Bathysiphon (foraminiferida) at Pacheco Pass, California: A geopetal, paleocurrent, and paleobathymetric indicator in the Franciscan Complex

Palaios

Volumn 24, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 181-191

  Saja, David B ^a   Pfefferkorn, Hermann W ^b   Phipps, Stephen P ^b  

^a CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BATHYAL ZONE; BATHYMETRY; FORAMINIFERA; FOSSIL RECORD; MAPPING; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCURRENT; STRATIGRAPHY;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; PACHECO PASS; UNITED STATES;

BATHYSIPHON; FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 63849311445     PISSN: 08831351     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2110/palo.2008.p08-037r     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. ALTSCHULER, Z.S., DWORNIK, E.J., and KRAMER, H., 1963, Transformation of montmorillonite to kaolinite during weathering: Science, v. 141, p. 148-152.
2. ARMSTRONG, C.F., and GALLAGHER, K., 1977, Fossils from the Franciscan assemblage, Alcatraz Island: California Geology, v. 30, p. 134-135.
3. BAILEY, E.H., IRWIN, W.P., and JONES, D.L., 1964, Franciscan and related rocks, and their significance in the geology of western California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin, no. 183, 177 p.
4. BAK, K., 2004, Deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous/ Tertiary and Paleocene/Eocene transitions in the deep flysch environment; eastern Outer Carpathians (Bieszczady Mts, Poland), in Bubik, M., and Kaminski, M.A., eds., Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera: Special Publication no. 8, Grzybowski Foundation, Krakow, Poland, p. 1-56.
5. BALLANCE, P.F., GREGORY, M.R., and GIBSON, G.W., 1981, Coconuts in Miocene turbidites in New Zealand: Possible evidence for tsunami origin of some turbidity currents: Geology, v. 9, p. 592-595.
6. BARTENSTEIN, H., 1974, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous primitive arenaceous foraminifera from DSDP Sites 259 and 261, eastern Indian Ocean: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 27, p. 683-695.
7. BATSCHELET, E., 1981, Circular Statistics in Biology: Academic Press, New York, 371 p.
8. BEAVINGTON-PENNEY, S.J., 2004, Analysis of the effects of abrasion on the test of Palaeonummulities venosus: Implications for the origin of nummulithoclastic sediments: PALAIOS, v. 19, p. 143-155.
9. BERKLAND, J.O., RAYMOND, L.A., KRAMER, J.C., MOORES, E.M., and O'DAY, M., 1972, What is Franciscan?: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, p. 2295-2302.
10. BIEDA, E, 1948, 0 nowych i mało znanych otwornicach z fliszu Karpat polskich (Sur quelques Foraminifères nouveaux ou peu connus du Flysch des Karpates polonaises): Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, v. 18, p. 151-181.
11. BLAKE, M.C., JR., HOWELL, D.G., and JONES, D.L., 1982, Preliminary tectonostratigraphic terrane map of California: scale 1:750,000, U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report no. 82-593, 9 p.
12. BLAKE, M.C., JR., JAYKO, A.S., MCLAUGHLIN, R.J., and UNDERWOOD, M.B., 1988, Metamorphic and tectonic evolution of the Franciscan Complex, northern California, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution of the Western United States: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, p. 1035-1060.
13. BOUMA, A.H., 1962, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: Elsevier, New York, 168 p.
14. BOUMA, A.H., and HOLLISTER, C.D., 1973, Deep ocean basin sedimentation, in Middleton, G.V., and Bouma, A.H., ed., Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation: Pacific Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Short Course Notes no. 1, p. 79-118.
15. CAMP, C.L., 1942, Ichthyosaur rostra from central California: Journal of Paleontology, v. 16, p. 362-371.
16. CARSON, G.A., 1991, Silicification of fossils, in Allison, P.A., and Briggs, D.E.G., eds., Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record: Plenum Press, New York, p. 455-499.
17. CHAMNEY, T.P., 1978, Albian Foraminifera of the Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin no. 253, 62 p.
18. CLARK, J.C., WAHRHAFTIG, C., and BRABB, E.E., 1991, San Francisco to Point Reyes: Both sides of the San Andreas Fault, in Sloan, D., and Wagner, D.L., eds., Geologic Excursions in Northern California: San Francisco to the Sierra Nevada: California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication no. 109, p. 11-24.
19. CRIMES, T.P., and UCHMAN, A., 1993, A concentration of exceptionally well-preserved large tubular foraminifera in the Eocene Zumaya flysch, northern Spain: Geological Magazine, v. 130, p. 851-853.
20. CURRAY, J.R., 1956, The analysis of two-dimensional orientation data: Journal of Geology, v. 64, p. 117-131.
21. CUSHMAN, J.A., 1959, Foraminifera: Their Classification and Economic Use: 4th ed., rev. and enlarged with an illustrated key to the genera, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 605 p.
22. DAVIS, J.C., 1986, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology: 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 646 p.
23. DICKINSON, W.R., INGERSOLL, R.V., COWAN, D.S., HELMOLD, K.P., and SUCZEK, C.A., 1982, Provenance of Franciscan graywackes in coastal California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. 95-107.
24. DUYSTER J., 2000, StereoNett Software, Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany, http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ hardrock/downloads.htm. Checked November 2008.
25. DZULYŃSKI, S., 1963, Wskaźniki kierunkowe transportu w osadach fliszowych (Directional structures in flysch): Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 12, p. 1-136.
26. EASTON, W.H., and IMLAY, R.W., 1955, Upper Jurassic fossil localities in Franciscan and Knoxville formations in southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 39, p. 2336-2340.
27. ENGEBRETSON, D.C., COX, A., and GORDON, R.G., 1985, Relative motions between oceanic and continental plates in the Pacific basin: Geological Society of America Special Paper no. 206, 59 p.
28. ERNST, W.G., 1971a, Petrologic reconnaissance of Franciscan metagraywackes from the Diablo Range, central California Coast Ranges: Journal of Petrology, v. 12, p. 413-437.
29. ERNST, W.G., 1971b, Do mineral parageneses reflect unusually high-pressure conditions of Franciscan metamorphism?: American Journal of Science, v. 270, p. 81-108.
30. ERNST, W.G., 1993a, Geology of the Pacheco Pass quadrangle, central California Coast Ranges: Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series no. MCH078, scale 1:24,000.
31. ERNST, W.G., 1993b, Metamorphism of Franciscan tectonostratigraphic assemblage, Pacheco Pass area, east-central Diablo Range, California Coast Ranges: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 618-636.
32. ERNST, W.G., SEKI, Y, ONUKI, H., and GILBERT, M.C., 1970, Comparative study of low-grade metamorphism in the California Coast Ranges and the Outer Metamorphic Belt of Japan: Geological Society of America Memoirs, no. 124, 276 p.
33. FINGER, K.L., NIELSEN, S.N., DEVRIES, T.J., ENCINAS, A., and PETERSON, D.E., 2007, Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile: PALAIOS, v. 22, p. 3-16.
34. GESLIN, E., HEINZ, P., and HEMLEBEN, C., 2004, Behavior of Bathysiphon sp. and Siphonammina bertholdii n. gen n. sp. under controlled oxygen conditions in the laboratory: Implication for bioturbation, in Bubik, M., and Kaminski, M.A., eds., Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera: Special Publication no. 8, Grzybowski Foundation, Krakow, Poland, p. 105-118.
35. GIESKES, J.M., 1981, Deep-sea drilling interstitial water studies: Implications for chemical alteration of the oceanic crust, Layers I and II: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication no. v. 32, p. 149-167.
36. GOODAY, A.J., 1983, Bathysiphon rusticus de Folin, 1886 and Bathysiphon folini n. sp.: Two large agglutinated foraminifers abundant in abyssal NE Atlantic epibenthic sledge samples: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 13, p. 262-276.
37. GOODAY, A.J., 1988, The genus Bathysiphon (Protista, Foraminiferida) in the northeast Atlantic: A neotype for B. filiformis G.O. & M. Sars, 1872 and the description of a new species: Journal of Natural History, v. 22, p. 95-105.
38. GOODAY, A.J., 1994, The biology of deep-sea foraminifera: A review of some advances and their applications in paleoceanography: PALAIOS, v. 9, p. 14-31.
39. GOODAY, A.J., BERNHARD, J.M., LEVIN, L.A., and SUHR, S.B., 2000, Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other oxygen-deficient settings: Taxonomic composition, diversity, and relation to metazoan faunas: Deep-Sea Research II, v. 47, p. 25-54.
40. GOODAY, A.J., BETT, B.J., SHIRES, R., and LAMBSHEAD, P.J.D., 1998, Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species diversity in the NE Atlantic and NW Arabian sea: A synthesis: Deep-Sea Research II, v. 45, p. 165-201.
41. GOODAY, A.J., and CLAUGHER, D., 1989, The genus Bathysiphon (Protista, Foraminiferida) in the northeast Atlantic: SEM observations on the wall structure of seven species: Journal of Natural History, v. 23, p. 591-611.
42. GOODAY, A.J., and HAYNES, J.R., 1983, Abyssal foraminifers, including two new genera, encrusting the interiors of Bathysiphon rusticus tubes: Deep-Sea Research, v. 30, p. 591-614.
43. GOODAY, A.J., LEVIN, L.A., THOMAS, C.L., and HECKER, B., 1992, The distribution and ecology of Bathysiphon filiformis Sars and B. major de Folin (Protista, Foraminiferida) on the continental slope off North Carolina: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 22, p. 129-146.
44. GOODAY, A.J., NOTT, J.A., DAVIS, S., and MANN, S., 1995, Apatite particles in the test wall of the large agglutinated foraminifer Bathysiphon major (Protista): Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, v. 75, p. 469-481.
45. GOODAY, A.J., POND, D.W., and BOWSER, S.S., 2002, Ecology and nutrition of the large agglutinated foraminiferan Bathysiphon capillare in the bathyal NE Atlantic: Distribution within the sediment profile and lipid biomarker composition: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 245, p. 69-82.
46. GOODAY, A.J., SHIRES, R., and JONES, A.R., 1997, Large, deep-sea agglutinated Foraminifera: Two differing kinds of organization and their possible ecological significance: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 27, p. 278-291.
47. GOVINDAN, A., 2004, Miocene deep water agglutinated foraminifera from offshore Krishna-Godavari Basin, India: Micropaleontology, v. 50, p. 213-252.
48. HANNAH, M.J., and CAMPBELL, H.J., 1996, Torlessia mackayi and other foraminifera from the Torlesse Terrane, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 39, p. 75-81.
49. HAWKINS, S., and RIMMER, S.M., 2002, Pyrite framboid size and size distribution in marine black shales: A case study from the Devonian-Mississippian of central Kentucky: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 34, p. 38.
50. HECKER, B., 1994, Unusual megafaunal assemblages on the continental slope off Cape Hatteras: Deep-Sea Research II, v. 41, p. 809-934.
51. HOHENEGGER, J., and YORDANOVA, E., 2001, Displacement of large Foraminifera at the western slope of Motobu Peninsula (Okinawa, Japan): PALAIOS, v. 16, p. 53-72.
52. INGLE, J.C., JR., 1980, Cenozoic paleobathymetry and depositional history of selected sequences within the southern California continental borderland: Cushman Foundation Special Publication no. 19, Washington, D.C., p. 163-195.
53. JAYKO, A.S., and BLAKE, M.C., JR., 1989, Deformation of the Eastern Franciscan Belt, northern California: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 375-390.
54. JEFFERSON, T.H., 1987, The preservation of conifer wood: Examples from the Lower Cretaceous of Antarctica: Palaeontology, v. 30, p. 233-249.
55. JOHNSON, K.A., CULVER, S.J., and KAMOLA, D.L., 2005, Marginal marine Foraminifera of the Blackhawk Formation (Late Cretaceous, Utah): Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 35, p. 50-64.
56. JONES, D.L., BLAKE, M.C., JR., BAILEY, E.H., and MCLAUGHLIN, R.J., 1978, Distribution and character of upper Mesozoic subduction complexes along the west coast of North America: Tectonophysics, v. 47, p. 207-222.
57. JONES, M.L., and DENNISON, J.M., 1970, Oriented fossils as paleocurrent indicators in Paleozoic lutites of southern Appalachians: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, p. 642-649.
58. KAMINSKI, M.A., and SCHRODER, C.J., 1987, Environmental analysis of deep-sea agglutinated foraminifera: Can we distinguish tranquil from disturbed environments?: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Gulf Coast Section Program and Abstracts, v. 8, p. 90-93.
59. KASTNER, M., ELDERFIELD, H., and MARTIN, J.B., 1991, Fluids in convergent margins: What do we know about their composition, origin, role in diagenesis and importance for oceanic chemical fluxes?: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. 335, p. 243-259.
60. KIEL, S., and GOEDERT, J.L., 2006, A wood-fall association from late Eocene deepwater sediments of Washington State, USA: PALAIOS, v. 21, p. 548-556.
61. KIMURA, G., MARUYAMA, S., ISOZAKI, Y., and TERABAYASHI, M., 1996, Well-preserved underplating structure of the jadeitized Franciscan complex, Pacheco Pass, California: Geology, v. 24, p. 75-78.
62. KITAZATO, H., 1979, Marine paleobathymetry and paleotopography of the Hokuroku District during the time of the Kuroko deposition, based on foraminiferal assemblages: Mining Geology, v. 29, p. 207-216.
63. KRUMBEIN, W.C., 1939, Preferred orientation of pebbles in sedimentary deposits: Journal of Geology, v. 47, p. 673-706.
64. KSIAZ̊KIEWICZ, M., 1961, O niektorych sedymentacyjnych strukturach fliszu Karpackiego (On some sedimentary structures in the Carpathian Flysch): Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, v. 31, p. 23-41.
65. LEO, R.F., and BARGHOORN, E.S., 1976, Silicification of wood: Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, v. 25, p. 1-47.
66. LEWIS, K.B., COLLOT, J.-Y, and LALLEM, S.E., 1998, The dammed Hikurangi Trough: A channel-fed trench blocked by subducting seamounts and their wake avalanches (New Zealand-France GeodyNZ Project): Basin Research, v. 10, p. 441-468.
67. LIPPS, J.H., 1987, Cambrian Foraminifera: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, p. 747.
68. MACDONALD, D.I.M., and JEFFERSON, T.H., 1985, Orientation studies of waterlogged wood: A Paleocurrent indicator?: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 235- 239.
69. MACDONALD, D.I.M., and TANNER, P.W.G., 1983, Sediment dispersal patterns in part of a deformed Mesozoic back-arc basin on south Georgia, South Atlantic: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, p. 83-104.
70. MACKENSEN, A., FÜTTERER, D.K., GROBE, H., and SCHMIEDL, G., 1993, Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the eastern South Atlantic Polar Front region between 35° and 57° S: Distribution, ecology and fossilization potential: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 22, p. 33-69.
71. MAłECKI, J., 1973, Bathysiphons from the Eocene of the Carpathian flysch, Poland: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 18, p. 163-172.
72. MANCINELLI, A., CHIOCCHINI, M., and COCCIA, B., 2003, Orbitolinidae and Alveolinidae (Foraminiferida) from the uppermost Albian-lower Cenomanian of Monti d'Ocra (Abruzzi, Italy): Cretaceous Research, v. 24, p. 729-741.
73. MARDIA, K.V., 1972, Statistics of Directional Data: Academic Press, London, 357 p.
74. MCILROY, D., GREEN, O.R., and BRASIER, M.D., 2001, Paleobiology and evolution of the earliest agglutinated Foraminifera: Platysolenites, Spirosolenites and related forms: Lethaia, v. 34, p. 13-29.
75. MCKEE, B., 1962, Aragonite in the Franciscan rocks of the Pacheco Pass area, California: America Mineralogist, v. 47, p. 379-387.
76. MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 1997, Microsoft Excel 1997 [CD-ROM]: Redmond, Washington.
77. MILLER, W, III, 1986a, Discovery of trace fossils in Franciscan turbidites: Geology, v. 14, p. 343-345.
78. MILLER, W, III, 1986b, New species of Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida: Textulariina) from Franciscan flysch deposits, northernmost California: Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, v. 19, p. 91-94.
79. MILLER, W, III, 1988a, Giant agglutinated foraminiferids from Franciscan turbidites at Redwood Creek, northwestern California, with the description of a new species of Bathysiphon: Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, v. 21, p. 81-84.
80. MILLER, W, III, 1988b, Giant Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) from Cretaceous turbidites, northern California: Lethaia, v. 21, p. 363-374.
81. MILLER, W., III, 1991, Bathysiphonid (Protista: Foraminiferida) localities in Franciscan flysch, Northern California, with a redescription of Bathysiphon aaltoi Miller, 1986: Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, v. 24, p. 71-78.
82. MILLER, W., III, 1995, Examples of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) from the Pacific Rim and the taxonomic status of Terebellina Ulrich, 1904: Journal of Paleontology, v. 69, p. 624-634.
83. MILLER, W., III, 1997, Is Bathysiphon aaltoi Miller, 1986, the largest foraminiferid?: Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, v. 30, p. 117-120.
84. MILLER, W, III, 2005, Giant Bathysiphon (Astrorhizina, Foraminifera) from the Late Cretaceous Hunters Cove Formation, southwestern Oregon: Journal of Paleontology, v. 79, p. 389-394.
85. MOORE, J.C., WATKINS, J.S., MCMILLEN, K.J., BACHMAN, S.B., LEGGETT, J.K., LUNDBERG, N., SHIPLEY, T.H., STEPHAN, J.-E, BEGHTEL, F.W., BUTT, A., DIDYK, B.M., NHTSUMA, N., SHEPHARD, L.E., and STRADNER, H., 1982, Facies belts of the Middle America Trench and forearc region, southern Mexico: Results from Leg 66 DSDP, in Leggett, J.K., ed., Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins: Geological Society of London Special Publication no. 10, p. 77-94.
86. MURATA, K.J., 1940, Volcanic ash as a source of silica for the silicification of wood: American Journal of Science, v. 238, p. 586-596.
87. NARAYAN, Y.R., BARNES, C.R., and JOHNS, M.J., 2005, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Cenozoic foraminifers from Shell Canada wells, Tofino Basin, offshore Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Micropaleontology, v. 51, p. 101-167.
88. NATLAND, M.L., and KUENEN, PH. H., 1951, Sedimentary history of the Ventura basin, California, and the action of turbidity currents, in Hough, J. L., ed., Turbidity Currents and the Transportation of Coarse Sediments to Deep Water: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication no. 2, p. 76-107.
89. NESTROFF, W.D., 1961, La "sequence type" dans les turbidites terrigènes modernes: Revue de Géographie Physique et de Géologie Dynamique, v. 4, p. 263-268.
90. OLSSON, R.K., 1977, Mesozoic Foraminifera-Western Atlantic, in Swain, F.M., ed., Stratigraphic Micropaleontology of Atlantic Basin and Borderlands: Elsevier, Amsterdam, 603 p.
91. PAGE, B.M., 1981, The southern Coast Ranges, in Ernst, W.G., ed., The Geotectonic Development of California: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, p. 329- 417.
92. PASSCHIER, C.W., and TROUW, R.A.J., 1996, Microtectonics: Springer-Verlag, New York, 289 p.
93. PFEFFERKORN, H.W., 1968, Geologie des Gebietes zwishen Serpa und Mertola (Baixo Alentejo, Portugal): Münsterische Forschungen zür Geologie und Palaontologie, v. 9, p. 1-143.
94. POTTER, P.E., and PETTIJOHN, F.J., 1977, Paleocurrents and Basin Analysis: 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 425 p.
95. RASBAND, W.S., 2007, ImageJ: U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/docs/intro.html. Checked November 2008.
96. REX, G.M., and CHALONER, W.G., 1983, The experimental formation of plant compression fossils: Palaeontology, v. 26, p. 231-252.
97. SAJA, D.B., 1999, Structural and strain analysis of the metasediments in Pacheco Pass, California: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 308 p.
98. SCHRODER, C.J., MEDIOLI, F.S., and SCOTT, D.B., 1989, Fragile abyssal foraminifera (including new Komokiacea) from the Nares Abyssal Plain: Micropaleontology, v. 35, p. 10-48.
99. SCHUBERT, J.K., KIDDER, D.L., and ERWIN, D.H., 1997, Silica-replaced fossils through the Phanerozoic: Geology, v. 25, p. 1031-1034.
100. SIMPSON, F, 1969, Interfacial assemblages of Foraminifera in the Carpathian Flysch: Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, v. 39, p. 471-490.
101. ŚLACZKA, A., 1964, Budowa geologiczna jednostki ślaskiej miedzy Bilskiem a Tabaszowa Polskie Karpaty środkowe (Geological structure of the Silesian unit between Bielsko and Tabaszowa Polish Carpathians): Kwartalnik Geologiczny, v. 8, p. 199-210.
102. SMART, C.W., and GOODAY, A.J., 2006, Benthic foraminiferal trends in relation to an organic enrichment gradient on the continental slope (850 m water depth) off North Carolina (USA): Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 36, p. 34-43.
103. STOW, D.A.V., 1979, Distinguishing between fine-grained turbidites and contourites on the Nova Scotian deep water margin: Sedimentology, v. 26, p. 371-387.
104. SUPPE, J., 1973, Geology of the Leech Lake Mountain-Ball Mountain region, California: A cross section of the northeastern Franciscan belt and its tectonic implications: University of California Publications in Geological Science, v. 107, 82 p.
105. TELLEEN, K.E., 1977, Paleocurrents in part of the Franciscan Complex, California: Geology, v. 5, p. 49-51.
106. TUCKER, M.E., 1991, Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks: 2nd ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 260 p.
107. VAN DEN AKKER, T.J.H.A., KAMINSKI, M.A., GRADSTEIN, F.M., and WOOD, J., 2000, Campanian to Palaeocene biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments in the Foula Sub-basin, west of the Shetland Islands, UK: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 19, p. 23-43.
108. WAKABAYASHI, J., 1992, Nappes, tectonics of oblique plate convergence, and metamorphic evolution related to 140 million years of continuous subduction, Franciscan Complex, California: Journal of Geology, v. 100, p. 19-40.
109. WALKER, R.G., and MUM, E., 1973, Turbidite facies and facies associations, in Middleton, G.V., and Bouma, A.H., ed., Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation: Pacific Section SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Short Course Notes, Los Angeles, p. 119-157.
110. WALTON, J., 1936, On the factors which influence the external form of fossil plants; with descriptions of the foliage of some species of the Palaeozoic equisetalean genus Annularia Sternberg: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, v. 226, p. 219-237.
111. WELTON, J.E., 1984, SEM Petrology Atlas: Methods in Exploration Series, no. 4, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 237 p.
112. WIDMARK, J.G.V., and MALMGREN, B.A., 1992, Biogeography of terminal Cretaceous deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 92, p. 375-405.
113. WNUK, C., and PFEFFERKORN, H.W., 1987, A Pennsylvanian-age terrestrial storm deposit: Using plant fossils to characterize the history and process of sediment accumulation: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 212-221.
114. WOODWARD, M.A., 2005, Turbidite, densite, debrite or gravite? Phytoclasts can help: Geological Society of Americas with PROGRAMS, v. 37, p. 33.
115. XIANG, R., LI, T, YANG, Z., YAN, J., and CAO, Q. 2003, Benthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: Dependence on water masses and food supply: Acta Oceanologica Sinica, v. 22, p. 133-143.