Electromyography detects mechanically-induced suprasegmental spinal motor tract injury: Review of decompression at spinal cord level

Clinical Neurophysiology

Volumn 120, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 754-764

  Skinner, Stanley A ^a   Transfeldt, Ensor E ^a   Mehbod, Amir A ^a   Mullan, John C ^a   Perra, Joseph H ^a  

^a ABBOTT NORTHWESTERN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Electromyography; Motor evoked potential; Neuromonitoring; Spinal cord decompression

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CERVICAL SPINAL CORD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROMYOGRAM; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; MYOTOME; NERVE BLOCK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SUPRASEGMENTAL SPINAL MOTOR TRACT INJURY; THORACIC SPINAL CORD;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NEURAL CONDUCTION; PYRAMIDAL TRACTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 63549122467     PISSN: 13882457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.030     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bartley K., Woodforth I.J., Stephen J.P., and Burke D. Corticospinal volleys and compound muscle action potentials produced by repetitive transcranial stimulation during spinal surgery. Clin Neurophysiol 113 1 (2002) 78-90
2. Brodkey J.S., Richards D.E., Blasingame J.P., and Nulsen F.E. Reversible spinal cord trauma in cats. Additive effects of direct pressure and ischemia. J Neurosurg 37 5 (1972) 591-593
3. Burke D., and Hicks R.G. Surgical monitoring of motor pathways. J Clin Neurophysiol 15 3 (1998) 194-205
4. Buchthal F., and Schmalbruch H. Motor unit of mammalian muscle. Physiol Rev 60 (1980) 90-142
5. Calancie B., Harris W., Brindle G.F., Green B.A., and Landy H.J. Threshold-level repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation for intraoperative monitoring of central motor conduction. J Neurosurg 95 Suppl. 2 (2001) 161-168
6. Daube J.R., and Harper C.M. Surgical monitoring of cranial and peripheral nerves. In: Desmedt J.E. (Ed). Neuromonitoring in surgery (1989), Elsevier Science Publishers, Waterloo, Brussels, Belgium 115-138
7. Daube J.R. Intraoperative monitoring reduces complications and is therefore useful. Muscle Nerve 22 8 (1999) 1151-1153
8. Deletis V., and Kothbauer K. Intraoperative neurophysiology of the corticospinal tract. In: Stǎlberg E., Sharma H., and Olsson Y. (Eds). Spinal cord monitoring: basic principles, regeneration, pathophysiology and clinical aspects (1998), Springer, New York 421-444
9. Deletis V., and Sala F. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord during spinal cord and spine surgery: a review focus on the corticospinal tracts. Clin Neurophysiol 119 2 (2008) 248-264
10. Dolan E.J., Transfeldt E.E., Tator C.H., Simmons E.H., and Hughes K.F. The effect of spinal distraction on regional spinal cord blood flow in cats. J Neurosurg 53 6 (1980) 756-764
11. Dumitru D., and Zwarts M.J. Instrumentation. In: Dumitru D., Amato A.A., and Zwarts M.J. (Eds). Electrodiagnostic medicine. 2nd ed. (2002), Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia 74-75
12. Dumitru D., and Zwarts M.J. Instrumentation. In: Dumitru D., Amato A.A., and Zwarts M.J. (Eds). Electrodiagnostic medicine. 2nd ed. (2002), Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia 270-274
13. Feinstein B., Lindegard B., Nyman E., and Wohlfart G. Morphologic studies of motor units in normal human muscles. Acta Anat (Basel) 23 2 (1955) 127-142
14. Galbraith J.A., Thibault L.E., and Matteson D.R. Mechanical and electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation. J Biomech Eng 115 1 (1993) 13-22
15. Ganot G., Wong B.S., Binstock L., and Ehrenstein G. Reversal potentials corresponding to mechanical stimulation and leakage current in Myxicola giant axons. Biochim Biophys Acta 649 2 (1981) 487-491
16. Gath I., and Stalberg E. The calculated radial decline of the extracellular action potential compared with in situ measurements in the human brachial biceps. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 44 5 (1978) 547-552
17. Ginsburg H.H., Shetter A.G., and Raudzens P.A. Postoperative paraplegia with preserved intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials. Case report. J Neurosurg 63 2 (1985) 296-300
18. Guha A., Tator C.H., Endrenyi L., and Piper I. Decompression of the spinal cord improves recovery after acute experimental spinal cord compression injury. Paraplegia 25 4 (1987) 324-339
19. Harper C., and Daube J. Surgical monitoring with evoked potentials: the mayo clinic experience. In: Desmedt J.E. (Ed). Neuromonitoring in surgery (1989), Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Waterloo, Brussels, Belgium 275-302
20. Henneman E., Somjen G., and Carpenter D.O. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 28 (1965) 560-580
21. Hilibrand A.S., Schwartz D.M., Sethuraman V., Vaccaro A.R., and Albert T.J. Comparison of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during cervical spine surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A 6 (2004) 1248-1253
22. Honmou O., and Young W. Traumatic injury of spinal axons. In: Waxmann S.G., Kocsis J.D., and Stys P.K. (Eds). The axon: structure, function, and pathophysiology (1995), Oxford University Press, Oxford 480-503
23. Julian F.J., and Goldman D.E. The effects of mechanical stimulation on some electrical properties of axons. J Gen Physiol 46 (1962) 297-313
24. Kothbauer K.F., Deletis V., and Epstein F.J. Motor-evoked potential monitoring for intramedullary spinal cord tumor surgery: correlation of clinical and neurophysiological data in a series of 100 consecutive procedures. Neurosurg Focus 4 5 (1998) e1
25. Langeloo D.D., Lelivelt A., Louis Journee H., Slappendel R., and de Kleuver M. Transcranial electrical motor-evoked potential monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity: a study of 145 patients. Spine 28 10 (2003) 1043-1050
26. Lesser R.P., Raudzens P., Luders H., Nuwer M.R., Goldie W.D., Morris III H.H., et al. Postoperative neurological deficits may occur despite unchanged intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials. Ann Neurol 19 1 (1986) 22-25
27. Lyon R., and Yingling C.D. Patterns of tcMEP decline predict postoperative neurological deficits. J Clin Monit Comput 20 1 (2006) 63-64
28. Lyon R., Lieberman J.A., Grabovac M.T., and Hu S. Strategies for managing decreased motor evoked potential signals while distracting the spine during correction of scoliosis. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 16 2 (2004) 167-170
29. Macdonald D.B. Intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring: overview and update. J Clin Monit Comput 20 5 (2006) 347-377
30. MacDonald D.B. Safety of intraoperative transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 19 5 (2002) 416-429
31. MacDonald D.B., Al Zayed Z., Khoudeir I., and Stigsby B. Monitoring scoliosis surgery with combined multiple pulse transcranial electric motor and cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials from the lower and upper extremities. Spine 28 2 (2003) 194-203
32. MacEwen G.D., Bunnell W.P., and Sriram K. Acute neurological complications in the treatment of scoliosis. A report of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 3 (1975) 404-408
33. Machida M., Yamada T., Ross M., Kimura J., and Hitchon P. Effect of spinal cord ischemia on compound muscle action potentials and spinal evoked potentials following spinal cord stimulation in the dog. J Spinal Disord 3 4 (1990) 345-352
34. McGill K.C., Lau K., and Dorfman L.J. A comparison of turns analysis and motor unit analysis in electromyography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 81 1 (1991) 8-17
35. Nandekar S., Sanders D., and Stalberg E. Stimulation and analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern in normal muscle: part 1. Turns and amplitude measurements. Muscle Nerve 9 (1986) 423-430
36. Nuwer M. Monitoring spinal cord surgery with cortical somatosensory evoked potentials. In: Desmedt J.E. (Ed). Neuromonitoring in surgery (1989), Elsevier Science Publishers, Waterloo, Brussels, Belgium 151-164
37. Nuwer M.R., Dawson E.G., Carlson L.G., Kanim L.E., and Sherman J.E. Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 96 1 (1995) 6-11
38. Obi T., Mochizuki M., Isobe K., Mizoguchi K., Takatsu M., and Nishimura Y. Mechanically elicited nerve root discharge: mechanical irritation and waveform. Acta Neurol Scand 100 3 (1999) 185-188
39. Owen J.H., Kostuik J.P., Gornet M., Petr M., Skelly J., Smoesa C., et al. The use of mechanically elicited electromyograms to protect nerve roots during surgery for spinal degeneration. Spine 19 15 (1994) 1704-1710
40. Patton H.D., and Amassian V.E. Single and multiple-unit analysis of cortical stage of pyramidal tract activation. J Neurophysiol 17 4 (1954) 345-363
41. Pelosi L., Stevenson M., Hobbs G.J., Jardine A., and Webb J.K. Intraoperative motor evoked potentials to transcranial electrical stimulation during two anaesthetic regimens. Clin Neurophysiol 112 6 (2001) 1076-1087
42. Poncelet L., Michaux C., and Balligand M. Motor evoked potentials induced by electrical stimulation of the spine in dogs: which structures are involved?. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 97 3 (1995) 179-183
43. Quinones-Hinojosa A., Lyon R., Zada G., Lamborn K.R., Gupta N., Parsa A.T., et al. Changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials during intramedullary spinal cord tumor resection correlate with postoperative motor function. Neurosurgery 56 5 (2005) 982-993
44. Rampil I.J., and King B.S. Volatile anesthetics depress spinal motor neurons. Anesthesiology 85 1 (1996) 129-134
45. Romstock J., Strauss C., and Fahlbusch R. Continuous electromyography monitoring of motor cranial nerves during cerebellopontine angle surgery. J Neurosurg 93 4 (2000) 586-593
46. Rose R.D. Sensory component of cervically evoked motor potentials. Med Hypotheses 46 6 (1996) 577-579
47. Rose R.D. Removing the antidromically driven sensory component from cervically evoked motor potentials. Med Hypotheses 50 2 (1998) 147-154
48. Rosenbleuth A., Buylla R.R., and Ramos J.G. The responses of axons to mechanical stimuli. Acta Physiol Lat Am 3 4 (1953) 204-215
49. Sandler A.N., and Tator C.H. Effect of acute spinal cord compression injury on regional spinal cord blood flow in primates. J Neurosurg 45 6 (1976) 660-676
50. Scheufler K.M., and Zentner J. Total intravenous anesthesia for intraoperative monitoring of the motor pathways: an integral view combining clinical and experimental data. J Neurosurg 96 3 (2002) 571-579
51. Schramm J., Hashizume K., Fukushima T., and Takahashi H. Experimental spinal cord injury produced by slow, graded compression. Alterations of cortical and spinal evoked potentials. J Neurosurg 50 1 (1979) 48-57
52. Skinner S.A., Nagib M., Bergman T.A., Maxwell R.E., and Msangi G. The initial use of free-running electromyography to detect early motor tract injury during resection of intramedullary spinal cord lesions. Neurosurgery 56 Suppl. 2 (2005) 299-314 discussion
53. Skinner S.A., Transfeldt E.E., and Savik K. Surface electrodes are not sufficient to detect neurotonic discharges: observations in a porcine model and clinical review of deltoid electromyographic monitoring using multiple electrodes. J Clin Monit Comput 22 2 (2008) 131-139
54. Sloan T.B. Anesthesia and motor evoked potential monitoring. In: Deletis V., and Shils J.L. (Eds). Neurophysiology in neurosurgery: a modern intraoperative approach (2002), Academic Press, USA 451-474
55. Taylor B.A., Fennelly M.E., Taylor A., and Farrell J. Temporal summation-the key to motor evoked potential spinal cord monitoring in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 (1993) 104-106
56. Ubags L.H., Kalkman C.J., Been H.D., Porsius M., and Bosch D.A. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring with myogenic motor evoked potentials to multiple transcranial electrical stimuli: experiences during 208 operations. In: Ubags L.H. (Ed). Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring with myogenic transcranial motor evoked potentials (1997), Digitimer Ltd., England 127-148
57. Wallace M.C., and Tator C.H. Spinal cord blood flow measured with microspheres following spinal cord injury in the rat. Can J Neurol Sci 13 2 (1986) 91-96
58. Wiedemayer H., Fauser B., Sandalcioglu I.E., Schafer H., and Stolke D. The impact of neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring on surgical decisions: a critical analysis of 423 cases. J Neurosurg 96 2 (2002) 255-262
59. Zornow M.H., Grafe M.R., Tybor C., and Swenson M.R. Preservation of evoked potentials in a case of anterior spinal artery syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 77 2 (1990) 137-139