg 177 2001
221. M. Ave L. Cazon J.A. Hinton J. Knapp J. LLoyd-Evans A.A. Watson Astropart. Phys. 19 2003 61 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0203150
222. Dova M.T. Mancenido M.E. Mariazzi A.G. McCauley T.P. Watson A.A. Available from: arxiv:astron-ph/305351
223. Dova M.T. Mancenido M.E. Mariazzi A.G. McCauley T.P. Watson A.A. Available from: arxiv:astron-ph/0305351
224. M.T. Dova M.E. Mancenido A.G. Mariazzi T.P. McCauley A.A. Watson Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 235 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0210464
225. Linsley J. in: Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference Plovdiv vol 12 56 1977
226. Linsley J. in: Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference Plovdiv vol 12 52 1977
227. A.A. Watson J.G. Wilson J. Phys. A 7 1974 1199
228. R. Walker A.A. Watson J. Phys. G 7 1981 1297
229. Ave M. Knapp J. Marchesini M. Roth M. Watson A.A. in: Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference Tsukuba 349 2003
230. Watson A.A. Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0312475
231. England C.D. PhD Thesis University of Leeds UK 1984
232. Dova M.T. (AUGER Collaboration) in: Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference Tsubuka 369 2003 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0308399
233. B.R. Dawson R. Meyhandan K.M. Simpson Astropart. Phys. 9 1998 331 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9801260
234. Gaisser T.K. Halzen F. Stanev T. Phys. Rep. 258 1995 173 [Erratum-ibid 271 1996 335] Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/9801260
235. Hirata K.S. et al. (Kamiokande-II Collaboration) Phys. Rev. D. 44 1991 2241 [Erratum-ibid 45 1992 2170]
236. Hirata K. et al. (KAMIOKANDE-II Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett 58 1987 1490
237. R.M. Bionta et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1987 1494
238. F. Halzen Phys. Rep. 333 2000 349
239. F. Halzen D. Hooper Rept. Prog. Phys. 65 2002 1025 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0204527
240. J.N. Bahcall M.C. Gonzalez-Garcia C. Pena-Garay Phys. Rev. C 66 2002 035802 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/02041947
241. J.N. Bahcall V. Barger D. Marfatia Phys. Lett. B 534 2002 120 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0201211
242. J.F. Beacom N.F. Bell D. Hooper S. Pakvasa T.J. Weiler Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 2003 181301 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0211305
243. J.F. Beacom N.F. Bell D. Hooper S. Pakvasa T.J. Weiler Phys. Rev. D 68 2003 093005 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0307025
244. J.F. Beacom N.F. Bell D. Hooper J.G. Learned S. Pakvasa T.J. Weiler Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 2004 011101 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0307151
245. J.F. Beacom N.F. Bell D. Hooper S. Pakvasa T.J. Weiler Phys. Rev. D 69 2004 017303 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0309267
246. L.A. Anchordoqui H. Goldberg F. Halzen T.J. Weiler Phys. Lett. B 593 2004 42
247. L.K. Resvanis Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 122 2003 24
248. S.L. Glashow Phys. Rev. 118 1960 316
249. Gandhi R. Quigg C. Reno M.H. Sarcevic I. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9510295
250. R. Gandhi C. Quigg M.H. Reno I. Sarcevic Astropart. Phys. 5 1996 81 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9512364
251. Tu H. PhD Thesis DESY 2004
252. H.L. Lai et al. Phys. Rev. D 55 1997 1280 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9606399
253. R. Gandhi C. Quigg M.H. Reno I. Sarcevic Phys. Rev. D 58 1998 093009 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9807264
254. Billoir P. 8th International Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes Venice Italy 1999
255. G. Domokos, S. Kovesi-Domokos. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9805221.
256. D. Fargion Astrophys. J. 570 2002 909 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0002453
257. J.L. Feng P. Fisher F. Wilczek T.M. Yu Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002 161102 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0105067
258. X. Bertou P. Billoir O. Deligny C. Lachaud A. Letessier-Selvon Astropart. Phys. 17 2002 183 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0104452
259. G. Domokos S. Nussinov Phys. Lett. B 187 1987 372
260. Bordes J. Chan H.M. Faridani J. Pfaudler J. Tsou S.T. Availble from: arxiv:hep-ph/9705463
261. G. Domokos S. Kovesi-Domokos Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1999 1366 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9812260
262. Z. Fodor S.D. Katz A. Ringwald H. Tu Phys. Lett. B 561 2003 191 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0303080
263. N. Arkani-Hamed S. Dimopoulos G.R. Dvali Phys. Lett. B 429 1998 263 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9803315
264. I. Antoniadis N. Arkani-Hamed S. Dimopoulos G.R. Dvali Phys. Lett. B 436 1998 257 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9804398
265. L. Randall R. Sundrum Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1999 3370 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9905221
266. Hannestad S. Raffelt G.G. Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 125008 [Erratum-ibid 69 2004 029901] Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0304029
267. Acciarri M. et al. [L3 Collaboration] Phys. Lett. B 464 1999 135 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/9909019
268. Acciarri M. et al. [L3 Collaboration] Phys. Lett. B 470 1999 281 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/9910056
269. Abbott B. et al. [DO Collaboration] Phys. Rev. Lett. B 86 2001 1156 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/0008065
270. Abazov V.M. et al. [DO Collaboration] Phys. Rev. Lett. B 90 2003 251802 Available from: arxiv:hep-ex/0302014
271. L.A. Anchordoqui J.L. Feng H. Goldberg A.D. Shapere Phys. Rev. D 68 2003 104025 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0307228
272. M. Bando T. Kugo T. Noguchi K. Yoshioka Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1999 3601 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9906549
273. S. Nussinov R. Shrock Phys. Rev. D 59 1999 105002 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/9811323
274. P. Jain D.W. McKay S. Panda J.P. Ralston Phys. Lett. B 484 2000 267 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0001031
275. L. Anchordoqui H. Goldberg T. McCauley T. Paul S. Reucroft J. Swain Phys. Rev. D 63 2001 124009 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0011097
276. M. Kachelriess M. Plumacher Phys. Rev. D 62 2000 103006 Available from: arxiv:astro-ph/0005309
277. Kisselev A.V. Petrov V.A. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0311356
278. Banks T. Fischler W. Available from: arxiv:hep-th/9906038
279. S.B. Giddings S. Thomas Phys. Rev. D 65 2002 056010 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0106219
280. S. Dimopoulos G. Landsberg Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001 161602 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0106295
281. J.L. Feng A.D. Shapere Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2001 021303 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0109106
282. Kanti P. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0402168
283. K.S. Thorne in: J. Klauder (Ed.), Magic Without Magic: John Archibald Wheeler 1972 Freeman San Francisco 231
284. R.C. Myers M.J. Perry Ann. Phys. 172 1986 304
285. P.C. Argyres S. Dimopoulos J. March-Russell Phys. Lett. B 441 1998 96 Available from: arxiv:hep-th/9808138
286. D.M. Eardley S.B. Giddings Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 044011 Available from: arxiv:gr-qc/0201034
287. H. Yoshino Y. Nambu Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 024009 Available from: arxiv:gr-qc/0209003
288. J. Pumplin D.R. Stump J. Huston H.L. Lai P. Nadolsky W.K. Tung JHEP 0207 2002 012 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0201195
289. Stump D. Huston J. Pumplin J. Tung W.K. Lai H.L. Kuhlmann S. Owens J.F. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph0303013
290. R. Emparan M. Masip R. Rattazzi Phys. Rev. D 65 2002 064023 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0109287
291. R. Emparan G.T. Horowitz R.C. Myers Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2000 499 Available from: arxiv:hep-th/0003118
292. P. Kanti J. March-Russell Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 024023 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0203223
293. P. Kanti J. March-Russell Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 104019 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0212199
294. C.M. Harris P. Kanti JHEP 0310 2003 014 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0309054
295. J. Preskill P. Schwarz A.D. Shapere S. Trivedi F. Wilczek Mod. Phys. Lett. A 6 1991 2353
296. S. Dimopoulos R. Emparan Phys. Lett. B 526 2002 393 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0108060
297. Anchordoqui L.A. Feng J.L. Goldberg H. Shapere A.D. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0309082
298. K.m. Cheung Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002 221602 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/110163
299. L. Anchordoqui H. Goldberg Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 064010 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0209337
300. I. Mocioiu Y. Nara I. Sarcevic Phys. Lett. B 557 2003 87 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0301073
301. A. Chamblin F. Cooper G.C. Nayak Phys. Rev. D 69 2004 065010 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0301239
302. L.A. Anchordoqui J.L. Feng H. Goldberg A.D. Shapere Phys. Lett. B 594 2004 363
303. Chamblin A. Cooper F. Nayak G.C. Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0405054
304. A. Chamblin G.C. Nayak Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 091901 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0206060
305. L. Anchordoqui H. Goldberg Phys. Rev. D 65 2002 047502 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0109242
306. A. Ringwald H. Tu Phys. Lett. B 525 2002 135 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0111042
307. S.I. Dutta M.H. Reno I. Sarcevic Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 033002 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0204218
308. L.A. Anchordoqui J.L. Feng H. Goldberg A.D. Shapere Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 103002 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0207139
309. Cardoso V. Espirito Santo M.C. Paulos M. Pimenta M. Tome B. arxiv:hep-ph/0405056
310. M. Kowalski A. Ringwald H. Tu Phys. Lett. B 529 2002 1
311. J. Alvarez-Muniz J.L. Feng F. Halzen T. Han D. Hooper Phys. Rev. D 65 2002 124015
312. P. Jain S. Kar D.W. McKay S. Panda J.P. Ralston Phys. Rev. D 66 2002 065018
313. L.A. Anchordoqui J.L. Feng H. Goldberg A.D. Shapere Phys. Rev. D 65 2002 124027 Available from: arxiv:hep-ph/0112247