The European vision of community-acquired pneumonia

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 136-145

  Woodhead, Mark ^a,b  

^a MANCHESTER ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Community acquired pneumonia; Europe; Management; Pathogens

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 63149125463     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1202932     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in Eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:977-988
2. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005;26:1138-1180
3. Laurichesse H, Robin F, Gerbaud L, et al. Empirical therapy for nonhospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Study Group of General Practitioners. Eur Respir J 1998;11:73-78
4. Almirall J, Bolibar I, Serra-Prat M, et al. New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Eur Respir J 2008;31:1274-1284
5. Viegi G, Pistelli R, Cazzola M, et al. Epidemiological survey on incidence and treatment of community acquired pneumonia in Italy. Respir Med 2006;100:46-55
6. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT, McCracken JS, Rose DH, Finch RG. Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community. Lancet 1987;1:671-674
7. Schnoor M, Hedicke J, Dalhoff K, Raspe H, Schafer T. Approaches to estimate the population-based incidence of community acquired pneumonia. J Infect 2007;55:233-239
8. Woodhead M. Epidemiology of adult hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia. In: Torres A, Menendez R, eds. Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Strategies for Management. 1st ed. Chichester: John Wiley & sons; 2008:5-19
9. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243-250
10. Gutierrez F, Masia M, Rodriguez JC, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the dawn of the 21st century: a prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:788-800
11. Ortega L, Sierra M, Dominguez J, et al. Utility of a pneumonia severity index in the optimization of the diagnostic and therapeutic effort for community-acquired pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37:657-663
12. Espana PP, Capelastegui A, Quintana JM, et al. A prediction rule to identify allocation of inpatient care in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2003;21:695-701
13. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377-382
14. Logroscino CD, Penza O, Locicero S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a multicentric observational AIPO study. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1999;54:11-17
15. van der Eerden MM, de Graaff CS, Bronsveld W, Jansen HM, Boersma WG. Prospective evaluation of pneumonia severity index in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 2004;98:872-878
16. Roson B, Carratala J, Dorca J, Casanova A, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Etiology, reasons for hospitalization, risk classes, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in patients hospitalized on the basis of conventional admission criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:158-165
17. Buising KL, Thursky KA, Black JF, et al. A prospective comparison of severity scores for identifying patients with severe community acquired pneumonia: reconsidering what is meant by severe pneumonia. Thorax 2006;61:419-424
18. Holmberg H. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospital treated patients. Scand J Infect Dis 1987;19:491-501
19. Lorente ML, Falguera M, Nogues A, Gonzalez AR, Merino MT, Caballero MR. Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in whole blood: a prospective clinical study. Thorax 2000;55:133-137
20. Menendez R, Cordoba J, de La CP, et al. Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1868-1873
21. Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:397-405
22. Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Grillner L, et al. Aetiology, outcome and prognostic factors in community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Eur Respir J 1990;3:1105-1113
23. Gomez J, Banos V, Ruiz Gomez J, et al. Prospective study of epidemiology and prognostic factors in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;15:556-560
24. Macfarlane JT, Finch RG, Ward MJ, Macrae AD. Hospital study of adult community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 1982; 2:255-258
25. Lévy M, Dromer F, Brion N, Leturdu F, Carbon C. Community-acquired pneumonia. Importance of initial noninvasive bacteriologic and radiographic investigations. Chest 1988;93:43-48
26. Berntsson E, Lagergard T, Strannegard O, Trollfors B. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1986;5:446-447
27. Blanquer J, Blanquer R, Borras R, et al. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Valencia, Spain: a multicentre prospective study. Thorax 1991;46:508-551
28. Almirall J, Morato I, Riera F, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a prospective multicentre study. Eur Respir J 1993;6:14-18
29. Melbye H, Straume B, Aasebo U, Dale K. Diagnosis of pneumonia in adults in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1992;10:226-233
30. Michetti G, Pugliese C, Bamberga M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: is there difference in etiology between hospitalized and outpatients. Minerva Med 1995;86:341-351
31. Lagerstrom F, Bader M, Foldevi M, Fredlund H, Nordin-Olsson I, Holmberg H. Microbiological etiology in clinically diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia in primary care in Orebro, Sweden. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:645-652
32. White RJ, Blainey AD, Harrison KJ, Clarke SKR. Causes of pneumonia presenting to a district general hospital. Thorax 1981;36:566-570
33. McNabb WR, Shanson DC, Williams TDM, Lant AF. Adult community-acquired pneumonia in central London. J R Soc Med 1984;77:550-555
34. British Thoracic Society. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982-1983: a survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome. Q J Med 1987;62:195-220
35. Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, et al. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax 2001;56:296-301
36. Howard LS, Sillis M, Pasteur MC, Kamath AV, Harrison BD. Microbiological profile of community-acquired pneumonia in adults over the last 20 years. J Infect 2005;50:107-113
37. Berntsson E, Blomberg J, Lagergard T, Trollfors B. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985;4:268-272
38. Burman LA, Trollfors B, Andersson B, et al. Diagnosis of pneumonia by cultures, bacterial and viral antigen detection tests, and serology with special reference to antibodies against pneumococcal antigens. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1087-1093
39. Ostergaard L, Andersen PL. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture or serology. Chest 1993;104:1400-1407
40. Ausina V, Coll P, Sambeat M, et al. Prospective study on the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adults in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988;7:342-347
41. Falco V, Fernandez de Sevilla T, Alegre J, Ferrer A, Vazquez JMM. Legionella pneumophila: a cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1991;100:1007-1011
42. Pareja A, Bernal C, Leyva A, Piedrola G, Maroto MC. Etiologic study of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1992;101:1207-1210
43. Sopena N, Sabria M, Pedro-Botet ML, et al. Prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia of bacterial etiology in adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:852-858
44. Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1849-1858
45. Marcos MA, Jimenez de Anta MT, de la Bellacasa JP, et al. Rapid urinary antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:209-214
46. Fernández Alvarez R, Suárez Toste I, Rubinos Cuadrado G, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: aetiologic changes in a limited geographic area: an 11-year prospective study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:495-499
47. Blasi F, Cosentini R, Raccanelli R, et al. Emerging pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia: a two-year prospective study. J Chemother 1995;7(Suppl 4):115-116
48. Aubertin J, Dabis F, Fleurette J, et al. Prevalence of legionellosis among adults: a study of community-acquired pneumonia in France. Infection 1987;15:328-331
49. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT, Rodgers FG, Laverick A, Pilkington R, Macrae AD. Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect 1985;10:204-210
50. Alkhayer M, Jenkins PF, Harrison BDW. The outcome of community-acquired pneumonia treated on the intensive care unit. Respir Med 1990;84:13-16
51. British Thoracic Society Research committee. The aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit. Respir Med 1992; 86:7-13
52. Hirani NA, Macfarlane JT. Impact of management guidelines on the outcome of severe community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 1997;52:17-21
53. Ortqvist A, Sterner G, Nilsson JA. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: factors influencing need of intensive care treatment and prognosis. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;17:377-386
54. Sorensen J, Forsberg P, Hakanson E, et al. A new diagnostic approach to the patient with severe pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 1989;21:33-41
55. Pachon J, Prados MD, Capote F, Cuello JA, Garnacho J, Verano A. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, prognosis and treatment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:369-373
56. Torres A, Serra-batlles J, Ferrer A, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:312-318
57. Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V, Net A, Prats G. A three year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome. Chest 1993;103:232-235
58. Almirall J, Mesalles E, Klamburg J, Parra O, Agudo A. Prognostic factors of pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Chest 1995;107:511-516
59. Olaechea PM, Quintana JM, Gallardo MS, Insausti J, Maravi E, Alvarez B. A predictive model for the treatment approach to community-acquired pneumonia in patients needing ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:1294-1300
60. Leroy O, Santre C, Beuscart C, et al. A five year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1995;21:24-31
61. Moine P, Vercken J-P, Chevret S, Chastang C, Gajdos P. French study group for community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology and prognosis factors. Chest 1994;105:1487-1495
62. Wellinghausen N, Straube E, Freidank H, von Baum H, Marre R, Essig A. Low prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Med Microbiol 2006;296:485-491
63. Socan M, Marinic-Fiser N, Kraigher A, Kotnik A, Logar M. Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18:777-782
64. Leesik H, Ani U, Juhani A, Altraja A. Microbial pathogens of adult community-acquired pneumonia in Southern Estonia. Medicina (Kaunas) 2006;42:384-394
65. EARSS Management Team. EARSS Annual Report 2006. Bilthoven, the Netherlands: EARSS; 2007
66. Riedel S, Beekmann SE, Heilmann KP, et al. Antimicrobial use in Europe and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:485-490
67. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander SR, Elseviers M. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005;365: 579-587
68. Huchon GJ, Gialdroni Grassi G, Leophonte P, Manresa F, Schaberg T, Woodhead M. Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1590-1595
69. Kohlhammer Y, Raspe H, Marre R, Suttorp N, Welte T, Schafer T. Antibiotic treatment of community acquired pneumonia varies widely across Germany. J Infect 2007;54:446-453
70. Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia and secular trends at different hospitals. Respir Med 2005;99:268-278
71. Hedlund J, Ortqvist A, Ahlqvist T, et al. Management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated in hospital in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34:887-892
72. Schouten JA, Prins JM, Bonten M, et al. Optimizing the antibiotics policy in the Netherlands, VIII: Revised SWAB guidelines for antimicrobial therapy in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005;149:2495-2500
73. Alfageme I, Aspa J, Bello S, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). Arch Bronconeumol 2005;41:272-289
74. Hedlund J, Stralin K, Ortqvist A, Holmberg H. Swedish guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37:791-805
75. BTS Pneumonia Guidelines Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults - 2004 update. Available at: http://www.brit-thoracic. org.uk/Portals/0/Clinical20Information/Pneumonia/ Guidelines/MACAPrevisedApr04.pdf. 2004
76. Hoffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W, et al. S3-guideline on ambulant acquired pneumonia and deep airway infections. Pneumologie 2005;59:612-664