Neuroticism, introversion, and major depressive disorder - Traits, states, or scars?

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 325-334

  Jylha, Pekka ^a,b   Melartin, Tarja ^a,c   Rytsala, Heikki ^a,c   Isometsä, Erkki ^a,d  

^a NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b JORVI HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^c PEIJAS HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^d HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Extraversion; Major depressive disorder; Neuroticism; Personality

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EXTRAVERSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; INTROVERSION; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; NEUROSIS; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY TEST; POSTAL MAIL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RECURRENT DISEASE; SCORING SYSTEM; SYMPTOM;

ADULT; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTROVERSION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROTIC DISORDERS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 63849290888     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.20385     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Akiskal HS, Hirschfeld RM, Yerevanian BI. The relationship of personality to affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:801-810.
2. Duggan CF, Sham P, Lee AS, Murray RM. Does recurrent depression lead to a change in neuroticism. Psychol Med 1991; 21:985-990.
3. Bouchard Jr TJ, Loehlin JC. Genes, evolution, and personality. Behav Genet 2001;31:243-273.
4. Enns MW, Cox BJ. Personality dimensions and depression: review and commentary. Can J Psychiatry 1997;42:274-284.
5. Levinson DF. The genetics of depression: a review. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:84-92.
6. Bienvenu OJ, Nestadt G, Samuels JF, Costa PT, Howard WT, Eaton WW Phobic, panic, and major depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001; 189:154-161.
7. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Costa Jr PT, Reti IM, Eaton WW, Nestadt G. Anxiety and depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality: a higher- and lower-order personality trait investigation in a community sample. Depress Anxiety 2004;20: 92-97.
8. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Donker M. Personality traits of patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res 2005; 133:229-237.
9. Farmer A, Redman K, Harris T, Mahmood A, Sadler S, Pickering A, McGuffin P. Neuroticism, extraversion, life events and depression: The Cardiff Depression Study. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181:118-122.
10. Katz R, McGuffin P. Neuroticism in familial depression. Psychol Med 1987;17:155-161.
11. Vaz Serra A, Pollitt J. The relationship between personality and the symptoms of depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 1975; 127:211-218.
12. Coppen A, Metcalfe M. Effect of a depressive illness on M.P.I. scores. Br J Psychiatry 1965;111:236-239.
13. Costa Jr PT, Bagby RM, Herbst JH, McCrae RR. Personality self-reports are concurrently reliable and valid during acute depressive episodes. J Affect Disord 2005;89:45-55.
14. Griens AMGF, Jonker K, Spinhoven P, Blom MBJ. The influence of depressive state features on trait measurement. J Affective Disord 2002;70:95-99.
15. Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Clayton PJ, Keller MB, McDonald-Scott P, Larkin BH. Assessing personality: effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140:695-699.
16. Kendell R, DiScipio W. Personality inventory scores of patients with depressive illnesses. Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:767-770.
17. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in men. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:115-124.
18. Kerr TA, Schapira K, Roth M, Garside RF. The relationship between the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the course of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1970;116:11-19.
19. Liebowitz MR, Stallone F, Dunner DL, Fieve RF. Personality features of patients with primary affective disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1979;60:214-224.
20. Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Vollebergh W. Vulnerability before, during, and after a major depressive episode: a 3-wave population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61: 990-996.
21. Reich J, Noyes R Jr., Hirschfeld R, Coryell W, O'Gorman T. State and personality in depressed and panic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:181-187.
22. Shea M, Leon A, Mueller T, Solomon D, Warshaw M, Keller M. Does major depression result in lasting personality change? Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1404-1410.
23. Reich J, Noyes Jr R, Coryell W, O'Gorman TW. The effect of state anxiety on personality measurement. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:760-763.
24. Clark LA, Watson D, Mineka S. Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1994;103: 103-116.
25. Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Lavori P, Keller MB, Griffith P, Coryell W. Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46: 345-350.
26. Duggan C, Milton J, Egan V, McCarthy L, Palmer B, Lee A. Theories of general personality and mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2003;44:S19S23.
27. Weinstock LM, Whisman MA. Neuroticism as a common feature of the depressive and anxiety disorders: a test of the revised integrative hierarchical model in a national sample. J Abnorm Psychol 2006;115:68-74.
28. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Myers JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:857-864.
29. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. The prediction of major depression in women-toward an integrated etiologic model. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1139-1148.
30. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. The sources of co-morbidity between major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychol Med 2007;37:453-462.
31. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. Personality and major depression: a Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:1113-1120.
32. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1133-1145.
33. Kendler KS, Kuhn J, Prescott CA. The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161: 631-636.
34. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:853-862
35. Roberts SB, Kendler KS. Neuroticism and self-esteem as indices of the vulnerability to major depression in women. Psychol Med 1999;29:1101-1109.
36. Boyce P, Parker G, Barnett B, Cooney M, Smith F. Personality as a Vulnerability Factor to Depression. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:106-114.
37. Nystrom S, Lindegard B. Predisposition for mental syndromes: a study comparing predisposition for depression, neurasthenia and anxiety states. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1975;51:69-76.
38. Angst J, Clayton P. Premorbid personality of depressive, bipolar, and schizophrenic-patients with special reference to suicidal issues. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:511-532.
39. Bianchi G, Fergusson D. The effect of mental state on EPI scores. Br J Psychiatry 1977;131:306-309.
40. Loo R. Note on the relationship between trait anxiety and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. J Clin Psychol 1979;35:110.
41. Cox BJ, McWilliams LA, Enns MW, Clara IP. Broad and specific personality dimensions associated with major depression in a nationally representative sample. Compr Psychiatry 2004;45: 246-253.
42. Saklofske DH, Kelly IW, Janzen BL. Neuroticism, depression, and depression proneness. Pers Individual Differences 1995;18: 27-31.
43. Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Clayton PJ, Keller MB. Personality and depression: empirical findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:993-998.
44. Melartin TK, Rytsala HJ, Leskela US, Lestela-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsa ET. Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSM-IV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:126-134.
45. Melartin TK, Rytsala HJ, Leskela US, Lestela-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsa ET. Severity and comorbidity predict episode duration and recurrence of DSM-IV major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:810-819.
46. Jylha P, Isometsa E. The relationship of neuroticism and extraversion to symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general population. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:281-289.
47. Wing JK, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J. SCAN: Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;589-593.
48. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-61.
49. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4:561-571.
50. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56:893-897.
51. Eysenck H, Eysenck S. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press Ltd; 1964.
52. Roberts BW, Walton KE, Viechtbauer W. Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull 2006;132:1-25.
53. Santor DA, BagbyRM, Joffe RT. Evaluating stabilityand change in personality and depression. J Pers Soc Psychol 1997;73: 1354-1362.
54. Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL. Personality attributes and affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:67-70.