The dammed Hikurangi Trough: A channel-fed trench blocked by subducting seamounts and their wake avalanches (New Zealand-France GeodyNZ Project)

Basin Research

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 441-468

  Lewis, Keith B ^c   Collot, Jean Yves ^a   Lallemand, Serge E ^b  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^b UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PLEISTOCENE; PLIOCENE; SEAMOUNT; SUBDUCTION; SUBMARINE CANYON; TRENCH; TURBIDITE;

PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 0032469959     PISSN: 0950091X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00080.x     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. ALLEN, J.R.L. (1971) Mixing at turbidity current heads, and its geological implications. J. sedim. Petrol., 41, 97-113.
2. ALLEN, J.R.L. (1984) Physical Sedimentology. George Allen and Unwin, London.
3. BAGNOLD, R.A. (1962) Auto-suspension of transported sediment; turbidity currents. Proc. Royal Soc. London, Series A, 265, 315-319.
4. BARNES, P.M. (1988) Submarine fan sedimentation at a convergent margin: the Cretaceous Mangapokia Formation, New Zealand. Sediment. Geol., 59, 155-178.
5. BARNES, P.M. (1990) Provenance of Cretaceous accretionary wedge sediments: the Mangapokia Formation, Wairarapa, New Zealand. New Zealand Jl. Geol. Geophys., 33, 125-135.
6. BARNES, P.M. (1992) Mid-bathyal current scours and sediment drifts adjacent to the Hikurangi deep-sea turbidite channel, eastern New Zealand: evidence from character mapping. Mar. Geol., 106, 169-189.
7. BARNES, P.M. (1994) Continental extension of the Pacific Plate at the southern termination of the Hikurangi subduction zone: the North Mernoo Fault Zone, offshore New Zealand. Tectonics, 13, 735-754.
8. BARNES, P.M. & MERCIER DE LÉPINAY, B. (1997) Rates and mechanics of rapid frontal accretion along the very obliquely convergent southern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. J. geophys. Res., 102, 24931-24952.
9. BARNES, P.M., MERCIER DE LÉPINAY, B., COLLOT, J.-Y., DELTEIL, J. & AUDRU, J.-C. (1998) Structure and strain partitioning in a transition zone from oblique subduction to oblique continental collision: offshore southern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. Tectonics.
10. BARNES, P.M. & KORSCH, R.J. (1990) Structural analysis of a middle Cretaceous accretionary wedge, Wairarapa, New Zealand. New Zealand Jl. Geol. Geophys., 33, 355-375.
11. BRODIE, J.W. & HATHERTON, T. (1958) THE MORPHOLOGY OF KERMADEC AND HIKURANGI TRENCHES. Deep Sea Res., 5, 18-28.
12. BUGGE, T., BEFRING, S., BELDERSON, R.H., EIDVIN, T., JANSEN, E., KENYON, N.H., HOLTEDAHL, H. & SEJRUP, H.P. (1987) A giant three-stage submarine slide off Norway. Geo-Mar. Lett., 7, 191-198.
13. BUGGE, T., BELDERSON, R.H. & KENYON, N.H. (1988) The Storegga Slide. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 325, 357-388.
14. CANZ. (1997) New Zealand Regional Bathymetry. 1 :4 000 000. NIWA Chart, Misc. Ser. 73.
15. CARTER, L. (1992) Acoustical characterisation of seafloor sediments and its relationship to active sedimentary processes in Cook Strait, New Zealand. New Zealand Jl Geol. Geophys., 35, 289-300.
16. CARTER, L. & CARTER, R.M. (1988) Late Quaternary development of left-bank-dominated levées in the Bounty Channel, New Zealand. Mar. Geol., 78, 85-197.
17. CARTER, L. & CARTER, R.M. (1990) Lacustrine sediment traps and their effect on continental shelf sedimentation - South Island, New Zealand. Geo-Mar. Lett., 10, 3-100.
18. CARTER, L., CARTER, R.M. & GRIGGS, G.B. (1982) Sedimentation in the Conway Trough, a deep near-shore marine basin at the junction of the Alpine transform and Hikurangi subduction plate boundary, New Zealand. Sedimentology, 29, 475-497.
19. CARTER, L. & MCCAVE, I.N. (1994) Development of sediment drifts approaching an active plate margin under the SW Pacific Deep Western Boundary Current. Paleoceanography, 9, 1061-1085.
20. CARTER, L. & MITCHELL, J.S. (1987) Late quaternary sediment pathways through the deep ocean, east of New Zealand. Paleoceanography, 2, 9-422.
21. CLARK, J.D., KENYON, N.H. & PICKERING, K.T. (1992) Quantitative analysis of the geometry of submarine channels: implications for the classification of submarine fans. Geology, 20, 633-636.
22. CLARK, J.D. & PICKERING, K.T. (1996) Submarine Channels; Processes and Architecture. Vallis Press, London.
23. COLE, J.W. & LEWIS, K.B. (1981) Evolution of the Taupo-Hikurangi subduction system. Tectonophysics, 72, 1-21.
24. COLLOT, J.-Y. (1995) De la fosse de Kermadec à la terminaison sud du fossé d'Hikurangi: résultats de la campagne de cartographie multifaisceaux GEODYNZ-SUD, Leg1. CR Acad. Sci., Paris, 320, 295-302.
25. COLLOT, J.-Y., DELTEIL, J., HERZER, R., LEWIS, K.B., WOOD, R. & SHIPBOARD PARTY. (1994) GeodyNZ-Sud Cruise Report. ORSTOM, Villefranche s/Mer, Noumea.
26. COLLOT, J.-Y., DELTEIL, J., HERZER, R., WOOD, R., LEWIS, K.B. & SHIPBOARD PARTY (1995) Sonic imaging reveals new plate boundary structures offshore New Zealand. EOS, Trans., Am. Geophys. Union, 76, 1-5.
27. COLLOT, J.-Y., DELTEIL, J., LEWIS, K.B., DAVY, B., LAMARCHE, G., AUDRU, J.-C., BARNES, P., CHANIER, F., CHAUMILLON, E., LALLEMAND, S., LÉPINAY, B.M.D., ORPIN, A., PELLETIER, B., SOSSON, M., TOUSSAINT, B. & URUSKI, C. (1996) From oblique subduction to intracontinental transpression: structures of the southern Kermadec-Hikurangi margin from multibeam bathymetry, side scan sonar and seismic reflection. Mar. Geophys. Res., 18, 357-381.
28. COLLOT, J.-Y. & FISHER, M.A. (1989) Formation of Forearc basins by collision between seamounts and accretionary wedges: an example from the New Hebrides subduction zone. Geology, 17, 930-933.
29. DAMUTH, J.E. & FLOOD, R.D. (1984) Morphology, sedimentation processes, and growth pattern the Amazon deep-sea fan. Geo-Mar. Lett., 3, 109-117.
30. DAVEY, F.J., HAMPTON, M., CHILDS, J., FISHER, M.A., LEWIS, K.B. & PETTINGA, J.R. (1986a) Structure of a growing accretionary prism, Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. Geology, 14, 663-666.
31. DAVEY, F.J., LEWIS, K.B., CHILDS, J.R. & HAMPTON, M.A. (1986b) Convergent margin off east coast of North Island, New Zealand, Parts I and II Seismic images of modern convergent margin tectonic structure. In: AAPG Studies in Geol., Vol. 26 (Ed. by R.E. Von Huene), pp. 49-53. American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
32. DAVY, B.W. (1992) The influence of subducting plate bouyancy on subduction of the Hikurangi-Chatham Plateau beneath the North Island, New Zealand. In: Advances in Geology and Geophysics of the Continental Margins, Vol. 53 (Ed. by J.S. Watkins, F. Zhiqiang & K.J.E. McMillen), pp. 75-91. AAPG Memoir.
33. DAWSON, A.G., LONG, D. & SMITH, D.E. (1988) The Storegga Slides: evidence from eastern Scotland for a possible tsunami. Mar. Geol., 82, 271-276.
34. DE METS, C., GORDON, R.G., ARGUS, D.F. & STEIN, S. (1990)) Current plate motions. Geophys. Jl Internat., 101, 425-478.
35. DE METS, C., GORDON, R.G., ARGUS, D.F. & STEIN, S. (1994) Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194.
36. DINGLE, R.V. (1977) The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental margin (SE Africa). J. Geol. Soc. London, 134, 293-310.
37. DINGLE, R.V. (1980) Large allochthonous sediment masses and their role in the construction of the continental slope and rise off southwestern Africa. Mar. Geol., 37, 333-354.
38. DROZ, L., RIGAUT, F., COCHONAT, P. & TOFANI, R. (1996) Morphology and recent evolution of the Zaire turbidite system (Gulf of Guinea). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 253-269.
39. EYLES, C.H. (1987) Glacially influenced submarine-channel sedimentation in the Yakataga Formation, Middleton Island. J. sedim. Petrol., 57, 1004-1017.
40. FEELEY, M.H., MOORE, T.C., LOUTIT, T.S. & BRYANT, W.R. (1990) Sequence stratigraphy of Mississippi Fan related to oxygen isotope sea level index. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, Bull., 74, 407-424.
41. FENNER, J., CARTER, L. & STEWART, R. (1992) Late Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoceanographic change over northern Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Mar. Geol., 108, 383-404.
42. FUJIOKA, K. & TAIRA, A. (1989) Tectono-sedimentary settings of seep biological communities - a synthesis from the Japanese subduction zones. In: Sedimentary Facies in the Active Plate Margin (Ed. by A. Taira & F. Masuda), pp. 577-602.
43. GARCIA, M.O. & HULL, D.M. (1994) Turbidites from giant Hawaiian landslides: results from Ocean Drilling Program Site 842. Geology, 22, 159-162.
44. GARDNER, J.V., FIELD, M.F., LEE, H. & EDWARDS, B.E. (1991) Ground-truthing 6.5-kHz side scan sonographs: what are we really imaging? J. geophys. Res., 96, 5955-5974.
45. GARFIELD, N., RAGO, T.A., SCHNEBELE, K.J. & COLLINS, C.A. (1994) Evidence of a turbidity current in the Monterey Submarine Canyon associated with the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Continental Shelf Res., 14, 673-686.
46. GRIGGS, G.B. & KULM, L.B. (1970) Sedimentation in Cascadia Deep-Sea. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 1361-1384.
47. GRIGGS, G.B., KULM, L.D., WATERS, A.C. & FOWLER, G.A. (1970) Deep-sea gravel from Cascadia Channel. J. Geol., 78, 611-619.
48. HENRY, S.A., DAVEY, F.J. & O'BRIEN, B. (1995) Crustal structure of the southern Hikurangi subduction zone: Chatham Rise to Marlborough. New Zealand Geophys. Soc. Symp. Prog. Abstr.
49. HENRY, P., LALLEMANT, S.J., LE PICHON, X. & LALLEMAND, S.E. (1989) Fluid venting along Japanese trenches: tectonic context and thermal modeling. Tectonophysics, 160, 277-291.
50. HERZER, R.H. (1979) Submarine slides and submarine canyons on the continental slope off Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys., 22, 391-406.
51. HESS, R. (1995) Long-distance correlation of spillover turbidites on the western levée of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC), Labrador Sea. In: Atlas of Deep Water Environments: Architectural Style in Turbidite Systems (Ed. by K.T. Pickering, R.N. Hiscott, N.H. Kenyon, F. Ricchi Lucchi & R.D.A. Smith), pp. 276-277. Chapman & Hall, London.
52. HISCOTT, R.N. (1994) Loss of capacity, not competence, as the fundamental process governing deposition from turbidity currents. J. sedim. Res., A64, 209-214.
53. HOUTZ, R.E. & WELLMAN, H.W. (1962) Turbidity current at Kadavu Passage, Fiji. Geol. Mag., 99, 57-62.
54. HOWE, J.A. (1996) Turbidite and contourite sediment waves in the northern Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean. Sedimentology, 43, 219-234.
55. HUGHES CLARKE, J.E. (1990) Late stage slope failure in the wake of the 1929 Grand Banks Earthquake. Geo-Mar. Lett., 10, 69-79.
56. HUGHES CLARKE, J.E., SHOR, A.N., PIPER, D.J.W. & MAYER, L.A. (1990) Large-scale current-induced erosion and deposition in the path of the 1929 Grand Banks turbidity current. Sedimentology, 37, 613-629.
57. INMAN, D.L., NORDSTROM, C.E. & FLICK, R.E. (1976) Currents in submarine canyons: an air-sea-land interaction. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 8, 275-310.
58. JACOBS, C.L. (1995) Mass-wasting along the Hawaiian Ridge: giant debris avalanches. In: Atlas of Deep Water Environments: Architectural Style in Turbidite Systems (Ed. by K.T. Pickering, R.N. Hiscott, N.H. Kenyon, F. Ricchi Lucchi & R.D.A. Smith), pp. 26-28. Chapman & Hall, London.
59. JANSEN, E., BEFRING, S., BUGGE, T., EIDVIN, T., HOLTEDAHL, H. & SEJRUP, H.P. (1987) Large submarine slides on the Norwegian continental margin, sediments, transport and timing. Mar. Geol., 21, 211-226.
60. KATZ, H.R. (1974) Margins of the Southwest Pacific. In: Geology of Continental Margins (Ed. by C.A. Burk & C.L. Drake), pp. 549-566. Springer-Verlag.
61. KATZ, H.R. (1982) Plate margin transition from oceanic arctrench to continental system: the Kermadec-New Zealand example. Tectonophysics, 87, 49-64.
62. KENYON, N.H. (1992) Speculations on the geological causes of backscatter variation on GLORIA sonographs from the Mississippi and De Soto Fans, Gulf of Mexico. Geo-Mar. Lett., 12, 24-32.
63. KENYON, N.H., MILLINGTON, J., DROZ, L. & IVANOV, M.K. (1995) Scour holes in a channel-lobe transition zone on the Rhone Cone. In: Atlas of Deep Water Environments: Architectural Style in Turbidite Systems (Ed. by K.T. Pickering, R.N. Hiscott, N.H. Kenyon, F. Ricchi Lucchi & R.D.A. Smith), pp. 212-217. Chapman & Hall, London.
64. KLAUCKE, I., HESS, R. & RYAN, W.B.F. (1997) Flow parameters of turbidity currents in a low-sinuosity giant deep-sea channel. Sedimentology., 44, 1093-1102.
65. KLAUCKE, I., HESS, R. & RYAN, W.B.F. (1998) Morphology and structure of a distal submarine trunk channel; the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel between 53°N and 44°30′N. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 22-34.
66. KOMAR, P.D. (1969) The channelized flow of turbidity currents with application to the Monterey Deep-sea Fan Channel. J. geophys. Res., 74, 4544-4558.
67. KOMAR, P.D. (1971) Hydraulic jumps in turbidity currents. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 1477-1488.
68. KOMAR, P.D. (1985) The hydraulic interpretation of turbidites from their grain sizes and sedimentary structures. Sedimentology, 32, 395-407.
69. KRAUSE, D.C., WHITE, W.C., PIPER, D.J. & HEEZEN, B.C. (1970) Turbidity currents and cable breaks in the western New Britain Trench. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 2153-2160.
70. LALLEMAND, S., COLLOT, J.-Y., PELLETIER, B.C., R. & CADET, J.-P. (1990) Impact of oceanic asperities on the tectonogenesis of modern convergent margins. Oceanologica Acta Spec., 10, 17-30.
71. LALLEMAND, S.E., GLACON, G., LAURRIAT-RAGE, A., FIALA-MEDIONI, A., CADET, J.-P., BECK, C., SIBUET, M., IIYAMA, J.T., HIROSHI, S. & TAIRA, A. (1992) Seafloor manifestations of fluid seepage at the top of a 2000-metre-deep ridge in the eastern Nankai accretionary wedge: long-lived venting and tectonic implications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 109, 333-346.
72. LALLEMAND, S.E., SCHNURLE, P. & MALAVIELLE, J. (1994) Colomb Theory applied to accretionary and non-accretionary wedges - possible causes for tectonic erosion and/or frontal accretion. J. geophys. Res., 99, 12033-12055.
73. LE PICHON, X., KOBAYASHI, K. & KAIKO-NANKAI SCIENTIFIC CREW. (1992) Fuild venting activity with the eastern Nankai Trough accretionary wedge: a summary of the 1989 Kaiko-Nankai results. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 109, 303-318.
74. LEWIS, K.B. (1973) Sediments on the Continental shelf and slope between Napier and Castlepoint, New Zealand. New Zealand Jl Mar. Freshwat. Res., 7, 183-208.
75. LEWIS, K.B. (1980) Quaternary sedimentation on the Hikurangi oblique-subduction and transform margin, New Zealand. In: Sedimentation in Oblique-Slip Mobile Zones, Vol. 4 (Ed. by P.F. Ballance & H.G. Reading), pp. 171-189. International Association of Sedimentologists special publication.
76. LEWIS, K.B. (1985) New rock samples and cores from Hikurangi Margin geology cruise 1121. In: New Seismic Profiles, Cores and Dated Rocks from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand., (ed. K.B. Lewis), pp. 37-49. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Field Report. 22.
77. LEWIS, K.B. (1994) The 1500 km long Hikurangi Channel: an axial channel that escapes its trench, crosses a plateau and feeds and fan-drift. Geo-Mar. Lett., 14, 19-28.
78. LEWIS, K.B. & BARNES, P.M. (1998) Kaikoura Canyon, New Zealand; active conduit from near-shore sediment zones to trench-axis channel. Mar. Geol.
79. LEWIS, K.B., BENNETT, D.J., HERZER, R.H. & VON DER BORCH, C.C. (1986) Seismic stratigraphy and structure adjacent to an evolving plate boundary, western Chatham Rise, New Zealand. In: Initial Reports of the Deepsea Drilling Project, Vol. 90 (Ed. by J.P. Kennett & C.C. e. a. von der Borch), pp. 1325-1337.
80. LEWIS, K.B., CARTER, L. & DAVEY, F.J. (1994) The opening of Cook Strait: interglacial tidal scour and aligning basins at a subduction to transform plate edge. Mar. Geol., 116, 293-312.
81. LEWIS, K.B., COLLOT, J.-Y., DAVY, B.W., DELTEIL, J., LALLEMAND, S.E., URUSKI, C., GEODY N.Z. & TEAM (1997) North Hikurangi GeodyNZ swath maps: depths, texture and geological interpretation. NIWA, Wellington. NIWA Misc. Chart 72.
82. LEWIS, K.B., GARLICK, R.D. & DAWSON, S.M. (1998) Kaikoura Canyon; depths, textures and whale sightings. NIWA Chart Missc. Ser. 78.
83. LEWIS, K.B. & KOHN, B.P. (1973) Ashes, turbidites, and rates of sedimentation on the continental slope off Hawkes Bay. New Zealand Jl Geol. Geophys., 16, 439-454.
84. LEWIS, K.B. & MARSHALL, B.A. (1996) Seep faunas and other indicators of methane-rich dewatering on New Zealand convergent margins. New Zealand Jl Geol. Geophys., 39, 181-200.
85. LEWIS, K.B. & PETTINGA. J.R. (1992) The emerging, imbricate frontal wedge of the Hikurangi Margin. In: Basins of the Southwest Pacific. Sedimentary Basins of the World, 2 (Ed. by P.F. Ballance), pp. 225-250. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
86. LOWE, D.R. (1982) Sediment gravity flows: II depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high density turbidity currents. J. sedim. Petrol., 52, 279-297.
87. MACKINNON, T.C. (1983) Origin of the Torlesse Terrane and coeval rocks, South Island, New Zealand. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 967-985.
88. MAILL, A.D. (1989) Architectural elements and bounding surfaces in channelized clastic deposits: notes on comparisons between fluvial and turbidite systems. In: Sedimentary Facies in the Active Plate Margin, Vol. 3 (Ed. by A. Taira & F. Masuda), pp. 3-15.
89. MALAVIEILLE, J., CALASSOU, S. & LARROQUE, C. (1991) Modélisation expérimentale des relations tectonique/sédimentation entre bassin avant-arc et prisme d'accrétion. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 316 (II), 1131-1137.
90. MASSON, D.G. (1994) Late Quaternary turbidity current pathways to the Madeira Abyssal Plain and some constraints on turbidity current mechanisms. Basin Res., 6, 17-33.
91. MASSON, D.G. (1996) Catastrophic collapse of the volcanic island of Hierro 15 ka ago and the history of landslides in the Canary Islands. Geology, 24, 231-234.
92. MASSON, D.G., KENYON, N.H., GARDNER, J.V. & FIELD, M.E. (1995) Monterey Fan: channel and overbank morphology. In: Atlas of Deep Water Environments: Architectural Style in Turbidite Systems (Ed. by K.T. Pickering, R.N. Hiscott, N.H. Kenyon, F. Ricchi Lucchi & R.D.A. Smith), pp. 74-79. Chapman & Hall, London.
93. MASSON, D.G., PARSON, L.M., MILSOM, J., NICHOLS, G., SIKUMBANG, N., DWIYANTO, B. & KALLAGHER, H. (1990) Subduction of seamounts at the Java Trench: a view with long-range sidescan sonar. Tectonophysics, 185, 51-65.
94. MCCAVE, I.N. & CARTER, L. (1997) Recent sedimentation beneath the Deep Western Boundary Current of northern New Zealand. Deep Sea Res., 44, 1203-1237.
95. MOORE, J.G., CLAGUE, D.A., HOLCOMB, R.T., LIPMAN, P.W., NORMARK, W.R. & TORRESAN, M.E. (1989) Prodigious submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge. J. geophys. Res., 94 (17), 465-17484.
96. MOORE, J.G. & MOORE, G.W. (1984) Deposit from a giant wave on the island of Lanai, Hawaii. Science, 226, 1312-1315.
97. MORGENSTERN, N.R. (1967) Submarine slumping and the initiation of turbidity currents. In: Marine Geotechnique (Ed. by A.F. Richards), pp. 189-220. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
98. MORTIMER, N. & PARKINSON, D.L. (1996) Hikurangi Plateau: a Cretaceous large igneous province in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. J. geophys. Res., 101 (B1), 687-696.
99. MOUNTNEY, N.P. & WESTBROOK, G.K. (1996) Modelling sedimentation in ocean trenches: the Nankai Trough from 1Ma to present. Basin Res., 8, 85-101.
100. MULDER, T., SAVOYE, S. & SYVITSKI, J.P.M. (1997) Numerical modelling of a mid-sized gravity flow: the 1979 Nice turbidity current (dynamics, processes, sediment budget and seafloor impact). Sedimentology, 44, 305-326.
101. MUTTI, E. & NORMARK, W.R. (1987) Comparing examples of modern and ancient turbidite systems: problems and concepts. In: Marine Clastic Sedimentology: Concepts and Case Studies (Ed. by J.K. Leggett & G.G. Zuffa), pp. 1-38. Graham and Trotman, London.
102. NINKOVICH, D. (1968) Pleistocene volcanic eruptions in New Zealand recorded in deep sea sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 4, 89-102.
103. ORANGE, D.L., ANDERSON, R.S. & BREEN, N.A. (1994) Regular canyon spacing in the submarine environment: the link between hydrology and geomorphology. GSA Today, 4 (2), 29-39.
104. ORANGE, D.L. & BREEN, N.A. (1992) The effects of fluid escape on accretionary wedges; 2. seepage force, slope failure. headless submarine canyons, and vents. J. geophys. Res., 97, 9277-9295.
105. PANTIN, H.M. (1972) Internal structure in marine shelf, slope, and abyssal sediments east of New Zealand. New Zealand Oceanogr. Inst. Mem., 60.
106. PANTIN, H.M. (1979) Interaction between velocity and effective density in turbidity flow: phase-plane analysis, with criteria for autosuspension. Mar. Geol., 31, 59-99.
107. PANTIN, H.M. (1983) Conditions for the ignition of catastrophically erosive turbidity currents - comment. Mar. Geol., 52, 281-290.
108. PANTIN, H.M. & LEEDER, M.R. (1987) Reverse flow in turbidity currents: the role fo internal solitons. Sedimentology, 34, 1143-1155.
109. PARKER, G. (1983) Conditions for the ignition of catastrophically erosive turbidity currents - reply. Mar. Geol., 52, 288-290.
110. PARKER, G., FUKISHIMA, Y. & PANTIN, H.M. (1986) Self-accelerating turbidity currents. J. Fluid Mech., 171, 145-181.
111. PICKERING, K.T., HISCOTT, R.H. & HEIN, F.J. (1989) Deep Marine Environments: Clastic Sedimentation and Tectonics. Unwin Hyman Ltd, London.
112. PIPER, D.J.W. & NORMARK, W.R. (1983) Turbidite depositional patterns and flow characteristics, Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland. Sedimentology, 30, 681-694.
113. PIPER, D.J. & SAVOYE, B. (1993) Processes of late Quaternary turbidite current flow and deposition on the Var deep-sea fan, north-west Mediterranean Sea. Sedimentology, 40, 557-582.
114. PIPER, D.J.W. & STOW, D.A.V. (1991) Fine-grained turbidites. In: Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy (Ed. by E.A.C. Einsele), pp. 360-376. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
115. REYNERS, M., ROBINSON, R. & MCGINTY, P. (1997) Plate coupling in the northern South Island and southernmost North Island, New Zealand, as illuminated by earthquake focal mechanisms. J. Geophys. Res.
116. ROTHWELL, R.G., PEARCE, T.J.A. & WEAVER, P.P.E. (1992) Late Quaternary evolution of the Madeira Abyssal Plain, Canary Basin, NE Atlantic. Basin Res., 4, 103-131.
117. SHOR, A.N., PIPER, D.J.W., HUGHES CLARKE, J.E. & MAYER, L.A. (1990) Giant flute-like scour and other erosional features of the 1929 Grand Banks turbidity current. Sedimentology, 37, 631-645.
118. SIMPSON, J.E. (1987) Gravity Currents: in the Environment and the Laboratory. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
119. SOH, W., TOKUYAMA, H., FUJIOKA, K., KATO, S. & TAIRA, A. (1990) Morphology and development of a deep-sea meandering canyon (Boso Canyon) on an active plate margin, Sagami Trough, Japan. Mar. Geol., 91, 227-241.
120. THORNBERG, T. & KULM, L.D. (1987) Sedimentation in the Chile Trench: depositional morphologies, lithologies, and stratigraphy. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 98, 33-52.
121. THORNBURG, T.M., KULM, L.D. & HUSSONG, D.M. (1990) Submarine-fan development in the southern Chile Trench: a dynamic interplay of tectonics and sedimentation. Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., 102, 1658-1680.
122. UNDERWOOD, M.B. (1986) Transverse infilling of the Central Aleutian Trench by unconfined turbidity currents. Geo-Mar. Lett., 6, 7-13.
123. UNDERWOOD, M.B. & BACHMAN, S.B. (1982) Sedimentary facies associations within subduction complexes. In: Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on the Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins., Vol. 10 (Ed. by J.K. Leggett), pp. 537-550. Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. London.
124. URUSKI, C. & WOOD, R. (1993) The Hikurangi Triangle and its effects on the petroleum geology of East Coast Basin. New Zealand Petrol. Explor. News (July), 8-17.
125. VAN DER LINDEN, W.J.M. (1969) Rotation of the Melanesian complex and of West Antarctica - a key to the configuration of Gondwana? Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 6, 37-44.
126. VAN DISSEN, R.J. (1991) An evaluation of seismic hazard in the Kaikoura region, southeastern Marlborough. New Zealand Geol. Surv. Rec., 43, 93-99.
127. VAN TASSEL, J. (1981) Silver abyssal plain carbonate turbidite: flow characteristics. J. Geol., 89, 317-333.
128. VON HUENE, R. & LALLEMAND, S. (1990) Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 102, 704-720.
129. VON HUENE, R. & SCHOLL, D.W. (1991) Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev. Geophys., 29, 279-316.
130. WOOD, R. & DAVY, B. (1994) The Hikurangi Plateau. Mar. Geol., 118, 153-173.
131. YALIN, M.S. (1972) Mechanics of Sediment Transport. Pergamon Press Ltd, Oxford.
132. ZENG, J., LOWE, D.R., PRIOR, D.B., WISEMAN, W.J. & BORNHOLD, B.D. (1991) Flow properties of turbidity currents in Bute Inlet, British Columbia. Sedimentology, 38, 975-996.