The ideal citizen and real subject in late imperial Russia

Kritika

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 173-194

  Lohr, Eric ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 63649114507     PISSN: 1531023X     EISSN: 15385000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/kri.2006.0021     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Margaret R. Somers, "Citizenship and the Place of the Public Sphere: Law, Community, and Political Culture in the Transition to Democracy," American Sociological Review 58, 5 (1993): 587-620, 588
2. Marshall Poe, "What Did Muscovites Mean When They Called Themselves Slaves of the Tsar?" Slavic Review 57, 3 (1998): 585-608
3. Valerie Kivelson, "Muscovite 'Citizenship': Rights without Freedom," Journal of Modern History 74, 3 (2002): 465-89
4. See Richard Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976)
5. W. Bruce Lincoln, The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1990)
6. and Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform: Russia's Enlightened Bureaucrats, 1825-1861 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982)
7. For arguments that individuals possessed significant rights in late imperial Russia (particularly after 1905), see W. E. Butler, "Civil Rights in Russia: Legal Standards in Gestation," in Civil Rights in Imperial Russia, ed. Olga Crisp and Linda Edmondson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 1-12
8. Marc Szeftel, The Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906: Political Institutions of the Duma Monarchy (Brussels: Editions de la Librarie encyclopédique, 1976)
9. V. M. Gessen, Poddanstvo: Ego ustanovlenie i prekrashchenie, vol. 1 (St. Petersburg: Pravda, 1909), 127
10. For a classic critique, see Leopold Haimson, "The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 1905-1917," pts. 1 and 2, Slavic Review 23, 4 (1964): 619-42; 24, 1 (1965): 1-34
11. For a recent argument that the early 20th-century subject was losing autonomy and protections from the state, see Yanni Kotsonis, "No Place to Go: Taxation and State Transformation in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia," Journal of Modern History 76, 3 (2004): 531-77
12. and "Face-to-Face: The State, The Individual, and the Citizen in Russian Taxation, 1863-1917," Slavic Review 63, 2 (2004): 221-46
13. For an overview of the general problem, see Geoffrey A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)
14. On the means by which consciousness of the rule of law was spread to individuals, see Michel Tissier, "Le droit pour le peuple: Vulgariser le droit en Russie au tournant du XXe siècle," Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin, no. 18 (Spring 2004): 83-103
15. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution, vol. 1: The Complete Text (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)
16. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979)
17. Gregory Freeze, "The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History," American Historical Review 91, 1 (1986): 11-36
18. Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997)
19. For examples from a large literature, on social differences, see Freeze, "The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm"
20. and Wirtschafter, Social Identities
21. A. E. Nolde, Ocherki po istorii kodifikatsii mestnykh grazhdanskikh zakonov pri grafe Speranskom, vols. 1-2 (St. Petersburg: Senatskaia tipografiia, 1906, 1914)
22. On local legal diversity, see Jane Burbank, Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004)
23. Burbank, "Legal Culture, Citizenship, and Peasant Jurisprudence: Perspectives from the Early Twentieth Century," in Reforming Justice in Russia, 1864-1994: Power, Culture, and the Limits of Legal Order, ed. Peter Solomon (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997)
24. and Burbank, "An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire," forthcoming in Kritika 7, 3 (2006)
25. For an elegant outline of this view, see Alfred Rieber, "The Sedimentary Society," Russian History 16, 2-4 (1989): 353-76
26. and Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), chap. 1 and conclusion
27. Dov Yaroshevski, "Empire and Citizenship," in Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1750-1917, ed. Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzarini (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 61
28. and Steinwedel, "Making Social Groups, One Person at a Time: The Identification of Individuals by Estate, Religious Confession, and Ethnicity in Late Imperial Russia," in Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World, ed. Jane Caplan and John Torpey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 67-82
29. Igal Halfin and Jochen Hellbeck, "Rethinking the Stalinist Subject: Stephen Kotkin's 'Magnetic Mountain' and the State of Soviet Historical Studies," Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 44, 3 (1996): 456-63
30. Hellbeck, "Fashioning the Stalinist Soul: The Diary of Stepan Podlubnyi (1931-1939)," Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 44, 3 (1996): 344-73
31. Anna Krylova, "The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies," Kritika 1, 1 (2000): 119-46
32. repr. in The Resistance Debate in Russian and Soviet History, ed. Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, and Marshall Poe (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2003), 168-207
33. Kotsonis, "No Place to Go," 572
34. Likewise, in the next issue of Kritika, Paul Werth stresses the limits of the state's capacity and ability to achieve its documenting and ordering aspirations, resulting in the farming out of marriage registration to religious orders as a means to achieve universal registration. For a series of articles questioning the possibilities of resistance in imperial and Soviet Russia, see Kritika 1, 1 (2000)
35. For arguments about the extent of resistance and strength of the autonomous resisting self through both eras, see Jeffrey Rossman, "The Teikovo Cotton Workers' Strike of April 1932: Class, Gender, and Identity Politics in Stalin's Russia," Russian Review 56, 1 (1997): 44-69
36. Jeffrey Rossman, "Worker Resistance under Stalin: Class and Gender in the Textile Mills of the Ivanovo Industrial Region, 1928-1932" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997)
37. and Kharkhordin, The Collective, 278
38. Kotsonis, "Face to Face," 221
39. For an alternative reading of Hegel less hostile to the concept of rights, see Steven B. Smith, Hegel's Critique of Liberalism (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989)
40. For an overview of debates about the modernity paradigm, see Michael David-Fox, "Multiple Modernities vs. Neo-Traditionalism: On Recent Debates in Russian and Soviet History," paper presented at the Washington, DC, Russian and East European History Workshop, Fall 2004
41. For an appraisal of the problems of applying Foucauldian criticisms of liberal subjective autonomy and the rule of law more generally to a country where they were not yet established, see Laura Engelstein, "Combined Underdevelopment: Discipline and the Law in Imperial and Soviet Russia," American Historical Review 98, 2 (1993): 338-53
42. For a counterargument, see Joseph Bradley, "Subjects into Citizens: Civil Society and Autocracy in Tsarist Russia," American Historical Review 107, 4 (2002): 1094-1123, 1105-7
43. Harley D. Balzer, ed., Russia's Missing Middle Class: The Professions in Russian History (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996)
44. See also Oleg Kharkhordin, "Civil Society and Orthodox Christianity," Europe-Asia Studies 50, 6 (1998): 949-68
45. and David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981)
46. See also Sudhir Hazareeningh, From Subject to Citizen: The Second Empire and the Emergence of Modern French Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998)
47. "Vremennoe pravitel'stvo i uchreditel'noe sobranie," Krasnyi arkhiv 28 (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1928): 107-41
48. N. M. Korkunov, General Theory of Law, 2nd ed., trans. W. G. Hastings (New York: Macmillan, 1922), 168
49. N. M. Korkunov, "Ukorenie inostrantsev i prekrashchenie poddanstva," Zhurnal Ministerstva iustitsii, no. 10 (1895)
50. Korkunov, General Theory, 350
51. Vladimir Gessen, "Teoriia pravovogo gosudarstva," in Politicheskii stroi sovremennykh gosudarstv, ed. P. G. Vinogradov, vol. 1 (St. Petersburg: Slovo, 1905), 35-58
52. See also Gessen, "Vozrozhdenie estestvennogo prava," Pravo (1902), 475-84, 533-47
53. Walicki, Legal Philosophies, 237-38
54. Hugh W. Babb, "Petrazhitskii: Theory of Law," Boston University Law Review 18 (1938)
55. G. C. Guins, "Law and Morality: The Legal Philosophy of Lev Petrazhitsky," Russian Review 16, 4 (1957): 27-36
56. For background on Kant and his Russian interpreters, see Vladimir S. Solov'ev, "Kant," Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' Brokgauza i Efrona, vol. 27, 321-39
57. On the reception of neo-Kantian ideas in Russia, see "Neokantianism in Russian Thought," Studies in East European Thought 47, 3-4 (1995): 151-290
58. and Randall A. Poole, "The Neo-Idealist Reception of Kant in the Moscow Psychological Society," Journal of the History of Ideas 60, 2 (1999): 319-43
59. On Hegel's rejection of Kant's concept of the self endowed with transcendent natural rights in favor of a self formed according to culturally specific historical processes and a gradually emerging individual awareness of freedom, see Steven B. Smith, "Hegel and the French Revolution: An Epitaph for Republicanism," in The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity, ed. Ferenc Fehér (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 226-27
60. Smith, "Hegel and the French Revolution," 227
61. For an application that applies a similar concept of rights to late imperial Russia, see Burbank, "Imperial Rights Regime."
62. Gessen, "Vozrozhdenie," 478
63. Randall A. Poole, Problems of Idealism: Essays in Russian Social Philosophy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 42-47
64. Gessen, Poddanstvo, 116
65. A. A. Alekseev, "Istoriia slova 'grazhdanin' v XVIII v.," Istoriia Akademii nauk SSSR: Seriia literatury i iazyka 31, 1 (1972): 67-73
66. Poole, Problems of Idealism, 42-47
67. See Holquist, "Dilemmas"
68. Gessen, "Vozrozhdenie."
69. For classic accounts of this episode in the reception of Hegel by Russian intellectuals, see Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976), 115-34
70. and Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (New York: Penguin, 1978), 150-85
71. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 98-99
72. The touchstone of Taylor's work is the moral sources of self. For his views on moral law and the individually empowering role of rational agency in Kant, see ibid., 94
73. Gessen, V dvukh vekakh, 145-53
74. See also Irina V. Kuptsova, Khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia v Rossii: Razmezhevanie i iskhod (St. Petersburg: Nestor, 1996)
75. "Gosudarstvennaia duma," Pravo (1905): 2663-72, 2760-74, 2856-63, 2939-48
76. "Rospusk Gosudarstvennoi dumy," Pravo (1906): 2565-74
77. and Susan Heuman, Kistiakovsky: The Struggle for National and Constitutional Rights in the Last Years of Tsarism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 47-56
78. See N. Korevo, Izdaniia mestnykh zakonov rossiiskoi imperii (St. Petersburg: Suvorin, 1907)
79. and Gessen, Avtonomiia, 25-48
80. Gessen, Osnovy konstitutsionnogo prava (Petrograd: Pravo, 1918)
81. Klaus Christian Köhnke, The Rise of Neo-Kantianism: German Academic Philosophy between Idealism and Positivism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 209
82. Gessen, Na rubezhe
83. These points are made strongly by Gianmaria Ajani, "The Rise and Fall of the Law-Governed State in the Experience of Russian Legal Scholarship," in Toward the Rule of Law in Russia? Political and Legal Reform in the Transition Period, ed. D. D. Barry (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), 3-12
84. Jane Burbank, Russian Peasants
85. and Burbank, "Legal Culture."
86. Gessen, "Poddanstvo, ego ustanovlenie," 2827
87. Yasemin Soysal, "Changing Boundaries of Participation in European Public Spheres," in European Citizenship between National Legacies and Postnational Projects, ed. Klaus Eder and Bernhard Giesen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 162
88. Taylor, Sources of the Self, 503