Children's Inclusion of the Group in the Self: Evidence From a Self-Ingroup Confusion Paradigm

Developmental Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 503-510

  Sani, Fabio ^a   Bennett, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cognitive confusion; family; gender; self categorization; social identity

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHARACTER; CHILD; CONFUSION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; FAMILY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; PERCEPTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RECALL; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

CHARACTER; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONFUSION; CULTURE; FAMILY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 63149146189     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0014167     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Aboud F.E. Interest in ethnic information: A cross-cultural developmental study. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 9 (1977) 134-146
2. Aboud F.E. The formation of ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes?. Developmental Psychology 39 (2001) 48-60
3. Akiba, D., DiMartino, L., & Rodriquez, S. (2001, April). The construction of self among children of color and children from immigrant families. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Minneapolis, MN.
4. Allport G.W. The nature of prejudice (1954), Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA
5. Alvarez, J. M. Cameron, J., Garfinkle, G. S., Ruble, D. N., & Fuligni, A. J. (2001, April). Identity development in immigrant children. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
6. Aron A., and Aron E.N. Love as the expansion of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction (1986), Hemisphere, New York
7. Aron A., and Aron E.N. Self and self-expansion in relationships. In: Fletcher G.J.O., and Fitness J. (Eds). Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (1996), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 325-344
8. Aron A., and McLaughlin-Volpe T. Including others in the self: Extensions to own and partner's group membership. In: Sedikides C., and Brewer M.B. (Eds). Individual self, relational self, collective self (2001), Psychology Press, Philadelphia 89-108
9. Barrett M. Children's knowledge, beliefs and feelings about nations and national groups (2007), Psychology Press, Hove, England
10. Barrett, M., Lyons, E., Bennett, M., Vila, I., Gimenez, A., Arucuri, L., & de Rosa, A. S. (1997). Children's beliefs and feelings about their own and other national groups in Europe (Research Network No. CHRX-CT94-0687). Unpublished report to the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General XII for Science, Research and Development, Human Capital and Mobility Programme.
11. Barrett M., Lyons E., and Del Valle A. The development of national identity and social identity processes. In: Bennett M., and Sani F. (Eds). The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, Hove, England 159-188
12. Bennett M., Lyons E., Sani F., and Barrett M. Children's subjective identification with the group and ingroup favoritism. Developmental Psychology 34 (1998) 902-909
13. Bennett M., and Sani F. The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, Hove, England
14. Bennett M., and Sani F. Children's subjective identification with social groups: A group-reference effect approach. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 26 (2008) 381-387
15. Bennett M., Yuill N., Banerjee R., and Thomson S. Children's understanding of extended identity. Developmental Psychology 34 (1998) 322-331
16. Bernal M.E., and Knight G.P. Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (1993), State University of New York Press, Albany
17. Bernal M.E., Knight G.P., Ocampo K.A., Garza C.A., and Cota M.K. Development of Mexican American identity. In: Bernal M.E., and Knight G.P. (Eds). Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (1993), State University of New York Press, Albany 31-46
18. Boldizar J.P. Assessing sex-typing and androgyny in children: The children's sex role inventory. Developmental Psychology 27 (1991) 505-515
19. Cadinu M.R., and Rothbart M. Self-anchoring and differentiation processes in the minimal group paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 661-677
20. Clark K.B., and Clark M.P. Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In: Newcomb T.M., and Hartley E.L. (Eds). Readings in social psychology (1947), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 169-178
21. Clement R.W., and Krueger J. Social categorization moderates social projection. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002) 219-233
22. Damon W., and Hart D. Self-understanding in childhood and adolescence (1988), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
23. Durkin K. Towards a developmental social psychology of the social self. In: Bennett M., and Sani F. (Eds). The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, Hove, England 313-326
24. Eckes T., and Trautner H.M. The developmental social psychology of gender (2000), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
25. Egan S.K., and Perry D.G. Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology 37 (2001) 451-463
26. Fazio R.H., and Olson M.A. Implicit measures in social cognition: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 297-327
27. Hall J.A., and Halberstadt A.G. Masculinity and femininity in children: Development of the children's Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Developmental Psychology 16 (1980) 270-280
28. Jackson J.W. Intergroup attitudes as a function of different dimensions of group identification and perceived intergroup conflict. Self and Identity 1 (2002) 11-33
29. Katz D., and Allport F. Students' attitudes (1931), Craftsman, Syracuse, NY
30. Katz P.A., and Kofkin J.A. Race, gender, and young children. In: Luthar S.S., Burack J.A., Cicchetti D., and Weisz J. (Eds). Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (1997), Cambridge University Press, New York 51-74
31. Krueger J. On the perception of social consensus. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 30 (1998) 163-240
32. Lambert W.E., and Klineberg O. Children's views of foreign peoples: A cross-national study (1967), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
33. Levy S.R., and Killen M. Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood (2008), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
34. Livesley W.J., and Bromley D.B. Person perception in childhood and adolescence (1973), Wiley, London
35. Mashek D.J., Aron A., and Boncimino M. Confusion of self with close others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 382-392
36. McGuire W.J., and McGuire C.V. Developmental trends and gender differences in the subjective experience of self. In: Honess T., and Yardley K. (Eds). Self and identity: Perspectives across the lifespan (1987), Routledge, London 134-146
37. Oakes P.J., Haslam S.A., and Turner J.C. Stereotyping and social reality (1994), Blackwell, Oxford, England
38. Powlishta K.K. Gender as a social category: Intergroup processes and gender-role development. In: Bennett M., and Sani F. (Eds). The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, Hove, England 103-133
39. Prentice D.A., Miller D.T., and Lightdale J.R. Asymmetries in attachments to groups and to their members: Distinguishing between common-identity and common-bond groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (1994) 484-493
40. Quintana S.M. Development of children's understanding of ethnicity and race. Applied and Preventive Psychology 7 (1998) 27-45
41. Ramsey P.G. The salience of race in young children growing up in an all-White community. Journal of Educational Psychology 83 (1991) 28-34
42. Rogers T.B., Kuiper N.A., and Kirker W.S. Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 677-688
43. Rosenthal B.G. Development of self-identification in relation to the self in the Chippewa Indians. Genetic Psychology Monographs 90 (1974) 43-141
44. Ruble D., Alvarez J., Bachman M., Cameron J., Fuligni A., García Coll C., and Rhee E. The development of a sense of "we": The emergence and implications of children's collective identity. In: Bennett M., and Sani F. (Eds). The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, Hove, England 29-76
45. Schneider W., and Pressley M. Memory development between two and twenty (1997), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
46. Smith E.R., and Henry S. An ingroup becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 22 (1996) 635-642
47. Symons C.S., and Johnson B.T. The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 121 (1997) 371-394
48. Tajfel H. Human groups and social categories (1981), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
49. Tajfel H., and Turner J.C. The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In: Worchel S., and Austin W.G. (Eds). Psychology of intergroup relations. 2nd ed. (1986), Nelson-Hall, Chicago 2-24
50. Tropp L.R., and Wright S.C. Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001) 585-600
51. Turner J.C., Hogg M.A., Oakes P.J., Reicher S.D., and Wetherell M. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorisation theory (1987), Blackwell, Oxford, England
52. Verkuyten M. Ethnic identity and social context. In: Bennett M., and Sani F. (Eds). The development of the social self (2004), Psychology Press, Hove, England 189-216
53. Warin J. The attainment of self-consistency through gender in young children. Sex Roles 42 (2000) 209-231
54. Yuill N., and Pearson A. The development of bases for trait attribution: Children's understanding of traits as causal mechanisms based on desires. Developmental Psychology 34 (1998) 574-586