The neo-idealist reception of Kant in the Moscow Psychological Society

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 319-343

  Poole, Randall A ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040191729     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653858     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. On the Moscow Psychological Society see Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Sergei N. Trubetskoi: An Intellectual Among the Intelligentsia in Prerevolutionary Russia (Belmont, Mass., 1976), 63-80; Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal and Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak (eds.), A Revolution of the Spirit: Crisis of Value in Russia, 1890-1924, tr. Marian Schwartz (New York, 1990), 16-22; and Randall A. Poole, The Moscow Psychological Society and the Neo-Idealist Development of Russian Liberalism, 1885-1922 (Ph.D. dissertation, U. of Notre Dame, 1996).
2. On the Moscow Psychological Society see Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Sergei N. Trubetskoi: An Intellectual Among the Intelligentsia in Prerevolutionary Russia (Belmont, Mass., 1976), 63-80; Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal and Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak (eds.), A Revolution of the Spirit: Crisis of Value in Russia, 1890-1924, tr. Marian Schwartz (New York, 1990), 16-22; and Randall A. Poole, The Moscow Psychological Society and the Neo-Idealist Development of Russian Liberalism, 1885-1922 (Ph.D. dissertation, U. of Notre Dame, 1996).
3. On the Moscow Psychological Society see Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Sergei N. Trubetskoi: An Intellectual Among the Intelligentsia in Prerevolutionary Russia (Belmont, Mass., 1976), 63-80; Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal and Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak (eds.), A Revolution of the Spirit: Crisis of Value in Russia, 1890-1924, tr. Marian Schwartz (New York, 1990), 16-22; and Randall A. Poole, The Moscow Psychological Society and the Neo-Idealist Development of Russian Liberalism, 1885-1922 (Ph.D. dissertation, U. of Notre Dame, 1996).
4. N. Ia. Grot, "Eshche o zadachakh zhurnala," Voprosy Filosofii i Psikhologii 2: 2, kn. 6 (1891), i. (Hereafter VFP.)
5. Leszek Kolakowski, The Alienation of Reason: A History of Positivist Thought, tr. Norbert Guterman (New York, 1968).
6. S. N. Trubetskoi, "O prirode chelovecheskogo soznaniia," reprinted in Sobranie sochinenii Kn. Sergeia Nikolaevicha Trubetskogo, II, Filosofskie stat'i (Moscow, 1908), 36.
7. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
8. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
9. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
10. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
11. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
12. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
13. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
14. See T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia. Studies in History, Literature, and Philosophy, tr. Eden and Cedar Paul, II (London, 1955), 472; and V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, tr. George L. Kline (New York, 1953), II, 470; and cf. Thomas Nemeth, "Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase," Studies in Soviet Thought, 36 (1988), 79-110, the first in his series of articles on "Kant in Russia" in that journal and its successor, Studies in East European Thought; also Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), guest ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, on "Neo-Kantianism in Russian Thought"; Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (eds.), Kant i filosofiia v Rossii (Moscow, 1994), reviewed by me in Slavic Review, 55 (1996), 161-67; and A. I. Abramov, "Kantianstvo v russkoi universitetskoi filosofii," Voprosy filosofii, 1 (1998), 58-69.
15. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. Norman Kemp Smith (New York, 1965), 41-42.
16. Ibid., 55.
17. Ibid., 465.
18. Ibid., 466.
19. P. I. Novgorodtsev, "Kant, kak moralist," VFP 16: 1, kn. 76 (1905), 28.
20. Three of the six philosophers Andrzej Walicki treats in Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism (Oxford, 1987) were among the most influential members of the Psychological Society: Boris Chicherin, Vladimir Solov'ev, and Pavel Novgorodtsev.
21. P. I. Novgorodtsev, "K voprosu o sovremennykh filosofskikh iskaniiakh. (Otvet L. I. Petrazhitskomu)," VFP 14: 1, kn. 66 (1903), 138.
22. E. N. Trubetskoi, "Panmetodizm v etike. (K kharakteristike ucheniia Kogena)," VFP 20: 2, kn. 97 (1909), 126.
23. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Osnovaniia idealizma," Sobranie sochinenii Kn. Sergeia Nikolaevicha Trubetskogo, II, Filosofskie stat'i, 190.
24. Ibid., 172.
25. Ibid., 267.
26. S. N. Trubetskoi, "O prirode chelovecheskogo soznaniia," 7-9.
27. Ibid., 56.
28. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Osnovaniia idealizma," 173.
29. Ibid., 180.
30. Ibid., 166.
31. S. N. Trubetskoi, "O prirode chelovecheskogo soznaniia," 51; see also 54: "the Ideas [of the distinct faculty of reason] have no reality.... Therefore, if that which we call God, the soul, and the universe amount only to our ideas, then in themselves they are nothing or the equivalent of nothing."
32. Ibid., 52.
33. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Osnovaniia idealizma," 195.
34. Ibid., 218-19.
35. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 441.
36. Ibid., 346.
37. Ibid., 89.
38. Ibid., 29.
39. Ibid., 89.
40. Ibid., 168.
41. Ibid., 152-55.
42. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Osnovaniia idealizma," 225, referring only to "critical philosophy," not Kant himself (226).
43. Ibid., 223-24.
44. Ibid., 234-35.
45. S. N. Trubetskoi, "O prirode chelovecheskogo soznaniia," 54-55.
46. Ibid., 55.
47. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 89-90.
48. S. N. Trubetskoi, "O prirode chelovecheskogo soznaniia," 56-57.
49. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Osnovaniia idealizma," 169-70.
50. Ibid., 193.
51. Ibid., 179.
52. Ibid., 266.
53. Ibid., 264.
54. Ibid., 281-82.
55. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Vera v bessmertie," Sobranie sochinenii Kn. Sergeia Nikolaevicha Trubetskogo, II, Filosofskie stat'i, 410.
56. Ibid., 411.
57. Ibid., 413.
58. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 61.
59. Karl Jaspers, Kant (San Diego, 1962), 28.
60. L. M. Lopatin, Kant i ego blizhaishie posledovateli (Berlin, 1923), 13-14.
61. L. M. Lopatin, "Uchenie Kanta o poznanii," VFP 16: 1, kn. 76 (1905); repr. L. M. Lopatin, Filosofskie kharakteristiki i rechi (Moscow, 1911).
62. L. M. Lopatin, "Uchenie Kanta o poznanii," VFP 16: 1, kn. 76 (1905); repr. L. M. Lopatin, Filosofskie kharakteristiki i rechi (Moscow, 1911).
63. L. M. Lopatin, Filosofskie kharakteristiki i rechi, 57.
64. Ibid., 61, 64-65.
65. Ibid., 61.
66. Ibid., 51.
67. S. A. Chernov, "Krititsizm i mistitsizm (Obzor kantianstva v zhurnale 'Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii')," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, ed. Z. A. Kamenskii and V. A. Zhuchkov (Moscow, 1994), 129-34, concentrates on certain aspects of the reception of Kant's theory of space and time on the pages of Voprosy filosofii. Chernov indicates that Solov'ev, Grot, Lopatin, Sergei Trubetskoi, and B. N. Chicherin, among the major Psychological Society philosophers, accepted Kant's theory, at least in its broad outlines. This can also be said of Novgorodtsev, Evgenii Trubetskoi, and A. A. Kozlov.
68. Ibid., 130-31. Chernov analyzes here Grot's essay, "O vremeni" VFP 5: 3-5, kn. 23-25 (1894).
69. Ibid., 130-31. Chernov analyzes here Grot's essay, "O vremeni" VFP 5: 3-5, kn. 23-25 (1894).
70. See "The Concept of the Soul on the Evidence of Inner Experience." L. M. Lopatin, "Poniatie o dushe po dannym vnutrennego opyta," VFP 7: 2, (kn. 32) (1896), 264-98.
71. L. M. Lopatin, "Teoreticheskie osnovy soznatel'noi nravstvennoi zhizni," VFP 2: 1, kn. 5 (1890), 71.
72. Ibid., 81.
73. Karl Ameriks, "The Critique of Metaphysics: Kant and Traditional Ontology," The Cambridge Companion to Kant, ed. Paul Guyer (Cambridge, 1992), 261.
74. N. Ia. Grot, "O zadachakh zhurnala," VFP 1, kn. 1 (1889), xviii.
75. P. I. Novgorodtsev, Kant i Gegel'v ikh ucheniiakh o prave i gosudarstve. Dva tipicheskikh postmeniia v oblasti filosofii prava (Moscow, 1901), 89.
76. Nicholas Lobkowicz, Theory and Practice: History of a Concept from Aristotle to Marx (Notre Dame, 1967), 130.
77. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 26 (italics mine).
78. Ibid., 29. Italics mine.
79. V. S. Solov'ev, Opravdanie dobra, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh, I (Moscow, 1990), 100. See also Sergius Hessen, "Bor'ba utopii i avtonomii dobra v mirovozzrenii F. Dostoevskogo i VI. Solov'eva," Sovremennye zapiski (Paris) nos. 45-46 (1931); Andrzej Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism, 192-93; and V. V. Lazarev, "Kategoricheskii imperativ I. Kanta i etika V. Solov'eva," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 42-80.
80. V. S. Solov'ev, Opravdanie dobra, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh, I (Moscow, 1990), 100. See also Sergius Hessen, "Bor'ba utopii i avtonomii dobra v mirovozzrenii F. Dostoevskogo i VI. Solov'eva," Sovremennye zapiski (Paris) nos. 45-46 (1931); Andrzej Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism, 192-93; and V. V. Lazarev, "Kategoricheskii imperativ I. Kanta i etika V. Solov'eva," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 42-80.
81. V. S. Solov'ev, Opravdanie dobra, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh, I (Moscow, 1990), 100. See also Sergius Hessen, "Bor'ba utopii i avtonomii dobra v mirovozzrenii F. Dostoevskogo i VI. Solov'eva," Sovremennye zapiski (Paris) nos. 45-46 (1931); Andrzej Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism, 192-93; and V. V. Lazarev, "Kategoricheskii imperativ I. Kanta i etika V. Solov'eva," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 42-80.
82. V. S. Solov'ev, Opravdanie dobra, Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh, I (Moscow, 1990), 100. See also Sergius Hessen, "Bor'ba utopii i avtonomii dobra v mirovozzrenii F. Dostoevskogo i VI. Solov'eva," Sovremennye zapiski (Paris) nos. 45-46 (1931); Andrzej Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism, 192-93; and V. V. Lazarev, "Kategoricheskii imperativ I. Kanta i etika V. Solov'eva," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 42-80.
83. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Psikhologicheskii determinizm i nravstvennaia svoboda," Sobranie sochinenii Kn. Sergeia Nikolaevicha Trubetskogo, II, Filosofskie stat'i, esp. 131-32.
84. S. N. Trubetskoi, "Etika i dogmatika," Sobranie sochinenii Kn. Sergeia Nikolaevicha Trubetskogo, II, especially 147-49.
85. See L. M. Lopatin, "Nravsrvennoe uchenie Kanta," VFP 1, kn. 4 (1890).
86. P. I. Novgorodtsev, Kant i Gegel'v ikh ucheniiakh o prave i gosudarstve, 77. Also see "Nravstvennaia problema v filosofii Kanta," VFP 12: 2, kn. 57 (1901).
87. P. I. Novgorodtsev, Kant i Gegel'v ikh ucheniiakh o prave i gosudarstve, 77. Also see "Nravstvennaia problema v filosofii Kanta," VFP 12: 2, kn. 57 (1901).
88. Novgorodtsev, Kant i Gegel, 78.
89. Ibid., 82.
90. Ibid., 83.
91. E. N. Trubetskoi, "Novoe issledovanie o filosofii prava Kanta i Gegelia," VFP 13 : 1, kn. 61 (1902), 585.
92. Ibid., 589.
93. Ibid., 590-91.
94. Ibid., 591-92.
95. Ibid., 593.
96. Ibid., 594-95.
97. P. I. Novgorodtsev, "Moral' i poznanie," VFP 13: 4, kn. 64 (1902), 826.
98. Ibid., 828.
99. Ibid., 829.
100. A. F. Losev, "Osnovnye osobennosti rasskoi filosofii," Filosofiia. Mifologiia. Kultura (Moscow, 1991), 509.
101. V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, I, 5 (also see vol. II, 470).
102. V. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, I, 5 (also see vol. II, 470).
103. N. A. Berdiaev, "O novom russkom idealizme," VFP 15: 5, kn. 75 (1904), 684.
104. V. F. Ern, Sochineniia (Moscow, 1991, Voprosy filosofii supplement series), 308-18. On Ern's lecture, see Jutta Scherrer, Die Petersburger religiös-philosophischen Vereinigungen. Die Entwicklung des religiösen Selbstverständnisses ihrer Intelligencija-Mitglieder (1901-1917) (Berlin, 1973), 338-40.
105. V. F. Ern, Sochineniia (Moscow, 1991, Voprosy filosofii supplement series), 308-18. On Ern's lecture, see Jutta Scherrer, Die Petersburger religiös-philosophischen Vereinigungen. Die Entwicklung des religiösen Selbstverständnisses ihrer Intelligencija-Mitglieder (1901-1917) (Berlin, 1973), 338-40.
106. E. N. Trubetskoi, Vospominaniia (Sofia, 1921; repr. Newtonville, Mass., 1976), 184. Michael A. Meerson, "Put' against Logos: The Critique of Kant and Neo-Kantianism by Russian Religious Philosophers in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), 225-43.
107. E. N. Trubetskoi, Vospominaniia (Sofia, 1921; repr. Newtonville, Mass., 1976), 184. Michael A. Meerson, "Put' against Logos: The Critique of Kant and Neo-Kantianism by Russian Religious Philosophers in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," Studies in East European Thought, 47 (1995), 225-43.
108. E. N. Trubetskoi, "Novoe issledovanie o filosofii prava Kanta i Gegelia," 597 (italics mine).
109. S. A. Askol'dov, "Vnutrennii krizis transtsendental'nogo idealizma," VFP 25: 5, kn. 125 (1914), 787.
110. N. A. Berdiaev, "O novom russkom idealizme," 704.
111. N. A. Berdiaev, Filosofiia svobody (Moscow, 1989, Voprosy filosofii supplement series), 35.
112. Zenkovsky, II, 470.
113. A. I. Abramov, "O russkom kantianstve i neokantianstve v zhurnale 'Logos,'" Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 227-47, provides a good overview. The Logos group defined its program in epistemological and methodological terms, in opposition to the neo-Slavophile religious-ontological focus of the Moscow publishing house Put' (established like Logos in 1910). Logos proved unable, however, to preserve the purity of its neo-Kantian direction, softening its earlier sharp criticism of Put' and seeking common points of view. This change in editorial policy is compelling testimony to the strength of the ontological direction in Russian philosophy.
114. S. I. Hessen, "Nejnovejsi ruská filosofie," Ruch filosoficky, no. 1 (1923), 14-19. Russian typescript original passed on to me courtesy of Professor Andrzej Walicki.
115. E. N. Trubetskoi, Metafizicheskie predpolozheniia poznaniia. Opyt preodoleniia Kanta i kantianstva (Moscow, 1917), 13.
116. E. N. Trubetskoi, Mirosozertsanie Vl.S. Solov'eva, I (Moscow, 1913), 233.
117. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 29, 88-91, 345-52, 439-43 (for example).
118. Ibid., 89-90.
119. E. N. Trubetskoi, Metafizicheskie predpolozheniia poznaniia, 23-26, 325-31.
120. Ibid., 308.
121. See Henry E. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (New Haven, 1983), 242, and Don Cupitt, "Kant and the Negative Theology, " The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology, ed. Brian Hebblethwaite and Stewart Sutherland (Cambridge, 1982), 55-67. Two Russian scholars have recently compared Kant to the ontological and apophatic currents in Russian philosophy and theology: T. B. Dlugach, "Problema vremeni v filosofii I. Kanta i P. Florenskogo," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 186-211; and A. V. Akhutin, "Sofiia i chert (Kant pered litsom russkoi religioznoi metafiziki)," Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1990), repr. in Rossiia i Germaniia. Opyt filosofskogo dialoga, ed. V. A. Lektorskii (Moscow, 1993), 207-47. Akhutin's essay has been translated: "Sophia and the Devil: Kant in the Face of Russian Religious Metaphysics," Soviet Studies in Philosophy, 29 (1991), 59-89.
122. See Henry E. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (New Haven, 1983), 242, and Don Cupitt, "Kant and the Negative Theology, " The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology, ed. Brian Hebblethwaite and Stewart Sutherland (Cambridge, 1982), 55-67. Two Russian scholars have recently compared Kant to the ontological and apophatic currents in Russian philosophy and theology: T. B. Dlugach, "Problema vremeni v filosofii I. Kanta i P. Florenskogo," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 186-211; and A. V. Akhutin, "Sofiia i chert (Kant pered litsom russkoi religioznoi metafiziki)," Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1990), repr. in Rossiia i Germaniia. Opyt filosofskogo dialoga, ed. V. A. Lektorskii (Moscow, 1993), 207-47. Akhutin's essay has been translated: "Sophia and the Devil: Kant in the Face of Russian Religious Metaphysics," Soviet Studies in Philosophy, 29 (1991), 59-89.
123. See Henry E. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (New Haven, 1983), 242, and Don Cupitt, "Kant and the Negative Theology, " The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology, ed. Brian Hebblethwaite and Stewart Sutherland (Cambridge, 1982), 55-67. Two Russian scholars have recently compared Kant to the ontological and apophatic currents in Russian philosophy and theology: T. B. Dlugach, "Problema vremeni v filosofii I. Kanta i P. Florenskogo," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 186-211; and A. V. Akhutin, "Sofiia i chert (Kant pered litsom russkoi religioznoi metafiziki)," Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1990), repr. in Rossiia i Germaniia. Opyt filosofskogo dialoga, ed. V. A. Lektorskii (Moscow, 1993), 207-47. Akhutin's essay has been translated: "Sophia and the Devil: Kant in the Face of Russian Religious Metaphysics," Soviet Studies in Philosophy, 29 (1991), 59-89.
124. See Henry E. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (New Haven, 1983), 242, and Don Cupitt, "Kant and the Negative Theology, " The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology, ed. Brian Hebblethwaite and Stewart Sutherland (Cambridge, 1982), 55-67. Two Russian scholars have recently compared Kant to the ontological and apophatic currents in Russian philosophy and theology: T. B. Dlugach, "Problema vremeni v filosofii I. Kanta i P. Florenskogo," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 186-211; and A. V. Akhutin, "Sofiia i chert (Kant pered litsom russkoi religioznoi metafiziki)," Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1990), repr. in Rossiia i Germaniia. Opyt filosofskogo dialoga, ed. V. A. Lektorskii (Moscow, 1993), 207-47. Akhutin's essay has been translated: "Sophia and the Devil: Kant in the Face of Russian Religious Metaphysics," Soviet Studies in Philosophy, 29 (1991), 59-89.
125. See Henry E. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (New Haven, 1983), 242, and Don Cupitt, "Kant and the Negative Theology, " The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology, ed. Brian Hebblethwaite and Stewart Sutherland (Cambridge, 1982), 55-67. Two Russian scholars have recently compared Kant to the ontological and apophatic currents in Russian philosophy and theology: T. B. Dlugach, "Problema vremeni v filosofii I. Kanta i P. Florenskogo," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 186-211; and A. V. Akhutin, "Sofiia i chert (Kant pered litsom russkoi religioznoi metafiziki)," Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1990), repr. in Rossiia i Germaniia. Opyt filosofskogo dialoga, ed. V. A. Lektorskii (Moscow, 1993), 207-47. Akhutin's essay has been translated: "Sophia and the Devil: Kant in the Face of Russian Religious Metaphysics," Soviet Studies in Philosophy, 29 (1991), 59-89.
126. See Henry E. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense (New Haven, 1983), 242, and Don Cupitt, "Kant and the Negative Theology, " The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology, ed. Brian Hebblethwaite and Stewart Sutherland (Cambridge, 1982), 55-67. Two Russian scholars have recently compared Kant to the ontological and apophatic currents in Russian philosophy and theology: T. B. Dlugach, "Problema vremeni v filosofii I. Kanta i P. Florenskogo," Kant i filosofiia v Rossii, 186-211; and A. V. Akhutin, "Sofiia i chert (Kant pered litsom russkoi religioznoi metafiziki)," Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1990), repr. in Rossiia i Germaniia. Opyt filosofskogo dialoga, ed. V. A. Lektorskii (Moscow, 1993), 207-47. Akhutin's essay has been translated: "Sophia and the Devil: Kant in the Face of Russian Religious Metaphysics," Soviet Studies in Philosophy, 29 (1991), 59-89.
127. S. N. Bulgakov, "'Otritsatel'noe bogoslovie,'" VFP 26: 1, kn. 126 (1915), 5, 83-84.
128. See John Passmore, "The Idea of a History of Philosophy," History and Theory. Beiheft 5: The Historiography of the History of Philosophy (1965).