Optimization of single skin surfaces for head injury prevention - A comparison of optima calculated for global versus local injury thresholds

International Journal of Crashworthiness

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 365-379

  Juntikka, R ^a   Kleiven, Svein ^a,b   Hallstrom S ^a  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Euro NCAP; Finite element method (FEM); Head injury; Optimization; Pedestrian

Indexed keywords

EID: 6344237185     PISSN: 13588265     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1533/ijcr.2004.0296     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. ALEM, N M, (1974). Simulation of Head Injury Due to Combined Rotation and Translation of the Brain, Paper No. 741192, Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
2. ALLSOP, D L, (1993). Skull and Facial Bone Trauma: Experimental Aspects, In Accidental Injury, Biomechanics and Prevention, Nahum, A M, Melvin, J W. eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 247-267.
3. ANDERSON, R W G, BROWN, C J, BLUMBERGS, P C, SCOTT, G, FINNEY, J W, JONES, N R and MCLEAN, A J, (1999). Mechanics of axonal injury: An experimental and numerical study of a sheep model of head impact, Proc. 1999 IRCOBI Conf. Sitges, Spain, pp. 107-120.
4. ARBOGAST, K B and MARGULIES, S S, (1997). Regional Differences in Mechanical Properties of the Porcine Central Nervous System, SAE Paper No. 973336, Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conf, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, P A, pps. 293-300.
5. BAIN, B C, BILLIAR, K L, SHREIBER, D I, MCINTOSH, T K and MEANEY, D F, (1997). In vivo mechanical thresholds for traumatic axonal damage. Proc. of AGARD AMP Specialists' Meeting, Mescalero, New Mexico, USA, 7-9 November 1996, published in CP-597.
6. BAIN, B C and MEANEY, D F, (2000). Tissue-Level Thresholds for Axonal Damage in an Experimental Model of Central Nervous System White Matter Injury, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 16, pp 615-622.
7. BANDAK, F A and EPPINGER, R H, (1994). A three-dimensional FE analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational accelerations, Proc. 38th Stapp Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, P A, pps. 145-163.
8. BELLORA, A, KRAUSS, R and VAN POOLEN, L, (2001). Meeting Interior Head Impact Requirements: A Basic Scientific Approach, Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 2001-01-0469.
9. th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 142.
10. BERG, F A, SCHMITT, B, WEI, S, MATTEM, R and KALLIERIS, D, (2000). Pedestrian head impact on the windscreen of compact cars, a new test rig and first results, IRCOBI Conference, Montpellier (France), pp 293-305.
11. DIMASI, F, EPPINGER, R H and BANDAK, F A, (1995). Computational analysis of head impact response under car crash loadings, Proc 39th Stapp Car Crash Conf, Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Paper No. 952718, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, P A, pps. 425-438.
12. th Int. Workshop, pps. 47-57.
13. EEVC Working Group 17 Report, (2002). Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars (December 1998 with September 2002 updates), European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC).
14. ESTES, M S and MCELHANEY, J H, (1970). Response of Brain Tissue to Compressive Loading. ASME paper no. 70-BHF-13.
15. European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro-NCAP), Pedestrian Testing Protocol, Version 4.0, January 2003.
16. FREDRIKSSON, L A, (1996). A Finite Element Data Base for Occupant Substitutes. Doctoral Thesis, Dissertation No. 447, Division of Solid Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sverige.
17. GALBRAITH, J A, THIBAULT, L E and MATTESON, DR, (1993). Mechanical and electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation J. Biomech. Engineering 115, 13-22.
18. GENNARELLI, T A, (1983). Head injuries in man and experimental animals: Clinical aspects. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 32, 1-13.
19. GENNARELLI, T A, THIBAULT, L E, TIPPERMAN, R, et al. (1989). Axonal Injury in the Optic Nerve: A model of Diffuse Axonal Injury in the brain. J. Neurosurg. 71, 244-253.
20. GOLDSTEIN, D M, MAZUCHOWSKI, E L, GDULA, W and THIBAULT, L E, (1997). In vitro and mathematical models of axonal injury in CNS tissue. Prevention Through Biomechanics, Symposium Proceedings, Wayne State University, pps. 207-215.
21. GURDJIAN, E S, HODGSON, V R and THOMAS, L M, (1970). Studies on Mechanical Impedance of the Human Skull: Preliminary Report, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 3, pp. 239-247.
22. HARRUFF, R C, AVERY, A and ALTER-PANDAYA, A S, (1998). Analysis of circumstances and injuries in 217 pedestrian traffic fatalities, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp 11-20.
23. HODGSON, V R, GURDJIAN, E S and THOMAS, L M, (1967). The Determination of Response Characteristics of the Head with Emphasis on Mechanical Impedance Techniques, Paper No. 670911, Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
24. HODGSON, V R, MASON, M W, THOMAS, L M, (1972). Head Model for Impact, Paper No. 720969, Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
25. HOLBOURN, A H S, (1943). Mechanics of Head Injury, The Lancet, 2: 438-441.
26. HOLM, D, (1999), Optimeringsprogrammet Xopt, Manual, Alfgam Optimering AB, Tyresö, Sweden.
27. International Road Traffic and Accident Database (IRTAD), www.bast.de/htdocs/fackthemen/irtad
28. KING, A I, YANG, K H, ZHANG, L, HARDY, W N, (2003). Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration?, Proc. IRCOBI Conference, Lisbon (Portugal), pp. 1-12.
29. KLEIVEN, S and VON HOLST, H, (2002). Consequences of Head Size following Trauma to the Human Head, Journal of Biomechanics, 35 (2), pp 153-160.
30. KLEIVEN, S and HARDY, W N, (2002). Correlation of an FE model of the Human Head with Experiments on localized Motion of the Brain - Consequences for Injury Prediction. 46th Stapp Car Crash Journal.
31. KLEIVEN, S, (2003). Influence of Impact Direction to the Human Head in Prediction of Subdural Hematoma, Journal of Neurotrauma, 20 (4), pp 365-379.
32. Livermore Software Technology Corporation (2001). LS-DYNA KEYWORD USER'S MANUAL, Version 960.
33. MCELHANEY, J H, ROBERTS, V L and HILYARD, J F, (1976). Properties of human tissues and components: nervous tissues, in Handbook of human tolerance, Automobile Research Institute Inc., Tokyo, Japan, p. 143.
34. MENDIS, K K, STALNAKER, R L and ADVANI, S H, (1995). A constitutive relationship for large deformation finite element modeling of brain tissue, J. Biomechanical Engineering, 117 (4), 279-285.
35. METZ, H, MCELHANEY, J and OMMAYA, A K, (1970). A comparison of the elasticity of live, dead, and fixed brain tissue. J. Biomech. 3, 453-458.
36. MILLER, R T, MARGULIES, S S and LEONI, M, et al. (1998). Finite Element Modeling Approaches for Predicting Injury in an Experimental Model of Severe Diffuse Axonal Injury, Proc. 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conf, SAE Paper No. 983154, Society of Automotive Engineers, pps. 155-166.
37. MIZUNO, K and KAJZER, J, (2000). Head Injuries in Vehicle-Pedestrian Impact, Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 2000-01-0157.
38. MIZUNO, Y, (2003). Summary of IHRA safety WG activities (2003) - proposed test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars, Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 580.
39. MORRISON III, B, CATER, H L, WANG, C C-B, THOMAS, F C, HUNG, C T, Ateshian, G A and Sundström, L E, (2003). A tissue level tolerance criterion for living brain developed in an in vitro model of traumatic mechanical loading. 47th Stapp Car Crash Journal.
40. NUSHOLTZ, G S, MELVIN, J W and ALEM, N M, (1979). Head Impact Response Comparisons of Human Surrogates, Paper No. 791020, Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
41. OTTE, D, (1999). Severity and mechanism of head impacts in car to pedestrian accidents, IRCOBI Conference, Sitges (Spain), pp 329-341.
42. PRANGE, M T, MEANEY, D F and MARGULIES, S S, (2000). Defining Brain Mechanical Properties: Effects of Region, Direction, and Species. Proc. 44th Stapp Car Crash Journal, SAE Paper No. 2000-01-SC15. The Stapp Association, Ann Arbor, MI.
43. RUAN, J S, PRASAD, P, (1996). Study of the Biodynamic Characteristics of the Human Head, IRCOBI Conference, Dublin (Ireland), pp 63-74.
44. SHREIBER, D I, BAIN, A C and MEANEY, D F, (1997). In vivo thresholds for mechanical injury to the blood-brain barrier. SAE Paper No. 973335, in: 41st Stapp Car Crash Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, pps. 177-190.
45. STALNAKER, R L, (1969). Mechanical properties of the head, Ph.D. dissertation, West Virginia University.
46. STALNAKER, R L, FOGLE, J L and MCELHANEY, J H, (1971). Driving Point Impedance Characteristics of the Head, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 4, pp. 127-139.
47. STALNAKER, R L, MELVIN, J W and NUSHOLTZ, G S, (1977). Head Impact Response, Paper No. 770921, Proceedings of the 21th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
48. SVANBERG, K, (1987). The method of moving asymptotes - a new method for structural optimization, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 24, pp 359-373.
49. THIBAULT, L E, GENNARELLI, T A, MARGULIES, S S, MARCUS, J and EPPINGER, R, (1990). The strain dependent pathophysiological consequences of inertial loading on central nervous system tissue, Proc. IRCOBI Conf., Bron, Lyon, France, pps. 191-202.
50. VAN DEN BOSCH, E H L A, LEENSEN, M W B M, KLOMP, N H M, SAUREN, F A A H J and WISMANS, J S H M, (2000). Development of an Improved Dummy Head for use in Helmet Certification Tests, Proceedings of WAM2000 ASAME Symposium on Crashworthiness, Occupant protection and Biomechanics in Transportation, Orlando, Florida, USA.
51. VIANO, D C and LAU, I V, (1988). A Viscous Tolerance Criterion for Soft Tissue Injury Assessment. J. Biomech, 21(5), 387-399.
52. VIANO, D C and LÖVSUND, P, (1999). Biomechanics of brain and spinal-cord injury: analysis of neuropathologic and neurophysiologic experiments. J. Crash Prevention and Injury Control, 1, 35-43.
53. WILLINGER, R and CÉSARI, D, (1990). Determination of Cerebral Motion at Impact through Mechanical Impedance Measurements, IRCOBI Conference, Lyon (France), pp 203-214.
54. WILLINGER, R, KOPP, C M and CÉSARI, D, (1992). New Concept of Contrecoup Lesion Mechanism, Modal Analysis of a Finite Element Model of the Head, IRCOBI Conference, Verona (Italy), pp 283-298.
55. WILLINGER, R, RYAN, G A, MCLEAN, A J and KOPP, C M, (1992). Mechanisms of Brain Injury Related to Mathematical Modelling and Epidemiological Data, IRCOBI Conference, Verona (Italy), pp 179-197.
56. WILLINGER, R, KOPP, C M, RAMET, M, BOUQUET, R and CAIRE, Y. (1993), Proposition of a New Dummy Head: The Bimass 150 Principle, IRCOBI Conference, Eindhoven (The Netherlands), pp 229-240.
57. YANG, J, (1997). Injury Biomechanics in Car-Pedestrian Collisions: Development, Validation and Application of Human-Body Mathematical Models. Doctoral Thesis, Department of Injury Prevention, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
58. YOGANANDAN, N, ZHANG, J, PINTAR, F A, GENNARELLI, T A, KUPPA, S and EPPINGER, R H, (2003). Biomechanics of Lateral Skull Fracture, IRCOBI Conference, Lisbon (Portugal), pp 69-78.