Hematologic manifestations of connective autoimmune diseases

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 140-154

  Fietta, Pieranna ^a   Delsante, Giovanni ^a   Quaini, Federico ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Autoimmune connective tissue diseases; Connective autoimmune diseases; Hematologic abnormalities; Hematologic disorders; Hematologic malignancies; Hematologic manifestations; Lymphoproliferative disorders

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; METHOTREXATE; THROMBOPOIETIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANEMIA; ANGIOFOLLICULAR LYMPH NODE HYPERPLASIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AUTOIMMUNITY; CANCER RISK; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EOSINOPHILIA; ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LEUKOCYTOSIS; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MONOCYTOSIS; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; MYELOFIBROSIS; NEUTROPENIA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PANCYTOPENIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOCYTOSIS; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA;

ADULT; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 63049110592     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (296)

1. MOORE M, DAWSON M: Immunological basis of connective tissue disease. In GARDNER DL. Pathological basis of connective tissue diseases. London: Edward Arnold Ed., 1992: 227-60.
2. FONT J, CERVERA R, RAMOS-CASALS M et al.: Clusters of clinical and immunologic features in systemic lupus erythematosus: Analysis of 600 patients from a single center. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004; 33: 217-30.
3. TAN EM, COHEN AS, FRIES JF et al.: The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 1271-7.
4. WEISS G, GOODNOUGH LT: Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1011-23.
5. SWAAK A: Anemia of chronic disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Aspects of prevalence, outcome, diagnosis, and the effect of treatment on disease activity. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1467-8.
6. PEETERS HRM, JONGEN-LAVRENCIC M, RAJA AN et al.: Course and characteristics of anaemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55: 162-8.
7. VOULGARI PV, KOLIOS G, PAPADOPOULOS GK, KATSARAKI A, SEFERIADIS K, DROSOS AA: Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 1999; 92: 153-60.
8. WILSON A, YU HT, GOODNOUGH LT, NISSENSON AR: Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 2004; 116 (Suppl. 7A): 50S-57S.
9. WOLFE F, MICHAUD K: Anemia and renal function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1516-22.
10. DAVIS D, CHARLES PJ, POT-FER A, FELDMANN M, MAINI RN, ELLIOTT MJ: Anaemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis: in vivo effects of tumor necrosis factor α blockade. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 950-6.
11. AGRAWAL S, MISRA R, AGGARWHL A: Anemia in rheumatoid arthritis: high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in Indian patients. Rheumatol Int 2006; 26: 1091-5.
12. ITOH H, KITAGAWA T, KITAOKA K, NISHIYAMA M, HOSOGI H, NISHIYA K: A case of rheumatoid arthritis associated with pernicious anemia and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Ryumaki 1995; 35: 920-6.
13. WANG PL, LIOU LB, DUNN P: Development of rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with pernicious anemia: Case report. Chang Gung Med J 2001; 24: 125-9.
14. DESSYPRIS EN, BAER MR, SERGENT JS, KRANTZ SB: Rheumatoid arthritis and pure red cell aplasia. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 202-6.
15. RODRIGUES JF, HARTH M, BART RM: Pure red cell aplasia in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1159-61.
16. TSAI CY, YU CL, TSAI YY, KUNG YY, WU TH, TSAI ST: Pure red cell aplasia in a man with RA. Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26: 329-31.
17. AGARWAL V, SACHDEV A, LEHL S, BASU S: Unusual haematological alterations in rheumatoid arthritis. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50: 60-1.
18. ESTRADA CA, LYONS S, TEREBELO H: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and rheumatoid arthritis. South Med J 1990; 83: 599-600.
19. KAUR R, KAKKAR N, DHANOA J: Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis - A rare association. J Assoc Physicians India 2006; 54: 416-8.
20. HARVEY AR, CLARKE BJ, CHUI DHK, KEAN WF, BUCHANAN WW: Anemia associated with rheumatoid disease. Inverse correlation between erythropoiesis and both IgM and rheumatoid factor levels. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 28-34.
21. WILLIAME LM, JOOS R, PROOT F, IMMESOETE C: Gold-induced aplastic anemia. Clin Rheumatol 1987; 6: 600-5.
22. NURMOHAMED MT, SOESAN M, VAN OERS MH, DIJKMANS BA, VAN SOESBERGEN RM: Cyclosporin for sulphasalazine-induced aplastic anaemia in a patient with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 1431-3.
23. VOULGARELIS M, KOKORI SI, IOANNIDIS JP, TZIOUFAS AG, KYRIAKI D, MOUTSOPOULOS HM: Anaemia in systemiA lupus erythematosus: aetiological profile and the role of erythropoietin. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 217-22.
24. GIANNOULI S, VOULGARELIS M, ZIAKAS PD, TZIOUFAS AG: Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: From pathophysiology to clinical assessment. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 144-8.
25. CHEN JL, HANG XM, ZENG XJ et al.: Hematological abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus and clinical significance thereof: comparative analysis of 236 cases. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87: 1330-3.
26. WANG GJ: Clinical features of hematological abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus-related hematological disorders. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2002; 10: 359-61.
27. BERTOLI AM, VILÁ LM, APTE M et al.: Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multi-ethnic US cohort LUMINA LI: Anaemia as a predictor of disease activity and damage accrual. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 1471-6.
28. MIRZAYAN MJ, SCHMIDT RE, WITTE T: Prognostic parameters for flare in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 1316-9.
29. GINZLER EM, DIAMOND HS, WEINER M et al.: A multicenter study of outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Entry variables as predictor of prognosis. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25: 601-11.
30. BEYAN E, BEYAN C, TURAN M: Hematological presentation in systemic lupus erythematosus and its relationship with disease activity. Hematology 2007; 12: 257-61.
31. NOSSENT JC, SWAAK AJ: Prevalence and significance of haematological abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 1991; 80: 605-12.
32. KOKORI SI, IOANNIDIS JP, VOULGARELIS M, TZIOUFAS AG, MOUTSOPOULOS HM: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2000; 108: 198-204.
33. SULTAN SM, BEGUM S, ISENBERG DA: Prevalence, patterns of disease and outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who develop severe haematological problems. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 230-4.
34. MOK CC, MAK A, CHU WP, TO CH, WONG SN: Long-term survival of Southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A prospective study of all age-groups. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005; 84: 218-24.
35. STHOEGER Z, STHOEGER D, GREEN L, GELTNER D: The role of anticardiolipin antibodies in the pathogenesis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 2058-61.
36. CERVERA R, KHAMASHTA MA, FONT J et al.: Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 5-year period. A multicenter prospective study of 1,000 patients. European Working party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78: 167-75.
37. WARD MM, PYUN E, STUDENSKI S: Mortality risks associated with specific clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1337-44.
38. JACOBSEN S, PETERSEN J, ULLMAN S et al.: A multicenter study of 513 Danish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Disease mortality and clinical factors of prognostic value. Clin Rheumatol 1998; 17: 478-84.
39. KASITANON N, MAGDER LS, PETRI M: Predictors of survival in systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006; 85: 147-56.
40. BENJILALI L, TAZI-MEZALEK Z, HARMOUCHE H et al.: Pernicious anemia in a young man with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007; 16: 827-9.
41. JIMÉNEZ-BALDERAS FJ, MORALES-POLANCO MR, GUTIERREZ L: Acute sideroblastic anemia in active systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1994; 3: 157-9.
42. NESHER G, HANNA VE, MOORE TL, HERSH M, OSBORN TG: Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994; 24: 165-72.
43. DOLD S, SING R, SARWAR H, MENON Y, CANDIA L, ESPINOZA LR: Frequency of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exacerbation: Distinction from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, prognosis, and outcome. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 53: 982-5.
44. HUNT BJ, TUEGER S, PATTISON J, CAVENAGH J, D'CRUZ DP: Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia secondary to lupus nephritis: An important differential diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Lupus 2007; 16: 358-62.
45. NITSCHE A, TABORDA GD, BOUVETA HM, D'ANTONIO CC, GRONDA MV: Pure red cell aplasia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1012-3.
46. LINARDAKI GD, BOKI KA, FERTAKIS A, TZIOUFAS AG: Pure red cell aplasia as presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: Antibodies to erythropoietin. Scand J Rheumatol 1999; 28: 189-91.
47. DUARTE-SALAZAR C, CAZARÍN-BARRIENTOS J, GOYCOCHEA-ROBLES MV, COLLAZO-JALOMA J, BURGOS-VARGAS R: Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus with cyclosporin A. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 1155-7.
48. JIMENO SAINZ A, BLÁZQUEZ ENCINAR JC, CONESA V: Pure red aplasia as the first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2001; 111: 78-9.
49. ARCASOY MO, CHAO NJ: T-cell-mediated pure red-cell aplasia in systemic lapus erythematosus: Response to cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Hematol 2005; 78: 161-3.
50. WINKLER A, JACKSON RW, KAY DS, MITCHELL E, CARMIGNANI S, SHARP GC: High dose intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus associated aplastic anemia. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 693-4.
51. ROFFE C, CAHILL MR, SAMANTA A, BRICKNELL S, DURRANT ST: Aplastic anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cellular immune mechanism? Br J Rheumatol 1991; 30: 301-4.
52. TAGOE C, SHAH A, YEE H, BELMONT M: Aplastic anemia in systemic lupus erythematosus: A distinct presentation of acquired aplastic anemia? J Clin Rheumatol 2001; 7: 377-83.
53. PAVITHRAN K, RAJI NL, THOMAS M: Aplastic anemia complicating systemic lupus erythematosus-report of a case and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int 2002; 22: 253-5.
54. SINGH NP, PRAKASH A, GARG D et al.: Aplastic anemia complicating systemic lupus erythematosus: Successful management with cyclosporine. Rheumatol Int 2004; 24: 40-2.
55. RAMOS-CASALS M, FONT J, GARCÍA-CARRASCO M et al.: Primary Sjögren syndrome: Hematologic patterns of disease expression. Medicine 2002; 81: 281-92.
56. RAMAKRISHNA R, CHAUDHURI K, STURGESS A, MANOHARAN A: Haematological manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome: A clinicopathological study. Q J Med 1992; 83: 547-54.
57. BOLING EP, WEN J, REVEILLE JD, BIAS WB, CHUSED TM, ARNETT FC: Primary Sjögren's syndrome and autoimmune haemolytic anemia in sisters. Am J Med 1983; 74: 1066-71.
58. SKOPOULI FN, DAFNI U, IOANNIDIS JP, MOUTSOPOULOS HM: Clinical evolution, and morbidity and mortality of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000; 29: 296-304.
59. SCHATTNER A, FRIEDMAN J, KLEPFISH A, BERREBI A: Immune cytopenias as the presenting finding in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Q J Med 2000; 93: 825-9.
60. KIKAWADA M, WATANABE D, KIMURA A, HANYU H, SERIZAWA H, IWAMOTO T: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in an elderly patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Intern Med 2005; 44: 1312-5.
61. YOSHIDA H, WAKASHIN M, OKUDA K: Successful treatment of aplastic anemia associated with chronic thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 1189-90.
62. MATSUMOTO N, KAGAWA H, ICHIYOSHI H et al.: Aplastic anemia complicating Sjögren's syndrome. Intern Med 1997; 36: 371-4.
63. QUIQUANDON I, MOREL P, LAI J et al.: Primary Sjögren's syndrome and aplastic anaemia. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56: 438.
64. PEDRO-BOTET J, COLL J, TOMÁS S, SORIANO JC, GUTIÉRREZ-CEBOLLADA J: Primary Sjögren's syndrome associated with chronic atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 16: 146-8.
65. RODRÍGUEZ-CUARTERO J, PÉREZ-BLANCO J, URBANO-JIMÉNEZ F: Sjögren's syndrome and pernicious anaernia. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27: 83-5.
66. GIORDANO N, SENESI M, BATTISTI E, DEREGIS FM, GENNARI C: Sjögren's syndrome and pure red cell aplasia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14: 344-5.
67. IBKHATRA S, JACOBSSON L, MANTHORPE R: The association of pure red cell aplasia and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15: 119-20.
68. CAVAZZANA I, CERIBELLI A, FRANCESCHINI F, CATTANEO R: Unusual association between pure red cell aplasia and primary Sjögren's syndrome: A case report. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007; 25: 309-11.
69. ASSIMAKOPOULOS SF, MICHALOPOULOU S, MELACHRINOU M et al.: Primary Sjögren syndrome complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia and pure red cell aplasia. Am J Med Sci 2007; 334: 493-6.
70. ALTMAN RD, MEDSGER TA JR, BLOCH DA, MICHEL BA: Predictors of survival in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 403-13.
71. NAGY Z, CZJRJÁK L: Predictors of survival in 171 patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16: 454-60.
72. CZIRJÁK L, KUMÁNOVICS G, VARJÚ C et al.: Survival and causes of death in 366 Hungarian patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 59-63.
73. FRAYHA RA, SHULMAN LE, STEVENS MB: Hematological abnormalities in scleroderma. A study of 180 cases. Acta Haematol 1980; 64: 25-30.
74. DOYLE JA, CONNOLLY SM, HOAGLAND HC: Hematologic disease in scleroderma syndromes. Acta Derm Venereol 1985; 65: 521-5.
75. JONES E, JONES JV, WOODBURY JF, CARR RI, SKANES V: Scleroderma and hemolytic anemia in a patient with deficiency of IgA and C4: A hitherto undescribed association. J Rheumatol 1987; 14: 609-12.
76. KATSUMATA K: A case of systemic sclerosis complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Mod Rheumatology 2006; 16: 191-5.
77. MIMORI A, NARA H, KANEKO N et al.: Three patients with systemic sclerosis complicated by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2000; 23: 57-63.
78. FAURE P, ESCUDIÉ L, ROUQUET O, TOULEMONDE P, BUSCAIL L, FREXINOS J: Gastric antral vascular ectasia, systemic sclerosis and pernicious anemia: A non-fortuitous association. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2004; 28: 814-5.
79. SHARP GC: Diagnostic criteria for classification of MCTD. In KASUKAWA R, SHARP GC (Eds.) Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Antinuclear Antibodies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987: 23-32.
80. ROTTEM M, KRAUSE I, FRASER A, STOJANOVICH L, ROVENSKY J, SHOENFELD Y: Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2006; 15: 473-7.
81. MARAI I, LEVI Y, GODARD G, SHOENFELD Y: Following 90 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome with antibody titers and correlations with clinical manifestations: Symptoms of the disease, a new antibody and correlations with clinical manifestations in the Israeli populations. Harefuah 2001; 140: 495-500.
82. CERVERA R, PIETTE JC, FONT J et al., for THE EURO-PHOSPHOLIPID PROJECT GROUP: Antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1019-27.
83. KRAUSE I, LEIBOVICI L, BLANK M, SHOENFELD Y: Clusters of disease manifestations in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome demonstrated by factor analysis. Lupus 2007; 16: 176-80.
84. KENT PD, MICHET CJ JR, LUTHRA HS: Relapsing polychondritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 56-61.
85. MICHET CJ JR, MCKENNA CH, LUTHRA HS, O'FALLON WM: Relapsing polychondritis. Survival and predictive role of early disease manifestations. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 74-8.
86. ITABASHI H, HISHINUMA A, YOSHIDA K et al.: A case of relapsing polychondritis associated with hemolytic anemia. Jpn J Med 1990; 29: 91-4.
87. ZEUNER M, STRAUB RH, RAUH G, ALBERT ED, SCHÖLMERICH J, LANG B: Relapsing polychondritis: Clinical and immunogenetic analysis of 62 patients. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 96-101.
88. MCADAM LP, O'HANLAN MA, BLUESTONE P, PEARSON CM: Relapsing polychondritis: Prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976; 55: 193-215.
89. ANTOLÍN J, AMERIGO MJ, GÓMEZ E, ACOSTA A, MARTÍN JM, CÁRDENES MA: The hematological manifestations in 111 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Med Interne 1991; 8: 170-3.
90. HU XM, FAN ZR, ZHOU SY, WEI W, ZHU BH, CAO YF: Hematological abnormality and clinical characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2004; 12: 170-3.
91. ARENAS M, ABAD A, VALVERDE V, FERRIZ P, PASCUAL R: Selective inhibition of granulopoiesis with severe neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 979-80.
92. KASUKAWA R, TOJO T, MIYAWAKI S: Mixed connective tissue disease - preliminary diagnostic criteria. Jnp J Rheumatol 1988; 1: 263-70.
93. MEYER O: Kikuchi disease. Ann Med Interne 1999; 150: 199-204.
94. OKUZAWA C, KUROIWA T, KANEKO Y, UEKI K, TSUKADAY, NORMA Y: Kikuchi's disease accompanied by lupus-like butterfly rash. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 857-9.
95. EISNER MD, AMORY J, MULLANEY B, TIERNEY L JR, BROWNER WS: Necrotizing lymphadenitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996; 26; 477-92.
96. MARTÍNEZ-VÁZQUEZ C, HUGHES G, BORDON J et al.: Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease, associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. QJM 1997; 90: 531-3.
97. JIMÉNEZ SÁENZ JM, LLORENTE ARENAS EM, FUENTES SOLSONA F, DE MIGUEL GARCÍA F, ALVAREZ ALEGRET R: Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease and the association with systemic lupus erythematosus. An Med Interna 2001; 18: 429-31.
98. SANTANA A, LESSA B, GALRÃO L, LIMA I, SANTIAGO M: Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24: 60-3.
99. LAMBOTTE O, KHELLAF M, HARMOUCHE H et al.: Characteristics and long-term outcome of 15 episodes of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006; 85: 169-82.
100. FRIKHA F, MARZOUK S, FRIGUI M et al.: Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease and connective tissue disease: A report of three case. Rev Med Interne 2008; 29: 129-43.
101. DE LARRAÑAGA GF, REMONDINO GI, FORASTIERO RR et al.: Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease: the first case reported. Lupus 2005; 14: 967-9.
102. BALINT GP, BALINT PV: Felty's syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2004; 18: 631-45.
103. BERLINER N, HORWITZ M, LOUGHRAN TP JR: Congenital and acquired neutropenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2004; 63-79.
104. FORMIGA F, MITJAVILA F, PAC M, MOGA I: Effective splenectomy in agranulocytosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 234-5.
105. HELLMICH B, SCHNABEL A, GROSS WL: Treatment of severe neutropenia due to Felty's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999; 29: 82-99.
106. MARTÍNEZ-BAŇOS D, CRISPÍN JC, LAZO-LANGNER A, SANCHEZ-GUERRERO J: Moderate and severe neutropenia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 994-8.
107. CHEN M, ZHAO MH, ZHANG Y, WANG H: Antineutrophil autoantibodies and their target antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2004; 13: 584-9.
108. KLEPFIS H A, FRIEDMAN J, SCHECHTER Y, SCHATTNER A: Autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and Coombs positivity in a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40: 948-9.
109. VIVANCOS J, VILA M, SERRA A, LOSCOS J, ANGUITA A: Failure of G-CSF therapy in neutropenia associated with Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 471-3.
110. FRIEDMAN J, KLEPFISH A, OGNENOVSKI V, IKE RW, SCHATTNER A: Agranulocytosis in Sjögren's syndrome: Two case reports and analysis of 11 additional reported cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 31: 339-45.
111. COPPO P, SIBILIA J, MALOISEL F et al.: Primary Sjögren's syndrome associated agranulocytosis: A benign disorder? Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 476-8.
112. VIANNA JL, KHAMASHTA MA, ORDI-ROS J et al.: Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: A European Multicenter Study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3-9.
113. SYMMONS DP, FARR M, SALMON M, BACON PA: Lymphopenia in rheumatoid arthritis. J R Soc Med 1989; 82: 462-3.
114. NEIDHART M, PATAKI F, FEHR K: Increased soluble endothelial adhesion molecules in rheumatoid arthritis correlate with circulating cytokines and depletion of CD45RO+ T-lymphocytes from blood stream. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1995; 125: 424-8.
115. VILÁ LM, ALARCÓN GS, MCGWIN GJR, BASTIAN HM, FESSLER BJ, REVEILLE JD, for the LUMINA STUDY GROUP: Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort, XXXVII: Association of lymphopenia with clinical manifestations, serologic abnormalities, disease activity, and damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 799-806.
116. WEBER M, HAYEM G, DE BANDT M et al.: Classification of an intermediate group of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus-like disease: Primary or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome? J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 2131-6.
117. IANNONF F, CAULI A, YANNI G et al.: T-lymphocyte immunophenotyping in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 839-45.
118. VIGUIER M, FOUÉRÉ S, DE LA SALMONIÉRE P et al.: Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset counts in patients with dermatomyositis: Clinical correlations and changes following therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 82-6.
119. MANGANELLI P, FIET7A P, QUAINI F: Hematologic manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006; 24: 438-48.
120. HENRIKSSON G, MANTHORPE R, BREDBERG A: Antibodies to CD4 in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 142-7.
121. + T-lymphocytopenia - a frequent finding in anti-SSA antibody seropositive patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 2004; 31: 726-8.
122. BROHÉE D, DELVAL L, CAUCHIE P: CD4 lymphocyte deficiency and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 921.
123. + T cells in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 704-11.
124. BLANCO R, MARTINEZ-TABOADA VM, RODRIGUEZ-VALVERDE V, SANCHEZ-ANDRADE A, GONZALEZ-GAY MA: Successful therapy with danazol in refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia associated with rheumatic diseases. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 1095-9.
125. USTUN C, KALLAB A, LOEBL D et al.: Rheumatoid arthritis and immune thrombocytopenia: A report of two cases. Clin Rheumatol 2002; 21: 543-4.
126. HORINO T, SASAOKA A, TAKAO T et al.: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Case report. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24: 641-4.
127. THORNE C, UROWITZ MB: Long-term outcome in Felty's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1982; 41: 486-9.
128. ZIAKAS PD, ROUTSIAS JG, GIANNOULI S, TASIDOU A, TZIOUFAS AG, VOULGARELIS M: Suspects in the tale of lupus-associated thrombocytopenia. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145: 71-80.
129. FERNÁNDEZ M, ALARCÓN GS, APTE M, ANDRADE RM, VILÁ LM, REVEILLE JD, for the LUMINA STUDY GROUP: Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort. XLIII. The significance of thrombocytopenia as a prognostic factor. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 614-21.
130. ZIAKAS PD, GIANNOULI S, ZINTZARAS E, TZIOUFAS AG, VOULGARELIS M: Lupus thrombocytopenia: Clinical implications and prognostic significance. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 1366-9.
131. SCOFIELD RH, BRUNER GR, KELLY JA et al.: Thrombocytopenia identifies a severe familial phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus and reveals genetic linkages at 1q22 and 11p13. Blood 2003; 101: 992-7.
132. ZIAKAS PD, DAFNI UG, GIANNOULI S, TZIOUFAS AG, VOULGARELIS M: Thrombocytopaenia in lupus as a marker of adverse outcome - seeking Ariadne's thread. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 1261-5.
133. REVEILLE JD, BARTOLUCCI A, ALARCÓN GS: Prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Negative impact of increasing age at onset, black race, and thrombocytopenia, as well as causes of death. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 37-48.
134. PISTINER M, WALLACE DJ, NESSIM S, METZGER AL, KLINENBERG JR: Lupus erythematosus in the 1980s: A survey of 570 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991; 21: 55-64.
135. ABU-SHAKRA M, UROWITZ MB, GLADMAN DD, GOUGH J: Mortality studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results from a single center. II. Predictor variables for mortality. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1265-70.
136. MOK CC, LEE KW, HO CT, LAU CS, WONG RW: A prospective study of survival and prognostic indicators of systemic lupus erythematosus in a southern Chinese population. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 399-406.
137. HARRIS EN: Syndrome of the black swan. Br J Rheumatol 1987; 26: 324-6.
138. ITALIAN REGISTRY OF ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES (IR-APA): Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in antiphospholipid syndrome (idiopathic and secondary to SLE): First report from the Italian Registry. Haematologica 1993; 78: 313-8.
139. CUADRADO MJ, MUJIC F, MUÑOZ E, KHAMASHTA MA, HUGHES GR: Thrombocytopenia in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56: 194-6.
140. KRAUSE I, BLANK M, FRASER A et al.: The association of thrombocytopenia with systemic manifestations in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunobiology 2005; 210: 749-54.
141. GALINDO M, KHAMASHTA MA, HUGHES GR: Splenectomy for refractory thrombocytopenia in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 848-53.
142. MIYAKIS S, LOCKSHIN MD, ATSUMI T et al.: International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.
143. KRAUSE I, LEIBOVICI L, BLANK M, SHOENFELD Y: Clusters of disease manifestations in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome demonstrated by factor analysis. Lupus 2007; 16: 176-80.
144. HAKIM AJ, MACHIN SJ, ISENBERG DA: Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: The response to splenectomy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 28: 20-5.
145. CARCASSONNE Y, GASTAUT JA: Pancytopenia and scleroderma. Br Med J 1976; 1: 1446.
146. FENG CS, NG MH, SZETO RS, LI EK: Bone marrow findings in lupus patients with pancytopenia. Pathology 1991; 23: 5-7.
147. MANGANELLI P, FIETTA P: Apoptosis and Sjögren syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2003; 33: 49-65.
148. HEPBURN AL, LAMPERT IA, BOYLE JJ et al.: In vivo evidence for apoptosis in the bone marrow in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1106-9.
149. DHOTE R, SIMON J, PAPO T et al.: Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adult systemic diseases: Report of twenty-six cases and literature review. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 49: 633-9.
150. GUTIERREZ-UREÑA S, MOLINA JF, GARCÍA CO, CUÉLLAR ML, ESPINOZA LR: Pancytopenia secondary to methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 272-6.
151. LORAND-METZE I, CARVALHO MA, COSTALLAT LT: Morphology of bone marrow in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pathologe 1994; 15: 292-6.
152. PEREIRA RM, VELLOSO ER, MENEZES Y, GUALANDRO S, VASSALO J, YOSHINARI NH: Bone marrow findings in systemic lupus erythematosus with peripheral cytopenias. Clin Rheumatol 1998; 17: 219-22.
153. VOULGARELIS M, GIANNOULI S, TASIDOU A, ANAGNOSTOU D, ZIAKAS PD, TZIOUFAS AG: Bone marrow histological findings in systemic lupus erythematosus with hematologic abnormalities: A clinicopathological study. Am J Hematol 2006; 81: 590-7.
154. PAYDAS S, KOÇAK R, ZORLUDEMIR S, BASLAMISLI F: Bone marrow necrosis in antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50: 261-2.
155. NG MH, LI EK, FENG CS: Gelatinous transformation of bone marrow in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 989-92.
156. DELEZÉ M, ALARCÓN-SEGOVIA D, ORIA CV et al.: Hemocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relationship to antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 926-30.
157. FONG HY, LOIZOU S, BOEY ML, WALPORT MJ: Anticardiolipin antibodies, haemolitic anaemia and thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 31: 453-5.
158. CERVERA H, JARA LJ, PIZARRO S et al.: Danazol for systemic lupus erythematosus with refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia or Evans' syndrome. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1867-71.
159. FONT J, JIMÉNEZ S, CERVERA R et al.: Splenectomy for refractory Evans' syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: report of two cases. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 920-3.
160. HAY EM, MAKRIS M, WINFIELD J, WINFIELD DA: Evans' syndrome associated with dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 793-4.
161. CHANG DK, YOO DH, KIM TH et al.: Induction of remission with intravenous immunoglobulin and cyclophosphamide in steroid-resistant Evans' syndrome associated with dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol 2001; 20: 63-6.
162. SADLER JE, MOAKE JL, MIYATA T, GEORGE JN: Recent advances in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2004; 407-23.
163. STRICKER RB, DAVIS JA, GERSHOW J, YAMAMOTO KS, KIPROV DD: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura complicating systemic lupus erythematosus. Case report and literature review from the plasmapheresis era. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1469-73.
164. ESPINOSA G, BUCCIARELLI S, CERVERA R et al.: Thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 730-6.
165. CARAMASCHI P, RICCETTI MM, FRATTA PASINI A, SAVARIN T, BIASI D, TODESCHINI G: Systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Lupus 1998; 7: 37-41.
166. MUSIO F, BOHEN EM, YUAN CM, WELCH PG: Review of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 28: 1-19.
167. ALEEM A, AL-SUGAIR S: Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Haematol 2006; 115: 68-73.
168. SHAH AA, HIGGINS JP, CHAKRAVARTY EF: Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a patient with SLE: Diagnostic difficulties. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007; 3: 357-62.
169. BARTON JC, SAWAY DA, BLACKBURN WD, FALLAHI S, JAKES JT, ALARCÓN GS: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 400-1.
170. YUSIN J, LEWIN K, CLEMENTS P: Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura in a patient with systemic sclerosis. J Clin Rheumatol 2001; 7: 106-11.
171. MANADAN AM, HARRIS C, BLOCK JA: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the setting of systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005; 34: 683-8.
172. TER BORG EJ, HOUTMAN PM, KALLENBERG CG, VAN LEEUWEN MA, VAN RŸSWŸK MH: Thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease due to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1174-7.
173. POULLIN P, LEFÈRE P, DURAND JM: Mixed connective tissue disease with hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia due to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 1999; 61: 275.
174. KATO A, SUZUKI Y, FUJIGAKI Y et al.: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with mixed connective tissue disease. Rheumatol Int 2002; 22: 122-5.
175. KURODA T, MATSUYAMA K, NAKATSUE T et al.: A case of mixed connective tissue disease complicated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 101-4.
176. SAITO Y, HAMAMURA K, KURATA Y, SUGIMOTO T: A case of dermatomyositis complicated by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) which responded to combination of gamma globulin and vincristine - clinical analysis on TTP cases in the Japanese literatures. Rinsho Ketsueki 1993; 34: 68-73.
177. MIYAOKA Y, URANO Y, NAMEDA Y et al.: A case of dermatomyositis complicated by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Dermatology 1997; 194: 68-71.
178. ELLINGSTN TL, WILSKE K, ABOULAFIA DM: Case report: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with polymyositis: Therapeutic importance of early recognition and discussion of pathogenic mechanisms. Am J Med Sci 1992; 303: 407-10.
179. KFOURY BAZ EM, MAHFOUZ RA, MASRI AF: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated by plasmapheresis. Ther Apher 1999; 3: 314-6.
180. UMIBE T, NAWATA Y, MORI N et al.: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) observed in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Ryumachi 1994; 34: 981-7.
181. AMOURA Z, COSTEDOAT-CHALUMEAU N, VEYRADIER A et al.: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with severe ADAMST-13 deficiency in two
182. FIETTA P, MANGANELLI P: The hemophago-cytic syndrome (macrophage activation syndrome). Minerva Med 2003; 94:19-27.
183. ONISHI R, NAMIUCHI S: Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med 1994; 33: 607-11.
184. SIBILIA J, JAVIER RM, ALBERT A, CAZANAVE JP, KUNTZ JL: Pancytopenia secondary to hemophagocytic syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate and sulfasalazine. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1218-20.
185. SEKIUCHI M, NAKABAYASHI K, MARUMO T, ARIMURA Y, YAMADA A: Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with hypercytokinemia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Ryumachi 2003; 43: 696-702.
186. NIANG A, DIALLO S, KA MM et al.: Hemophagocytic syndrome complicating adult's seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Rev Med Interne 2004; 25: 826-8.
187. KATOH N, GONO T, MITSUHASHI S et al.: Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med 2007; 46: 1809-13.
188. KATO M, SATO S, SUZUKI M et al.: A case of mixed connective tissue disease successfully treated for hemophagocytic syndrome with intermittent intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2004; 27: 345-9.
189. TOCHIMOTO A, NISHIMAGI E, KAWAGUCHI Y et al.: A case of recurrent hemophagocytic syndrome complicated with systemic sclerosis: relationship between disease activity and serum level of IL-18. Ryumachi 2001; 41: 659-64.
190. YASUDA S, TSUTSUMI A, NAKABAYASHI T et al.: Haemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with dermatomyositis. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 1357-8.
191. SUGIHARA T, IMAI Y, SAKURAI T: Case of hemophagocytic syndrome associated with active dermatomyositis. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2002; 25: 344-50.
192. WONG KF, HUI PK, CHAN JK, CHAN YW, HA SY: The acute lupus hemophagocytic syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 387-90.
193. PAPO T, ANDRE MH, AMOURA Z et al.: The spectrum of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 927-30.
194. ROMANOU V, HATZINIKOLAOU P, MAVRAGANI KI, MELETIS J, VAIOPOULOS, G: Lupus erythematosus complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol 2006; 12: 301-3.
195. QIAN J, YANG CD: Hemophagocytic syndrome as one of the main manifestations in untreated systemic lupus erythematosus: Two case reports and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 807-10.
196. DEJI N, SUGIMOTO T, FUJIMOTO T et al.: Emergence of panniculitis and haemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with chronic systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007; 16: 363-5.
197. TEFFERI A: Myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1255-65.
198. DALY HM, SCOTT GL: Myelofibrosis as a cause of pancytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 1219-22.
199. NANJI AA, JETHA N: Myelofibrosis as a cause of pancytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 714.
200. KAELIN WG JR, SPIVAK JL: Systemic lupus erythematosus and myelofibrosis. Am J Med 1986; 81: 935-8.
201. MATSOUKA C, LIOURIS J, ANDRIANAKOS A, PAPADEMETRIOU C, KARVOUNTZIS G: Systemic lupus erythematosus and myelofibrosis. Clin Rheumatol 1989; 8: 402-7.
202. BISTUE R, GALLO DE SPRAZZATO ME, SCOGNAMILLO CD, PORRETA DE CROCERI L, ESTEVEZ MM, GUERRA D: Coexistence of myelofibrosis and collagen diseases. Medicina (B. Aires) 1990; 50: 248-50.
203. FOLEY-NOLAN D, MARTIN MF, ROWBOTHAM D, MCVERRY A, GOOL HC: Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with myelofibrosis. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1303-4.
204. HIROSE W, FUKUYA H, ANZAI T, KAWAGOE M, KAWAI T, WATANABE K: Myelofibrosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 2164-6.
205. RAMAKRISHNA R, KYLE PW, DAY PJ, MANOHARAN A: Evans' syndrome, myelofibrosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: Role of procollagens in myelofibrosis. Pathology 1995; 27: 255-9.
206. AHARON A, LEVY Y, BAR-DAYAN Y et al.: Successful treatment of early secondary myelofibrosis in SLE with IVIG. Lupus 1997; 6: 408-11.
207. KISS E, GÁL I, SIMKOVICS E et al.: Myelofibrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39: 661-5.
208. AMITAL H, REWALD E, LEVY Y et al.: Fibrosis regression induced by intravenous gammaglobulin treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 175-7.
209. AZIZ AR, MOHAMMADIAN Y, RUBY C et al.: Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with pancytopenia due to bone marrow myelofibrosis in a 22-year-old male. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2004; 2: 467-9; discussion 469-70.
210. MARIE I, LEVESQUE H, CAILLEUX N et al.: An uncommon association: Sjögren's syndrome and autoimmune myelofibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 370-1.
211. LEE SC, YUN SJ, LEE JB, LEE SS, WON YH: A case of porphyria tarda in association with idiopathic myelofibrosis and CREST syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 182-5.
212. ITO A, UMEDA M, KOIKE T, NARUSE S, FUJITA N: A case of dermatomyositis associated with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2006; 46: 210-3.
213. MUSLIMANI A, AHLUWALIA MS, PALAPARTY P, DAW HA: Idiopathic myelofibrosis associated with dermatomyositis. Am J Hematol 2006; 81: 559-60.
214. VAN ETTEN RA, SHANNON KM: Focus on myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Cell 2004; 6: 547-52.
215. DIEBOLD J, RAUH G, JAGER K, LÖHRS U: Bone marrow pathology in relapsing polychondritis: High frequency of myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Hematol 1995; 89: 820-30.
216. WRIGHT MJ, BEUEED K, SELLARS L, RICHMOND I: Relapsing polychondritis and myelodysplasia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 1704-7.
217. MYERS B, GOULD J, DOLAN G: Relapsing polychondritis and myelodysplasia: report of two cases and review of the current literature. Clin Lab Haematol 2000; 22: 45-8.
218. BERTHIER S, MAGY N, GIL H, SCHNEIDER MB, VUITTON DA, DUPONT JL: Myelodysplasias and systemic diseases. A non-fortuitous association. Rev Med Interne 2001; 22: 428-32.
219. MANGANELLI P, DELSANTE G, BIANCHI G, FIETTA P, QUAINI F: Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis and pitting oedema in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome and relapsing polychondritis. Clin Rheumatol 2001; 20: 132-5.
220. NÉMETH-NORMAND F, MACHET L, VAILLANT L, FONTES V, LEFRANCQ T, LORETTE G: Cutaneous vasculitis, myelodysplasia and relapsing polychondritis. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2002; 129: 1299-302.
221. HEO SW, CHO KH, RYU JI et al.: A case of relapsing polychondritis associated with myelodysplastic syndrome with erythroid hypoplasia/ aplasia. Korean J Intern Med 2003; 18: 251-4.
222. HEBBAR M, HEBBAR-SAVÉAN K, FENAUX P: Systemic diseases in myelodysplastic syndromes. Rev Med Interne 1995; 16: 897-904.
223. ROY-PEAUD F, PACCALIN M, LE MOAL G et al.: Association of systemic diseases and myelodysplastic syndromes. A retrospective study of 14 cases. Presse Med 2003; 32: 538-43.
224. RIZZI R, PASTORE D, LISO A et al.: Autoimmune myelofibrosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45: 561-6.
225. TSUJI G, MAEKAWA S, SAIGO K et al.: Dermatomyositis and myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis responding to methotrexate therapy. Am J Hematol 2003; 74: 175-8.
226. BULVIK S, ARONSON I, RESS S, JACOBS P: Extensive bone marrow necrosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Med 1995; 98: 572-4.
227. MOORE J, MA DD, CONCANNON A: NAn-malignant bone marrow necrosis: a report of two cases. Pathology 1998; 30: 318-20.
228. KAWAMOTO A, SHIIKI H, HANATANI M, HASHIMOTO T, DOHI K: An autopsy case of systemic lupus erythematosus complicating leukocytosis, amegakariocytic thrombocytopenia, interstitial pneumonitis, and pleuritis. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 1996; 19: 223-31.
229. FUJITA Y, FUJII T, TAKEDA N, TAKEDA M, MIMORI T: Successful treatment of primary Sjögren's syndrome with chronic natural killer lymphocytosis by high-dose prednisolone and indomethacin farnesil. Intern Med 2007; 46: 251-4.
230. BOWMAN SJ, BHAVNANI M, GEDDES GC et al.: Large granular lymphocyte expansions in patients with Felty's syndrome: Analysis using anti-T cell receptor Vβ-specific monoclonal antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101: 18-24.
231. BUCHAN GS, PALMER DG, GIBBINS BL: The response of human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes to rheumatoid arthritis. J Leuk Biol 1985; 37: 221-30.
232. WATTS RA: Eosinophilia and musculoskeletal disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13: 57-61.
233. PANUSH RS, FRANCO AE, SCHUR PH: Rheumatoid arthritis associated with eosinophilia. Ann Intern Med 1971; 75: 199-205.
234. BRUYN GA, VELTHUYSEN E, JOOSTEN P, HOUTMAN PM: Pancytopenia related eosinophilia in rheumatoid arthritis: A specific methotrexate phenomenon? J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1373-6.
235. KOJIMA T, UMENO M, TAKAKI K, TANAKA M, TAKEDA T, NAGASAWA K: A case of SLE with the onset of pleuritis showing eosinophilia and elevation of serum IgE. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 1996; 87: 97-101.
236. MATSUKAWA Y, KUJIME K, MITAMURA K et al.: Substituting prednisolone for methylprednisolone improved ESR and eosinophilia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. BioDrugs 1999; 12: 359-61.
237. FALANGA V, MEDSGER TA JR: Frequency, levels, and significance of blood eosinophilia in systemic sclerosis, localized scleroderma, and eosinophilic fasciitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 17: 648-56.
238. SCHAFER AI: Thrombocytosis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1211-9.
239. CERESA IF, NORIS P, AMBAGLIO C, PECCI A, BALDUINI CL: Thrombopoietin is not uniquely responsible for thrombocytosis in inflammatory disorders. Platelets 2007; 18: 579-82.
240. FARR M, SCOTT DL, CONSTABLE TJ, HAWKER RJ, HAWKINS CF, STUART J: Thrombocytosis of active rheumatoid disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1983; 42: 545-9.
241. ERTENLI I, KIRAZ S, OZTÜRK MA, HAZNEDAROǦLU I, CELIK I, CALGÜNERI M: Pathologic thrombopoiesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2003; 23: 49-60.
242. CASTELLINO G, GOVONI M, PRANDINI N et al.: Thrombocytosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: A possible clue to autosplenectomy? J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 1497-501.
243. VALENTINI G, CHIANESE U, TIRRI G, GIORDANO M: Thrombocytosis in progressive generalized sclerosis (scleroderma) and in other rheumatic diseases. Z Rheumatol 1978; 37: 233-41.
244. HERRADA J, CABANILLAS F, RICE L, MANNING J, PUGH W: The clinical behavior of localized and multicentric Castleman disease. Ann Int Med 1998; 128: 657-62.
245. NISHIMOTO N, KANAKURA, AOZASA K et al.: Humanizad anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody treatment of multicentric Castleman disease. Blood 2005; 106: 2627-32.
246. DISPENZIERI A, KYLE RA, LACY MQ et al.: POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome. Blood 2003; 101: 2496-506.
247. FEINBERG L, TEMPLE D, DE MARCHENA E, PATARCA R, MITRANI A: Soluble immune mediators in POEMS syndrome with pulmonary hypertension: Case report and review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncog 1999; 10: 293-302.
248. KOJIMA M, NAKAMURA S, ITOH H et al.: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) lymphadenopathy presenting with histopathologic features of Castleman's disease: A clinicopathologic study of five cases. Pathol Res Pract 1997; 193: 565-71.
249. SUWANNAROJ S, ELKINS SL, MCMURRAY RW: Systemic lupus erythematosus and Castleman's disease. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1400-3.
250. TAVONI A, VITALI C, BAGLIONI P et al.: Multicentric Castleman's disease in a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatol Int 1993; 12: 251-3.
251. HIGASHI K, MATSUKI Y, HIDAKA T, AIDA S, SUZUKI K, NAKAMURA H: Primary Sjögren's syndrome associated with hyaline-vascular type of Castleman's disease and autoimmune idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26: 482-4.
252. NANKI T, TOMIYAMA J, ARAI S: Mixed connective tissue disease associated with multicentric Castleman's disease. Scand J Rheumatol 1994; 23: 215-7.
253. BEN-CHETRIT E, FLUSSER D, OKON E, ACKERMAN Z, RUBINOW A: Multicentric Castleman's disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis: A possible role of hepatitis B antigen. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 326-30.
254. MANGANELLI P, QUAINI F, OLIVETTI G, SAVINI M, PILERI S: Relapsing polychondritis with Castleman-like lymphadenopathy: A case report. Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16: 480-4.
255. WOLFE F, MICHAUD K: LymphomaTin rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 1740-51.
256. ASKLING J, FORED CM, BAECKLUND E et al.: Haematopoietic malignancies in rheumatoid arthritis: Lymphoma risk and characteristics after exposure to tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 1414-20.
257. ENGELS EA, CERHAN JR, LINET MS et al.: Immune-related conditions and immune-modulating medications as risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 1153-61.
258. BERNATSKY S, BOIVIN JF, JOSEPH L et al.: An international cohort study of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1481-90.
259. LANDGREN O, ENGELS EA, PFEIFFER RM et al.: Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: A population-based case-control study in Scandinavia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 1321-30.
260. SMEDBY KE, HJALGRIM H, ASKLING J et al.: Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by subtype. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 51-60.
261. ZINTZARAS E, VOULGARELIS M, MOUTSOPOULOS HM: The risk of lymphoma development in autoimmune diseases: A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 2337-44.
262. BAECKLUND E, ASKLING J, ROSENQUIST R, EKBOM A, KLARESKOG L: Rheumatoid arthritis and malignant lymphomas. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 254-61.
263. BERNATSKY S, RAMSEY-GOLDMAN R, RAJAN R et al.: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 1507-9.
264. KING JK, COSTENBADER KH: Characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 1491-4.
265. BAECKLUND E, ILIADOU A, ASKLING J et al.: Association with chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma. risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 692-701.
266. SETOGUCHT S, SOLOMON DH, WEINBLATT ME et al.: Tumor necrosis factor α antagonist use and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2757-64.
267. GOTTENBERG JE, AUCOUTURIER F, GOETZ J et al.: Serum immunoglobulin free light chain assessment in rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 23-7.
268. MELLEMKJAER L, LINET MS, GRIDLEY G, FRISCH M, MØLLER H, OLSEN JH: Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 1753-7.
269. BERNATSKY S, RAMSEY-GOLDMAN R, ISENBERG D et al.: Hodgkin's lymphoma in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 830-2.
270. ROSENTHAL AK, MCLAUGHLIN JK, GRIDLEY G, NYRÉN O: Incidence of cancer among patients with systemic sclerosis. Cancer 1995; 76: 910-4.
271. HILL CL, NGUYEN AM, RODER D, ROBERTS-THOMPSON P: Risk of cancer in patients with scleroderma: A population based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 63: 728-31.
272. CHATTERJEE S, DOMBI GW, SEVERSON RK, MAYES MD: Risk of malignancy in scleroderma: A population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2415-24.
273. DERK CT, RASHEED M, ARTLETT CM, JIMENEZ SA: A cohort study of cancer incidence in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1113-6.
274. HILL CL, ZHANG Y, SIGURGEIRSSON B et al.: Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: A population-based study. Lancet 2001; 357: 96-100.
275. STOCKTON D, DOHERTY VR, BREWSTER DH: Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, and follow-up implications: A Scottish population-based cohort study. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 41-5.
276. ANDRÁS C, PONYI A, CONSTANTIN T et al.: Dermatomyositis and polymyositis associated with malignancy: A 21-year retrospective study. J Rheumatol 2008; 35: 438-44.
277. YANAGY T, MATSUMURA T, KAMEKURA R, SASAKI N, HASHINO S: Relapsing polychondritis and malignant lymphoma: Is polychondritis paraneoplastic? Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 89-90.
278. MILLER SB, DONLAN CJ, ROTH SB: Hodgkin's disease presenting as relapsing polychondritis. A previously undescribed association. Arthritis Rheum 1974; 17: 598-602.
279. LIOZON E, LOUSTAUD V, JAUBERTEAU MO et al.: Non-simultaneous malignant lymphoma and antiphospholipid syndrome: 4 cases. Rev Med Interne 2001; 22: 360-70.
280. CIBERE J, SIBLEY J, HAGA M: Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1580-6.
281. MELONI G, CAPRIA S, VIGNETTI M, MANDELLI F, MODENA V: Blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in long-lasting systemic lupus erythematosus: Regression of both diseases after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1997; 89: 4659.
282. KAŞIFOǦLU T, KORKMAZ C, YAŞAR S, GÜLBAŞ Z: Scleroderma and chronic myeloid lAukemia: a sheer coincidence, a consequence of long-lasting D-penicillamine therapy or a plausible relationship of both diseases? Rheumatol Int 2006; 27: 175-7.
283. SENEL S, KAYA E, AYDOGDU I, ERKURT MA, KUKU I: Rheumatic diseases and chronic myeloid leukemia, presentation of four cases and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int 2006; 26: 857-61.
284. OTA T, WAKE A, ETO S, KOBAYASHI T: Sjögren's syndrome terminating with multiple myeloma. Scand J Rheumatol 1995; 24: 316-8.
285. GÁL I, ZEHER M: Sjögren's syndrome and multiple myeloma. Orv Hetil 2000; 141: 2087-9.
286. TERPOS E, ANGELOPOULOU MK, VARIAMI E, MELETTS JC, VAIOPOULOS G: Sjögren's syndrome associated with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2000; 79: 449-51.
287. BUTLER RC, THOMAS SM, THOMPSON JM, KEAT AC: Anaplastic myeloma in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1984; 43: 653-5.
288. AFELTRA A, AMOROSO A, GARZIA P, ADDESSI MA, PULSONI A, BONOMO L: Systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple myeloma: A rare association. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997; 26: 845-9.
289. VAIOPOULOS G, KOSTANTOPOULOS K, MANTZOURANI M, KAKLAMANIS P: Multiple myeloma associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 373-4.
290. BILAJ, SUVAJDZIC N, ELEZOVIC I, COLOVIC M, BOSKOVIC D: Systemic lupus erythematosus and IgA multiple myeloma: A rare association? Med Oncol 2007; 24: 445-8.
291. BORGIA F, VACCARO M, GUARNIERI F, CANNAVÓ SP, GUARNIERI B: Dermatomyositis associated with IgG myeloma. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 200-1.
292. HALL R, HOPKINSON N, HAMBLIN T: Relapsing polychondritis, smouldering non-secretory myeloma and early myelodysplastic syndrome in the same patient: Three difficult diagnoses produce a life threatening illness. Leuk Res 2000; 24: 91-3.
293. FIETTA P: Life-or-death fate in the adaptive immune system. Riv Biol 2007; 100: 267-83.
294. VIDAL F, FONTOVA R, RICHART C: Severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia associated with infliximab. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: W-W63.
295. RAJAKULENDRAN S, GADSBY K, ALLEN D, O'REILLY S, DEIGHTON C: Neutropenia while receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 1678-9.
296. WENHAM C, GADSBY K, DEIGHTON C: Three significant cases of neutropenia with etanercept. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47: 376-7.