High-resolution refractive index and micro-raman spectroscopy of planar waveguides in KGd(WO4)2 formed by swift heavy ion irradiation

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 373-379

  Merchant, Clark C ^a,b   Scrutton, P ^a   García Blanco, Sonia ^a,c   Hnatovsky, C ^d,e   Taylor, Rod S ^d   Garcia Navarro A ^f   Garcia G ^g   Agullo Lopez F ^f   Olivares, Jose ^h   Helmy, A S ^a   Aitchison, J Stewart ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b Brightwell Technologies Inc   (Canada)

^c INO   (Canada)

^d NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^e OZ OPTICS LTD   (Canada)

^f CENTRO DE MICROANÁLISIS DE MATERIALES   (Spain)

^g ALBA SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE   (Spain)

^h INSTITUTO DE ÓPTICA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Laser crystals; Microreflectivity; Optical planar waveguides; Raman spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

GADOLINIUM COMPOUNDS; HEAVY IONS; ION BOMBARDMENT; PLANAR WAVEGUIDES; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;

LASER CRYSTALS; MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; MICRO RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; MICRO-REFLECTIVITY; OPTICAL PLANAR WAVEGUIDES; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS; REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILES; SWIFT HEAVY ION IRRADIATION;

REFRACTIVE INDEX;

EID: 63649140018     PISSN: 00189197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2009.2013216     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. A. Major, I. Nikolakakos, J. S. Aitchison, A. I. Ferguson, N. Langford, and P. W. E. Smith, "Characterization of the nonlinear refractive index of the laser crvstal Yb:KGd(WO4)2," Appl. Phys. B., vol. 77, pp. 433-436, 2003.
2. 3+ -dope KGd(WO4)2 single crystals," Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. vol. 68, pp. 187-197, 1999.
3. A. S. Kumaran, A. L. Chandru, S. M. Babu, I. Bhaumik, S. Ganesamoorthy. A. K. Karnal, V. K. Wadhawan, and M. Ichimura, "Crystal growth of pure and doped-KGd(WO4)2 and their characterization for laser applications," J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 275, pp. e2117-e2121, 2005.
4. A. Major, J. S. Aitchison, P. W. E. Smith, N. Langford, and A. I. Ferguson, "Efficient Raman shifting of high-energy picosecond pulses into the eye-safe 1.5-μm spectral region by use of a KGd(WO4)2 crystal," Opt. Lett., vol. 30, pp. 421-423, 2005.
5. C. N. Boren, F. Zah, C. Schnider, R. P. Salathe, M. Pollnau, and P. Moretti, "Fabrication of optical planar waveguides in KY(WO4)2 by He-ion implantation," in Proc. CLEO Europe, 2005, p. 296.
6. C. A. Merchant, J. S. Aitchison, S. Garcia-Blanco, C. Hnatovsky, R. S. Taylor, F. Agullo-Rueda, A. J. Kellock, and J. E. E. Baglin, "Direct of waveguide formation in KGd(WO4)2 by low dose H+ ion implantation," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, p.111116-1, 2006.
7. Y. E. Romanyuk, C. N. Borca, M. Pollnau, S. Rivier, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, "Yb-doped KY(WO4)2 planar waveguide laser," Opt. Lett. vol. 31, pp. 53-5, 2006.
8. C. A. Merchant, S. M. Eaton, R. Iyer, A. Helmy, P. R. Herman, and J. S. Aitchison, "Low-loss waveguides fabricated in KGd(WO4)2 by high repetition rate femtosecond laser," in Proc. CLEO/QELS, 2007, p. CPDB8.
9. C. N. Borca, V. Apostolopoulos, F. Gardillou, H. G. Limberger, M. Pollnau, and R. P. Salathe, "Buried channel waveguides in Yb-doped KY(WO4)2 crystals fabricated hv femtosecond laser irradiation," Appl. Surface Sci., vol. 253, no. 19, pp. 8300-8303, Jul. 2007.
10. S. M. Eaton, C. Merchant, R. Iyer, A. J. Zilkie, A. S. Helmy, J. S. Aitchsion, P. R. Herman, D. Kraemer, R. J. D. Miller, C. Hnatovsky, and R. S. Taylor, "Raman gain from waveguides inscribed in crystalline KGW by high repetition rate femtosecond laser," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 92, 2008.
11. B. Canuit, S. M. M. Ramos, R. Brenier, P. Thevenard J. L. Loubet, and M. Toulemonde, "Surface modifications of LiNbO3 single crystals induced by swift heavy ions," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, Beam Interactions with Mater. Atoms, vol. 107, pp. 194-198, 1996.
12. 3 by swift heavy ion-beam irradiation," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, pp. 183501-183503, 2005.
13. L. Douillard and J. P. Duraud, "Swift heavy ion amorphization of quartz - A comparatives study of the particle amorphization mechanism of quartz," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, Beam Interactions Mater. Atoms, vol. 107, p. 212-217, 1996.
14. 3 by low dose, high energy implantation of nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine ions," J. Appl. Phys. vol. 96, pp. 242-247, 2004.
15. M. Toulemonde, C. Dufour, and E. Paumier, "Transient thermal process after a high-energy heavy-ion irradiation of amorphous metals and semiconductors," Phys. Rev. B, Cond. Matter, vol. 46, pp. 14362-14369, 1992.
16. G. Szenes, "General features of latent track formation in magnetic insulators irradiated with swift heavy ions," Phys. Rev. B, Cond. Matter, vol. 51, pp. 8026-8029, 1995.
17. M. Toulemonde, C. Dufour, Z. Wang, and E. Paumier, "Atomic and cluster ion bombardment in the electronic stopping power regime: A thermal spike description," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, Beam Interactions Mater. Atoms, vol. 112, on. 26-29, 1996.
18. A. Garcia-Navarro, J. Olivares, G. Garcia, F. Agullo-Lopez, S. Garcia-Blanco, C. Merchant, and J. S. Aitchison, "Fabrication of optical waveguides in KGW by swift heavy ion beam irradiation," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, Beam Interactions Mater. Atoms, vol. 249, pp. 177-180, 2006.
19. S. G. Blanco, J. S. Aitchison, C. Hnatovsky, and R. S. Taylor, "Microreflectivity characterization of the two-dimensional refractive index distribution of electro-beam-written optical waveguides in germanium-doped flame-hydrolysis silica," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 85, pp. 1314-1316, 2004.
20. T. T. Basiev, A. A. Sobol, P. G. Zverev, L. I. Ivleva, V. V. Osiko, and R. C. Powell, "Raman spectroscopy of crystals for stimulated Raman scattering," Opt. Mater., vol. 11, pp. 307-314, 1999.
21. 3+ -(KGW:Nd)," Opt. Eng., vol. 36, pp. 1660-1669, 1997.
22. T. T. Basiev, V. V. Osiko, A. M. Prokhorov, and E. M. Dianov, "Crystalline and fiber Raman lasers," Topics Appl. Phys., vol. 89, pp. 351-396, 2003.
23. W. L. Zhu, K. S. Wan, Y. L. Huang, X. Q. Feng, and G. Pezzotti, "Stress dependence of raman vibrational bands of PbWO4 single crystals," Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), vol. 203, pp. 2376-2385, 2006.
24. 3 waveguides," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 87, p. 3199, 2000.