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(a) The NMR chemical shifts in Table 1 are consistent with partial 1H NMR data reported for 2 (prepared synthetically from fusidic acid) : von Daehne, W.; Godtfredsen, W. O. U. S. Patent 6177418, 2001.
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(b) 2 and 3 were isolated from Cephalosporium caerulens (Sarocladium oryzae), and their structures were elucidated from chemical correlations and limited spectral characterization: Hattori, T.; Igarashi, H.; Iwasaki, S.; Okuda, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 1023-1026.
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An earlier 6-keto-7α-acetoxy structure of helvolic acid is given in ref 12 (p 491) and older papers, for example, ref 13b
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An earlier 6-keto-7α-acetoxy structure of helvolic acid is given in ref 12 (p 491) and older papers, for example, ref 13b.
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35
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84869275932
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3c
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Helvolic acid was recently isolated from Me. anisopliae: Lee, S.-Y.; Kinoshita, H.; Ihara, F.; Igarashi, Y.; Nihira, T. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2008, 105, 476-480.
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Helvolic acid was recently isolated from Me. anisopliae: Lee, S.-Y.; Kinoshita, H.; Ihara, F.; Igarashi, Y.; Nihira, T. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2008, 105, 476-480.
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7 found no orthologs of any helvolic acid pathway genes in As. oryzae or As. nidulans.
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7 found no orthologs of any helvolic acid pathway genes in As. oryzae or As. nidulans.
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38
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64349108192
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sequence was available only as ESTs, which lack synteny or intron data
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(b) Me. anisopliae sequence was available only as ESTs, which lack synteny or intron data.
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Me. anisopliae
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Fungi were originally rich in introns, which have been partially lost in some lineages and almost fully lost in the Saccharomycotina: Stajich, J. E.; Dietrich, F. S.; Roy, S. W. Genome Biol. 2007, 8, R223.
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Also, barring HGT of an unknown bacterial PDS, H2 requires several recent instances of convergent evolution of fungal cyclases. Cycloartenol synthase of Stigmatella aurantiaca is a plausible HGT candidate (Figure 3B), although its GC content (68%) is elevated relative to PDSs (55-62%) ; see Table S10 (Supporting Information). Penicillin synthesis and likely recent HGTs of squalene cyclases in aspergilli provide precedent for H2.
-
Also, barring HGT of an unknown bacterial PDS, H2 requires several recent instances of convergent evolution of fungal cyclases. Cycloartenol synthase of Stigmatella aurantiaca is a plausible HGT candidate (Figure 3B), although its GC content (68%) is elevated relative to PDSs (55-62%) ; see Table S10 (Supporting Information). Penicillin synthesis and likely recent HGTs of squalene cyclases in aspergilli provide precedent for H2.
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45
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43749086015
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Notably, nonenzymatic blocking of DNA methyl transferase and histone deacetylase can generate an abundance of otherwise silent secondary metabolites: Williams, R. B.; Henrikson, J. C.; Hoover, A. R.; Lee, A. E.; Cichewicz, R. H. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1895-1897.
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Notably, nonenzymatic blocking of DNA methyl transferase and histone deacetylase can generate an abundance of otherwise silent secondary metabolites: Williams, R. B.; Henrikson, J. C.; Hoover, A. R.; Lee, A. E.; Cichewicz, R. H. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1895-1897.
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