Applications of ultrafast lasers for optical measurements in combusting flows

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 663-687

  Gord, James R ^a   Meyer, Terrence R ^b   Roy, Sukesh ^a  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b Iowa State University of Science and Technology   (United States)

Author keywords

Ballistic imaging; Coherent anti Stokes Raman scattering; Combustion diagnostics; Laser induced fluorescence; Pump probe; Wave mixing

Indexed keywords

BALLISTIC IMAGING; COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING; COMBUSTION DIAGNOSTICS; LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; WAVE MIXING;

BALLISTICS; COHERENT SCATTERING; COMBUSTION; CONTINUOUS WAVE LASERS; EXPLOSIVES; FLUORESCENCE; LASER DIAGNOSTICS; LASER PRODUCED PLASMAS; OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING; OPTICAL VARIABLES MEASUREMENT; PULSE REPETITION RATE; PULSED LASER APPLICATIONS; RAMAN SCATTERING; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; SIGNAL GENERATORS; SMOKE; ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA;

ULTRAFAST LASERS;

EID: 64349117997     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112957     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Eckbreth AC. 1996. Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach. 596 pp. 2nd ed.
2. Kohse-Höinghaus K, Jeffries JB. 2002. Applied Combustion Diagnostics. New York: Taylor & Francis. 705 pp.
3. Linne MA. 2002. Spectroscopic Measurement: An Introduction to the Fundamentals. New York: Academic. 414 pp.
4. Laurendeau NM. 2005. Statistical Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 448 pp.
5. Diels J-C, Rudolph W. 2006. Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena. New York: Academic. 680 pp. 2nd ed.
6. Rullière C, ed. 2005. Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Principles and Experiments. New York: Springer. 426 pp. 2nd ed.
7. Fermann ME, Galvanauskas A, Sucha G. 2003. Ultrafast Lasers: Technology and Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker. 784 pp.
8. Hobbs PCD. 2000. Building Electro-Optical Systems: Making It All Work. New York:Wiley & Sons. 727 pp.
9. 2σ +, v' = 1?0) in low pressure flames. Appl. Phys. B 65:81-91
10. 2σ + (v' = 1, N' = 4, 12) in an atmospheric-pressure flame. Appl. Opt. 37:3354-3367
11. 2σ + (v' = 2) in atmospheric pressure flames. Appl. Opt. 36:7960-7969 (Pubitemid 128487153)
12. Agrup S, Ossler F, Aldén M. 1995. Measurements of collisional quenching of hydrogen atoms in an atmospheric-pressure hydrogen oxygen flame by picosecond laser-induced fluorescence. Appl. Phys. B 61:479-487
13. 2π (v'' = 0). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8:5328-5338
14. 2σ + picosecond laser-induced fluorescence in atmospheric-pressure flames. Appl. Phys. B 69:477-485
15. Agrup S, Aldén M. 1994.Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence and stimulated emission measurements from oxygen atoms in a hydrogen/oxygen flame with picosecond resolution. Opt. Commun. 113:315-323
16. Frank JH, Chen X, Patterson BD, Settersten TB. 2004. Comparison of nanosecond and picosecond excitation for two-photon laser-induced fluorescence imaging of atomic oxygen in flames. Appl. Opt. 43:2588-2597
17. Settersten TB, Dreizler A, Farrow RL. 2002. Temperature- and speciesdependent quenching of CO B probed by two-photon laser-induced fluorescence using a picosecond laser. J. Chem. Phys. 117:3173-3179
18. 2σ + (v' = 0) probed by two-photon laserinduced fluorescence using a picosecond laser. J. Chem. Phys. 124:234308
19. Brockhinke A, Bülter A, Rolon JC, Kohse-Hoinghaus K. 2001. ps-LIF measurements of minor species concentration in a counter diffusion flame interactive with a vortex. Appl. Phys. B 72:491-496
20. Ossler F, Metz T, Martinsson L, Aldén M. 1998.Two-dimensional visualization of fluorescence lifetimes by use of a picosecond laser and a streak camera. Appl. Opt. 37:2303-2314
21. Klassen MS, Thompson BD, Reichardt TA, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1994. Flame concentration measurements using picosecond time-resolved laserinduced fluorescence. Combust. Sci. Technol. 97:391-403
22. Pack SD, Renfro MW, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1999. Laser-induced fluorescence triple-integration method applied to hydroxyl concentration and fluorescence lifetime measurements. Combust. Sci. Technol. 140:405-425
23. 2 nonpremixed flames: CH. Combust. Flame 122:139-150
24. Renfro MW, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1999. Quantitative hydroxyl concentration time-series measurements in turbulent nonpremixed flames. Appl. Opt. 38:4596-4608
25. Meyer TR, King GB, Gluesenkamp M, Gord JR. 2007. Simultaneous highspeed measurement of temperature and lifetime-corrected OH laser-induced fluorescence in unsteady flames. Opt. Lett. 32:2221-2223
26. Elzinga PA, Lytle FE, Jiang Y, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1987. Pump/probe spectroscopy by asynchronous optical sampling. Appl. Spectrosc. 41:2-4
27. Elzinga PA, Kneisler RJ, Lytle FE, Jiang Y, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1987. Pump/probe method for fast analysis of visible spectral signatures utilizing asynchronous optical sampling. Appl. Opt. 26:4303-4309
28. Kneisler RJ, Lytle FE, Fiechtner GJ, Jiang Y, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1989. Asynchronous optical sampling: a new combustion diagnostic for potential use in turbulent, high-pressure flames. Opt. Lett. 14:260-262
29. Fiechtner GJ, King GB, Laurendeau NM, Lytle FE. 1992. Measurements of atomic sodium in flames by asynchronous optical sampling: theory and experiment. Appl. Opt. 31:2849-2864
30. Fiechtner GJ. 1992. Quantitative concentration measurements in atmosphericpressure flames by picosecond pump/probe absorption spectroscopy. PhD thesis. Purdue Univ.
31. Fiechtner GJ, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1995. Quantitative concentration measurements of atomic sodium in an atmospheric hydrocarbon flame with asynchronous optical sampling. Appl. Opt. 34:1117-1126
32. Fiechtner GJ, King GB, Laurendeau NM. 1995. Rate-equation model for quantitative concentration measurements in flames by picosecond pump-probe absorption spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 34:1108-1116
33. Fiechtner GJ, Linne MA. 1994. Absolute concentrations of potassium by picosecond pump/probe absorption in fluctuating, atmospheric pressure flame. Combust. Sci. Technol. 100:11-27
34. Settersten TB. 1999. Picosecond pump/probe diagnostics for combustion. PhD thesis. Colo. School of Mines
35. Settersten TB, Linne MA. 2002. Picosecond pump-probe absorption spectroscopy in gases: models and experimental validation. Appl. Opt. 41:2869-2878
36. Settersten T, Linne M, Gord J, Fiechtner G. 1999. Density matrix and rate equation analyses for picosecond pump/probe combustion diagnostics. AIAA J. 37:723-731
37. Settersten TB, Linne MA. 2002. Modeling pulsed excitation for gas-phase laser diagnostics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19:954-964
38. Linne MA, Morse DC, Skilowitz JL, Fiechtner GJ, Gord JR. 1995. Twodimensional pump-probe imaging in reacting flows. Opt. Lett. 20:2414-2416
39. Mittleman D, ed. 2003. Sensing with Terahertz Radiation. New York: Springer. 337 pp.
40. Cheville RA, Grischkowsky D. 1995. Far-infrared, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of flames. Opt. Lett. 20:1646-1648
41. 2O in flames. Opt. Lett. 23:531-533
42. Brown MS, Fiechtner GJ, Rudd JV, Zimdars DA, Warmuth M, Gord JR. 2006. Water-vapor detection using asynchronous THz sampling. Appl. Spectrosc. 60:261-265
43. Schmitt JM, Knüttel A, Yadlowsky M. 1994. Confocal microscopy in turbid media. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11:2226-2235
44. Kempe M, Genack AZ, Rudolph W, Dorn P. 1997. Ballistic and diffuse light detection in confocal and heterodyne imaging systems. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14:216-223
45. Demos SG, Alfano RR. 1996. Temporal gating in highly scattering media by the degree of optical polarization. Opt. Lett. 21:161-163
46. Mujumdar S, Ramachandran H. 2004. Imaging through turbid media using polarization modulation: dependence on scattering anisotropy. Opt. Commun. 241:1-9
47. Fujimoto JG, De Silvestri S, Ippen EP, Puliafito CA, Margolis R, Oseroff A. 1986. Femtosecond optical ranging in biological systems. Opt. Lett. 11:150-152
48. Yoo KM, Xing Q, Alfano RR. 1991. Imaging objects hidden in highly scattering media using femtosecond second-harmonic-generation cross-correlation time gating. Opt. Lett. 16:1019-1021
49. Bordenave E, Abraham E, Jonusauskas G, Oberlé J, Rullière C. 2002. Longitudinal imaging in biological tissues with a single laser shot correlation system. Opt. Exp. 10:35-40
50. Kippelen B, Marder SR, Hendrickx E, Maldonado JL, Guillemet G, et al. 1998. Infrared photorefractive polymers and their applications for imaging. Science 279:54-57 (Pubitemid 28079150)
51. Duguay MA, Mattick AT. 1971. Ultrahigh speed photography of picoseond light pulses and echoes. Appl. Opt. 10:2162-2170
52. Sala K, Richardson MC. 1975. Optical Kerr effect induced by ultrashort pulses. Phys. Rev. A 12:1036-1047
53. Ho PP, Alfano RR. 1979. Optical Kerr effect in liquids. Phys. Rev. A 20:2170-2187
54. Wang L, Ho PP, Liu C, Zhang G, Alfano RR. 1991. Ballistic 2-D imaging through scattering walls using an ultrafast optical Kerr gate. Science 253:769-771 (Pubitemid 21917210)
55. Galland PA, Liang X,Wang L, Breisacher K, Liou L, et al. 1995.Time-resolved optical imaging of jet sprays and droplets in highly scattering medium. Proc. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. HTD-321:585-588
56. Paciaroni M, Linne M. 2004. Single-shot, two-dimensional ballistic imaging through scattering media. Appl. Opt. 43:5100-5109
57. Paciaroni M, Linne M, Hall T, Delplanque J-P, Parker T. 2006. Single-shot two-dimensional ballistic imaging of the liquid core in an atomizing spray. At. Sprays 16:51-70
58. Linne M, Paciaroni M, Hall T, Parker T. 2006. Ballistic imaging of the near field in a diesel spray. Exp. Fluids 40:836-846
59. Linne MA, Paciaroni M, Gord JR, Meyer TR. 2005. Ballistic imaging of the liquid core for a steady jet in crossflow. Appl. Opt. 44:6627-6634
60. Sedarsky DL, Paciaroni ME, Linne MA, Gord JR, Meyer TR. 2006. Velocity imaging for the liquid-gas interface in the near field of an atomizing spray: proof of concept. Opt. Lett. 31:906-908
61. Wang X, Wang LV, Sun C-W, Yang C-C. 2003. Polarized light propagation through scattering media: time-resolved Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. J. Biomed. Opt. 8:608-617
62. Roy S, Meyer TR, Brown MS, Velur VN, Lucht RP, Gord JR. 2003. Triple-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS): temperature and multiple-species concentration measurements in reacting flows. Opt. Commun. 224:131-137
63. 2 mole-fraction measurements in model gas-turbine combustors. Combust. Flame 142:52-61
64. Hall RJ, Shirley JA. 1983. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of water vapor for combustion diagnostics. Appl. Spectrosc. 37:196-202
65. Rahn LA, Zych LJ, Mattern PL. 1979. Background-freeCARSstudies of carbon monoxide in a flame. Opt. Commun. 30:249-252
66. Attal-Trétout B, Schmidt SC, Crété E, Dumas P, Taran JP. 1990. Resonance CARS ofOHin high-pressure flames. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 43:351-364
67. Roy S, Kulatilaka WD, Naik SV, Laurendeau NM, Lucht RP, Gord JR. 2006. Effects of quenching on electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering of nitric oxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89:104105
68. Chai N, Naik SV, Kulatilaka WD, Laurendeau NM, Lucht RP, et al. 2007. Detection of acetylene by electronic resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Appl. Phys. B 87:731-737
69. Roy S, Meyer TR, Gord JR. 2005.Time-resolved dynamics of resonant and nonresonant broadband picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering signals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87:264103
70. Lang T, Motzkus M, Frey HM, Beaud P. 2001. High resolution femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering: determination of rotational constants, molecular anharmonicity, collisional line shifts, and temperature. J. Chem. Phys. 115:5418-5426
71. 2. Chem. Phys. Lett. 310:65-72
72. Knopp G, Beaud P, Radi P, Tulej M, Bougie B, et al. 2002. Pressure-dependent N2 Q-branch fs-CARS measurements. J. Raman Spectrosc. 33:861-865
73. Lucht RP, Roy S, Meyer TR, Gord JR. 2006. Femtosecond coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering measurement of gas temperatures from frequencyspread dephasing of the Raman coherence. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89:251112
74. Lucht RP, Kinnius PJ, Roy S, Gord JR. 2007. Theory of femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy of gas-phase resonant transitions. J. Chem. Phys. 127:044316
75. Roy S, Kinnius PJ, Lucht RP, Gord JR. 2008. Temperature measurements in reacting flows by time-resolved femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) spectroscopy. Opt. Commun. 281:319-325
76. Dantus M, Bowman RM, Zewail AH. 1990. Femtosecond laser observations of molecular vibration and rotation. Nature 343:737-739
77. Leonhardt R, Holzapfel W, Zinth W, Kaiser W. 1987.Terahertz quantum beats in molecular liquids. Chem. Phys. Lett. 133:373-377
78. Hayden CC, Chandler DW. 1995. Femtosecond time-resolved studies of coherent vibrational Raman scattering in large gas-phase molecules. J. Chem. Phys. 103:10465-10472
79. Knopp G, Kirch K, Beaud P, Mishima K, Spitzer H, et al. 2003. Determination of the ortho-/para deuterium concentration ratio with femtosecond CARS. J. Raman Spectrosc. 34:989-993
80. Lang T, Motzkus M. 2002. Single-shot femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering thermometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19:340-344
81. Cheng JX, Xie XS. 2004. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: theory, instrumentation, and applications. J. Phys. Chem. B 108:827-840
82. Weiner AM, Leaird DE, Wiederrecht GP, Nelson KA. 1990. Femtosecond pulse sequences used for optical manipulation of molecular motion. Science 247:1317-1319
83. Scully MO, Kattawar GW, Lucht RP, Opatrný T, Pilloff H, et al. 2002. FAST CARS: engineering a laser spectroscopic technique for rapid identification of bacterial spores. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99:10994-11001
84. Schmitt M, Knopp G, Materny A, Kiefer W. 1998. The application of femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for the investigation of ground and excited state molecular dynamics of molecules in the gas phase. J. Phys. Chem. A 102:4059-4065
85. Demtröder W. 2002. Laser Spectroscopy. New York: Springer. 987 pp. 3rd ed.
86. Reichardt TA, Teodoro FD, Farrow RL, Roy S, Lucht RP. 2000. Collisional dependence of polarization spectroscopy with a picosecond laser. J. Chem. Phys. 113:2263-2269
87. Keifer J, Li Z, Zetterberg J, Linvin M, Aldén M. 2007. Simultaneous laserinduced fluorescence and sub-Doppler polarization spectroscopy of the CH radical. Opt. Commun. 270:347-352
88. Tobai J, Dreier T. 1999. Measurement of relaxation times ofNHin atmospheric pressure flames using picosecond pump-probe degenerate four-wave mixing. J. Mol. Struct. 480-481:307-310
89. Danzmann K, Grützmacher K, Wende B. 1986. Doppler-free two-photon polarization-spectroscopic measurement of the Stark-broadened profile of the hydrogen La line in a dense plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57:2151-2153
90. Sargent M III, Scully MO, Lamb WE Jr. 1974. Laser Physics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 464 pp.
91. Roy S, Lucht RP, Reichardt TA. 2002. Polarization spectroscopy using shortpulse lasers: theoretical analysis. J. Chem. Phys. 116:571-580
92. Zare RN. 1988. Angular Momentum: Understanding Spatial Aspects in Chemistry and Physics. New York:Wiley & Sons. 368 pp.
93. Dreizler A, Taddy R, Suvernev AA, Himmelhaus M, Dreier T, Foggi P. 1995. Measurement of orientational relaxation times of OH in a flame using picosecond time-resolved polarization spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 240:315-323
94. 2π) transitions in atmospheric pressure flames using picosecond time-resolved nonlinear spectroscopy. J. Mol. Struct. 410-411:85-88
95. Chen X, Patterson BD, Settersten TB. 2004. Time-domain investigation of OHground-state energy transfer using picosecond two-color polarization spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 388:358-362
96. Costen ML, McKendrick KG. 2005. Orientation and alignment moments in two-color polarization spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 122:164309
97. 2π collisional kinetics in a flame using picosecond two-color resonant four-wave-mixing spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 46:3911-3920
98. Kulatilaka WD, Lucht RP, Roy S, Gord JR, Settersten TB. 2007. Detection of atomic hydrogen in flames using picosecond two-color two-photon-resonant six-wave-mixing spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 46:3921-3927
99. 2. Chem. Phys. Lett. 209:1-9
100. Frey HM, Beaud P, Gerber T, Mischler B, Radi PP, Tzannis AP. 1999. Femtosecond nonresonant degenerate four-wave mixing at atmospheric pressure and in a free jet. Appl. Phys. B 68:735-739
101. Hornung T, Skenderovic H, Kompa KL, Motzkus M. 2004. Prospect of temperature determination using degenerate four-wave mixing with sub-20 fs pulses. J. Raman Spectrosc. 35:934-938