Determining the preservation rating of submerged archaeology in the post-glacial southern North Sea: A first-order geomorphological approach

Environmental Archaeology

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 59-83

  Ward, Ingrid ^a   Larcombe, Piers ^b  

^a ENGLISH HERITAGE   (United Kingdom)

^b CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Archaeology; Palaeoenvironment; Preservation potential; Southern North Sea

Indexed keywords

EID: 62949236640     PISSN: 14614103     EISSN: 17496314     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/174963108x279229     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Albrecht, G. 1983. Intensive fall hunting during the Magdalenian, pp. 221-34 in Berke, H., Hahn, J. and Kind, C.-J. (eds.), Upper Palaeolithic Settlement Patterns in Europe. Tubingen: Institut fur Urgeschichte der Universitat Tubingen.
2. Antoine, P., Coutard, J.-P., Gibbard, P., Hallegouet, B., Lautridou, J.- P. and Ozouf, J.-C. 2003. The Pleistocene rivers of the English Channel region. Journal of Quaternary Science 18(3-4), 227-43.
3. Austin, R. M. 1991. Modelling Holocene tides on the NW European continental shelf. Terra Nova 3, 276-88.
4. Bailey, G. N. 1983. Problems of site formation and the interpretation of spatial and temporal discontinuities in the distribution of coastal shell middens, pp. 559-82 in Masters, P. M. and Flemming, N. C. (eds.), Quaternary Coastlines and Maritime Archaeology. London: Academic Press.
5. Bailey, G. and Parkinton, J. 1988. The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Barton, N. 1999. The Lateglacial or Late and Final Upper Palaeolithic colonization of Britain, pp. 13-34 in Hunter, J. and Ralston, I. (eds.), The Archaeology of Britain. London: Routledge.
7. Beets, D. J. and van der Spek, A. J. F. 2000. The Holocene evolution of the barrier and the back-barrier basins of Belgium and the Netherlands as a function of late Weichselian morphology, relative sea-level rise and sediment supply. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79(1), 3-16.
8. Behre, K., Dö rjes, J. and Irion, G. 1984. Ein datierter Sedimentkern aus dem Holozän der südlichen Nordsee, Probleme der Kü stenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet. Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 15, 135-48.
9. Bellamy, A. G. 1998. The UK marine sand and gravel dredging industry: an application of Quaternary geology, pp. 33-45 in Latham, J.-P. (ed.), Advances in Aggregates and Armourstone Evaluation (Engineering Geology Special Publications, 13).London: Geological Society London.
10. Bergmann, M. J. N. and Hup, M. 1992. Direct effects of beam trawling on macro-fauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 49, 5-11.
11. Berné, S., Lericolais, G., Marsset, T., Bourillet, J. F. and de Batist, M. 1998. Erosional offshore sand ridges and lowstand shorefaces: examples from tide- and wave-dominated environments of France. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68(4), 540-55.
12. Bjerk, H. B. 1990. Mesolithic site types and settlement patterns at Vega, Northern Norway. Acta Archaeologica 60, 1-32.
13. BMAPA and Crown Estate 2003. Marine Aggregate Dredging. The Area Involved - 6th Annual Report. London: BMAPA and the Crown Estate.
14. Bokelmann, K., 1991. Some new thoughts on old data on humans and reindeer in the Ahrensburgian tunnel valley in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, pp. 72-81 in Barton, N., Roberts, A. J. and Roe, D. A. (eds.), The Late Glacial in North-west Europe (CBA Research Report 77). London: Council for British Archaeology.
15. Boyd, S. E., Limpenny, D. S., Rees, H. L. and Cooper, K. M. 2005. The effects of marine sand and gravel extraction on the macrobenthos at a commercial dredging site (results 6 years post-dredging). ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, 145-62.
16. Brandt, R., Groenewoudt, B. J. and Kvamme, K. L. 1992. An Experiment in archaeological site location: modelling in the Netherlands using GIS techniques. World Archaeology 24, 268-82.
17. Bridgland, D. R. 2000. River terrace systems in north-west Europe: an archive of environmental change, uplift and early human occupation. Quaternary Science Review 19, 1293-1303.
18. British Geological Survey 1987a. Sea Bed Sediments around the UK. North Sheet, Scale 1:1,000,000. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
19. British Geological Survey 1987b. Sea Bed Sediments around the UK. South Sheet, Scale 1:1,000,000. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
20. Brown, G. M. and Hageman, B. P. 1984. Flemish Bight (52°N-02°E). Seabed Sediments and Holocene Geology. 1:250,000 Map. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
21. Brown, A. G. 1997. Alluvial Geoarchaeology (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Buteux, S. T. E., Keen, D. H. and Lang, A. T. O. 2004. Quarrying and the Ice Age: a Handbook. Birmingham: Birmingham Archaeology.
23. Cameron, T., Stoker, M. and Long, D. 1987. The history of Quaternary ,sedimentation in the UK sector of the North Sea Basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 43-58.
24. Cameron, T. D. J., Crosby, A., Balson, P. S., Jeffery, D. H., Lott, G.K., Bulat, J. and Harrison, D. J. 1992. The Geology of the Southern North Sea. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
25. Carr, S. J., Holmes, R., Van der Meer, J. J. M. and Rose, J. 2006. The Last Glacial Maximum in the North Sea Basin: micromorphological evidence of extensive glaciation. Journal of Quaternary Science 21(2), 131-53.
26. Champion, M. 2000. Seahenge. A Contemporary Chronicle. NorthWalsham: Barnwell's Print Ltd.
27. Chapman, H. P. and Lillie, M. C. 2004. Investigating 'Doggerland' through analogy: the example of Holderness, East Yorkshire (UK), pp. 65-69 in Flemming, N. C. (ed.), Submarine Prehistory Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
28. Chappell, J. and Shackleton, N. J. 1986. Oxygen isotopes and sea level. Nature 324, 137-40.
29. Clarke, J. G. D. 1954. Excavations at Star Carr. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Coles, B. J. 1998. Doggerland: a speculative survey. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64, 45-81.
31. Coles, B. J. 1999. Doggerland's loss and the Neolithic, pp. 51-57 in Coles, B. J., Coles, J. M. and Schou JØrgensen, M. (eds.), Bog Bodies, Sacred Sites and Wetland Archaeology (WARP Occasional Paper 12). Exeter: England.
32. Coles, B. J. 2000. Doggerland: the cultural dynamics of a shifting coastline, pp. 393-401 in Pye, K. and Allen, J. R. (eds.), Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology. Geological Society: London.
33. Coles, J. and Lawson, A. J. 1987 European Wetlands in Prehistory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
34. Collins, M. B., Shimwell, S. J., Gao, S., Powell, H., Hewitson, C. and Taylor, J. A. M. 1995. Water and sediment movement in the vicinity of linear sand banks: the Norfolk Banks, southern North Sea. Marine Geology 123, 125-42.
35. Cook, P. J. 1990. Dogger Sheet (55°N-02°E). Seabed Sediments and Holocene Geology. 1:250,000 Map. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
36. Cooper, K. M., Eggleton, J. D., Vize, S. J., Vanstaen, K., Smith, R., Boyd, S. E., Ware, S., Morris, C. D., Curtis, M., Limpenny, D. S. and Meadows, W. J. M. 2005. Assessment of the Rehabilitation of the Seabed Following Marine Aggregate Dredging - Part 2 (Science Series Technical Report No. 130). Lowestoft: Cefas
37. Dalyrymple, R. W. 1992. Tidal depositional systems, pp. 195-218 in Walker,R.G. and James, N. P. (eds.), FaciesModels.Response to Sea Level Change. Newfoundland: Geological Association of Canada.
38. Deeben, J., Hallewas, D. P. and Maarleveld, Th. J. 2002. Predictive modelling in archaeological heritage management of the Netherlands: the indicative map of archaeological values (2nd Generation). Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 45, 9-57.
39. De Groot, S. J. 1996. The physical impact of marine aggregate extraction in the North Sea. Journal of Marine Science 53, 1051-53.
40. De Haas, H., Boer, W. and Van Weering, Tj. C. E. 1997. Recent sedimentation and organic carbon burial in a shelf sea: North Sea. Marine Geology 144, 131-46.
41. Desprez, M. 2000. Physical and biological impact of marine aggregate extraction along the French coast of the Eastern English Channel: short term and long term post-dredging restoration. Journal of Marine Science 57, 1428-38.
42. Dronkers, J., Van Alphen, J. S. L. J. and Borst, J. C. 1990. Suspended sediment transport processes in the Southern North Sea. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 38, 302-20.
43. DTI 2001. Offshore petroleum production and pipelines (Assessment of environmental effects) regulations 1999. [online] www.og.dti.gov. uk/environment/opppr.htm [accessed 17 November 2006].
44. Dyer, K. R. and Huntley, D. A. 1999. The origin, classification and modelling of sand banks and ridges. Continental Shelf Research 19, 1285-1330.
45. Eisma, D. 1981. Supply and deposition of suspended matter in the North Sea, pp. 415-29 in Nio, S. D., Shü ttenhelm, R. T. E. and Van Weering, Tj. C. E. (eds.), Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin (International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, No. 5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Eisma, D., Mook, W. G. and Laban, C. 1981. An early Holocene tidal flat in the Southern Bight, pp. 229-37 in Nio, S. D., Shüttenhelm, R. T. E. and Van Weering, Tj. C. E. (eds.), Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin (International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, No. 5).
47. Emu Ltd. 2006. Marine aggregate extraction licence application area 466 North West Rough. environmental statement, July 2003. Unpublished report prepared by Emu Ltd on behalf of RMC Ltd.
48. English Heritage 1998. Identifying and Protecting Palaeolithic Remains: Archaeological Guidance for Planning Authorities and Developers.London: English Heritage.
49. English Heritage 2005. Happisburgh/Pakefield exposures [online]. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.5820 [accessed 27 November 2006].
50. Fernand, L. 2006. Toward a consensus concerning the extent, strength and persistence of pathways governing the fate of contaminants and nutrient dynamics. Unpublished Defra report. 20 pp. Lowestoft: Cefas.
51. Fischer, A. 1995. An entrance to the Mesolithic world beneath the ocean. Status of ten years work on the Danish sea floor, pp. 371-84 in Fischer, A. (ed.), Man and Sea in the Mesolithic. Oxford: Oxbow.
52. Fischer, A. 2004. Submerged Stone Age -Danish examples and North Sea potential, pp. 21-36 in Flemming, N. (ed.), Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
53. Fischer, A. and Pedersen, L. 1997. Stone Age settlements on the bed of the Storebaelt, pp. 55-105 in Pedersen, L., Fischer, A., Aaby, B.(eds.), The Danish Storaebaelt since the Ice Age: Man, Sea and Forest. Copenhagen: Storebaelt Publications.
54. Fitch, S., Thompson, K. and Gaffney, V. 2005. Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional systems and the palaeogeography of the Dogger Bank, North Sea. Quaternary Research 64, 185-96.
55. Flemming, N. 2002. The scope of Strategic Environmental Assessment of North Sea areas SEA3 and SEA2 in Regard to Prehistoric Archaeological Remains. Department of Trade and Industry, Strategic Assessment of parts of the Central and Southern North Sea: SEA3, Consultation Document (Technical Report. CDROM).London: Department of Trade and Industry.
56. Flemming, N. 2004. The prehistory of the North Sea floor in the context of Continental Shelf archaeology from the Mediterranean to Nova Zemlya, pp. 11-20 in Flemming, N. (ed.), Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
57. Fulford, M., Champion, T. and Long, A. 1997. England's Coastal Heritage. A survey for English Heritage and the RCHME (English Heritage Archaeological Report 15). London: English Heritage.
58. Funnel, B. M. 1996. Plio-Pleistocene palaeogeography of the southern North Sea basin (3.75-0.60 Ma). Quaternary Science Reviews 15, 391-405.
59. Gaffney, V. and Thompson, K. (2006) North Sea Palaeolandscapes. [online] www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/fieldwork-research-themes/projects/North-Sea- Palaeolandscapes/index.htm [accessed 27 November 2006].
60. George, T. N. 1933. The submerged forest series near Barmouth, with notes on the distribution of Scrobicularia. Proceedings of the Swansea Science Field Naturalist Society 1, 187-91.
61. Gibbard, P. L. 1994. Pleistocene History of the Lower Thames Valley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Glimmerveen, J., Mol, D., Post, K., Reumer, J. W. F., van der Plicht, H., de Vos, J., van Geel, B., cam Reenen, G. and Pals, J.P. 2004. The North Sea project: the first palaeontological, palynological and archaeological results, pp. 43-52 in Flemming, I. (ed.), Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (English Heritage/CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
63. Glimmerveen, J., Mol, D. and van der Plicht, H. 2006. The Pleistocene reindeer of the North Sea - initial palaeontological data and archaeological remarks. Quaternary International 142-43, 242-46.
64. Gonzales, S., Huddart, D. and Roberts, G. 1996. Holocene development of the Sefton coast: a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the archaeology, pp. 271-81 in Sinclair, A., Slater, E. Gowlett, J. (eds.), Archaeological Science. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
65. Gonzales, S., Innes, J., Huddart, D., Davey, P. and Plater, A. 2000. Holocene coastal change in the north of the Isle of Man: stratigraphy, palaeoenvironment and archaeological evidence, pp. 343-63 in Pye, K. and Allen, J. R. L. (eds.), Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology (Geological Society Special Publication 175). London: Geological Society.
66. Gron, O. and Skaarup, J. 2004. Submerged stone age coastal zones in Denmark: investigation, strategies and results, pp. 53-56 in Flemming, N. (ed.), Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
67. Gupta, S., Collier, J., Palmer-Felgate, A., Dickinson, J., Bushe, K. and Humber, S. 2004. Submerged Palaeo-Arun River: Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landscapes and Evaluation of Archaeological Resource Potential. Intergrated Projects 1 and 2. Final Report Project for English Heritage. London: Imperial College.
68. Hansen, J. S. 1981. Naturegasprojektet og de Marinarkæologiske Forundersøgelser. Copenhagen: Fredninsstyrelsen.
69. Hosfield, R. T. and Chambers, J. C. 2004. The archaeological potential of secondary contexts. Unpublished report to English Heritage (Project No. 3361).
70. Hosfield, R. T. and Chambers, J. C. 2005. Pleistocene geochronologies for fluvial sedimentary sequences: an archaeologist's perspective. Journal of Quaternary Science 20(3), 285-96.
71. Hosfield, R. T. 2007. Terrestrial implications for the maritime geoarchaeological resource: a view from the Lower Palaeolithic. Journal of Maritime Archaeology 2(1), 4-23.
72. Hoselmann, C. and Streif, H. 2004. Holocene sea-level rise and its effect on the mass balance of coastal deposits. Quaternary International 112, 89-103.
73. Housley, R. A. 1991. AMS dates from the Late Glacial and early Post Glacial in NW Europe: a review, pp. 25-39 in Barton, N. R. N. E., Roberts, A. J. and Roe, D. A. (eds.), The Late Glacial in Northwest Europe: Human Adaptation and Environmental Change at the end of the Pleistocene (CBA Research Report 77) London: Council for British Archaeology.
74. Housley, R. A., Gamble, C. S., Street, M. and Pettitt, P. 1997. Radiocarbon evidence for the Lateglacial human recolonisation of Northern Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 25-54.
75. Howard, A. J. and Macklin, M.G. 1999. A generic geomorphological approach to archaeological interpretation and prospection in British river valleys: a guide for archaeologists investigating Holocene landscapes. Antiquity 73, 527-41.
76. Howard, A. J., Macklin, M. G. and Passmore, D. G. 2003. Alluvial Archaeology in Europe. Rotterdam: Swets.
77. Huddart, D., Roberts, G. and Gonzalez, S. 1999. Holocene human and animal footprints and their relationships with coastal environmental change, Formby Point, NW England. Quaternary International 55, 29-41.
78. ICES 2005. Report of the ICES Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT), 2005. San Sebastian, Spain (ICES CM 2005/E:06). Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
79. ICES 2006. Report of the ICES Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
80. Jago, C. F. 1981. Sediment response to waves and currents, North Yorkshire shelf, North Sea. International Association of Sedimentologists 5, 283-301.
81. Jansen, J. H., van Weering, T. C. E. and Eisma, D. 1979. Late Quaternary sedimentation in the North Sea, pp. 175-87 in Oele, E., Schuttenhelm, R. T. E. and Wiggers, A. J. (eds.), The Quaternary History of the North Sea. (Acta Univsitatis Upsaliensis. Annum Quingentesium Celebrantis 2). University of Uppsala: Sweden.
82. Jardin, W. G. 1979. The western (United Kingdom) shore of the North Sea in Late Pleistocene and Holocene times, pp. 158-74 in Oele, E., Schü ttenhelm, R. T. E. and Wiggers, A. J. (eds.), The Quaternary History of the North Sea. (Acta Univsitatis Upsaliensis. Annum Quingentesium Celebrantis 2). University of Uppsala: Sweden.
83. Jeffery, D. H., Laban, C., Mesdag, C. S. and Schü ttenhelm, R. T. E. 1991. Dogger: Sheet 55°NI02°E. Quaternary Geology, 1:250.000 Series British Geological Survey and Geological Survey of The Netherlands. Nottingham: British Geological Survey.
84. Jelgersma, S. 1961. Holocene sea-level changes in the Netherlands. Mededclinger van die Geologisch Stichtins 7, 1-100.
85. Jelgersma S. 1979. Sea level changes in the North Sea basin, pp. 233-48 in Oele, E., Schuttenhelm, R. T. E. and Wiggers, A. J. (eds.), The Quaternary History of the North Sea. (Acta Univsitatis Upsaliensis. Annum Quingentesium Celebrantis 2). University of Uppsala: Sweden.
86. Jelgersma, S., Oele, E. and Wiggers, A. J. 1979. pp. 115-42 in Oele, E., Schuttenhelm, R. T. E. and Wiggers, A. J. (eds.), The Quaternary History of the North Sea. (Acta Univsitatis Upsaliensis. Annum Quingentesium Celebrantis 2). University of Uppsala: Sweden.
87. Keen, D. H. 1995. Raised beaches and sea-levels in the English Channel in theMiddle and Late Pleistocene: problems of interpretation and implications for the isolation of the British Isles, pp. 63-74 in Preece, R. C. (ed.), Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. London: Geological Society.
88. Kenny, A. J. and Rees, H. L. 1994. The effects of marine gravel extraction on the macrobenthos: early post-dredging recolonization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28, 442-47.
89. Kenny, A. J. and Rees, H. L. 1996. The effects of marine gravel extraction on the macrobenthos: results 2 years post-dredging. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32, 615-22.
90. Kindgren, H. 1995. Hensbacka-Hogen-Hornborgasjon: early Mesolithic coastal and inland settlement in western Sweden, pp. 171-84 in Fischer, A. (ed.), Man and Sea in the Mesolithic. Oxford: Oxbow.
91. Kolp, O. 1976. Submarine Uferterrassen in der sü dlichen Ost- und Nordsee als Marken des holozänen Meeresantiegs und der ü berflutungsphasen der Ostsee. Petermanns Geographischen Mitteilungen 120 (1), 1-23.
92. Laban, C. 1995. The Pleistocene Glaciations in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. A Synthesis of Sedimentary and Seismic data. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam.
93. Laban, C. 2006. Seabed mapping in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. Sea Technology August 2006, 47-51.
94. Lambeck, K. 1995. Late Devensian and Holocene shorelines of the British Isles and North Sea from models of glacio-hydro-isostatic rebound. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 152, 437-48.
95. Lambeck, K., Esat, T. M. and Potter, E.-K. 2002. Links between climate and sea levels for the past three million years. Nature 419, 199-206.
96. Laraminie, F. G. 1988. Silver Well Sheet (43°N-02°E). Seabed Sediments and Holocene Geology. 1:250,000 Map. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
97. Long, D., Wickham-Jones, C. and Ruckley, N., 1986. A flint artefact from the northern North Sea, pp. 55-62 in Roe, D. A. (ed.), Studies of the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and North-West Europe (BAR International Series 296). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
98. Long, D., Laban, C., Streif, H., Cameron, T. D. J. and Schü ttenhelm, R. T. E. 1988. The sedimentary record of climate variation in the southern North Sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B318, 523-37.
99. Long, D., Graham, C. and Stevenson, A. 2004. Existing resources of acoustic and sedimentary sample data for analysing the landscape for human occupation in the North Sea, pp. 99-101 in Flemming, N. (ed.), Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
100. Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. 1970-71. Mesolithic bone and antler implements from the North Sea and from the Netherlands. Berichten van de Rijksdientst voor het Oudheitkundig Bodemonderzoek, Jaargang 20-21, 27-73.
101. Ludwig, G., Muller, H. and Streif, H. 1981. New dates on Holocene sea-level changes in the German Bight. Special Publications of International Association of Sedimentologists 5, 211-19.
102. Lumsden, G. I. 1987. Indefatigable Sheet (53°N-02°E). Seabed Sediments and Holocene Geology. 1:250,000 Map. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
103. Mania, D. 1995. The earliest occupation of Europe: the Elbe-Saala region (Germany), pp. 85-101 in Roebroeks, W., Van Kolfschoten, T. (eds.), The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: University of Leiden.
104. Miller, J. J., Dickson, J. H. and Dixon, T. N. 1998. Unusual food plants from Oakbank Crannog, Loch Tay, Scottish Highlands: cloudberry, opium poppy and spelt wheat. Antiquity 72, 805-11.
105. Mol, D., Post, K., Reumer, J. W. F., van der Plitcht, J., de Vos, J., van Geel, B., can Reenen, G., Pals, J. P. and Glimmerveen, J. 2006. The Eurogeul - first report of the palaeontological, palynological and archaeological investigations of this part of the North Sea. Quaternary International 142-43, 178-85.
106. Momber, G. 2000. Drowned and deserted: a submerged prehistoric landscape in the Solent, England. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 29, 86-99.
107. Momber, G. 2004. The inundated landscapes of the western Solent, pp. 37-42 in Flemming, I. (ed.),Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (English Heritage/CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
108. Moodley, L. and Van Weering, T. C. E. 1993. Foraminiferal record of the Holocene development of the marine environment in the southern North Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 31(1), 43-52.
109. Murray A. S. and Funder S. 2003. OSL dating of a Danish coastal marine deposit: a test of accuracy. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1177-83.
110. Neal, A. and Roberts, C. L. 2000. Applications of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to sedimentological, geomorphological and geoarchaeological studies in coastal environments, pp. 139-71 in Pye, K. and Allen, J. R. L. (eds.), Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology. London: Geological Society.
111. Oele, E. 1971. Late Quaternary geology of the North Sea south-east of Dogger Bank. Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences 70/15, 25-34.
112. Oele, E. and Schuttenhelm, R. T. E. 1979. Development of the North Sea after the Saalian glaciation, pp. 191-215 in Oele, E., Schuttenhelm, R. T. E. and Wiggers, A. J. (eds.), The Quaternary History of the North Sea (Acta Univsitatis Upsaliensis. Annum Quingentesium Celebrantis 2). University of Uppsala: Sweden.
113. Passmore, D. G., Waddington, C. and Houghton, S. J. 2002. Geoarchaeology of theMilfield Basin, Northern England: towards an integrated archaeological research and management framework. Archaeological Prospection 9(2), 71-91.
114. Pedersen, L. D., Fischer, A., and Aaby, B. 1997. The Danish Storaebaelt since the Ice Age: Man, Sea and Forest. Copenhagen: Storebaelt Publications.
115. Peltier, W. R., Shennan, I., Drummond, R. and Horton, B. 2002. On the postglacial isostatic adjustment of the British Isles and the shallow viscoelastic structure of the Earth. Geophysics Journal International 148, 443-75.
116. Peltier, W. R. 2004. Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the iceage Earth: the ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 32, 111-49.
117. Pierce, L. R., 2000. Lake gravel beach sedimentological variability, Milarrochy Bay, Loch Lomond, Scotland, pp. 123-138 in Pye, K. and Allen, J. R. L. (eds.), Coastal and Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology and Geoarchaeology. London: Geological Society.
118. Pye, K., Stokes, S. and Neal, A. 1995. Optical dating of aeolian sediments from the Sefton coast, northwest England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 106, 281-92.
119. QPA 2006. BMAPA Profile. [online] http://www.bmapa.org/key.htmBMAPA [accessed 18 September 2006].
120. Rapp, G. and Hill, C. L. 1998. Geoarchaeology. The Earth-Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation. London: Yale University Press.
121. Rees, J., Larcombe, P., Vivian, C. and Judd, A. 2006 Scroby Sands offshore wind farm - coastal processes monitoring. Unpublished final Report to Defra.
122. Rijnsdorp, A. D., Bujiis, A. M., Storbeck, F. and Visser, E. 1998. Microscale distribution of beam trawl effort in the southern North Sea between 1993 and 1996 in relation to the trawling frequency of the sea bed and the distribution of benthic organisms. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55, 403-19.
123. Roberts, G., Gonzalez, S. and Huddart, D. 1996. Intertidal Holocene footprints and their archaeological significance. Antiquity 70, 647-51.
124. Roberts, M. B. and Parfitt, S. 1999. Boxgrove. A Middle Pleistocene Hominid site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. Unpublished report to English Heritage, 17. London: English Heritage. 456 pp.
125. Roberts, P. and Trow, S. 2002. Taking to the Water: English Heritage's Initial Policy for the Management of Maritime Archaeology in England. London: English Heritage.
126. Roe, D. A. 1993. Landmark sites of the British Palaeolithic. Review of Archaeology 14(2), 1-9.
127. RØmer, S., Breuning-Madsen, H., BalstrØm, T. and Jensen, A-E. 2006. Short Contribution: mapping Quaternary deposits as a method for explaining the distribution of Mesolithic sites in reclaimed landscapes: an example from Vao lse Vig, southeast Denmark. Geoarchaeology 21(1), 113-24.
128. Scaife, R. 2004. Seabed in prehistory (Arun offshore): Potential for pollen and diatom analyses in palaeo-environmental reconstruction. Appendix IV, In Wessex Archaeology (ed.), Seabed Prehistory: Gauging the Effects of Marine Aggregate Dredging (English Heritage Archaeology Report 53146). Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology.
129. Schokker, J., Cleveringa, P. and Murray, A. S., 2004. Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and OSL dating of terrestrial Eemian deposits in the southeastern Netherlands. Quaternary Science Reviews 19(2), 193-202.
130. Scourse, J. D. and Austin, R. M. 1995. Palaeotidal modelling of continental shelves: marine implications of a land-bridge in the Strait of Dover during the Holocene and Middle Pleistocene, pp. 75-88 in Preece, R. C. (ed.), Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. London: Geological Society.
131. Selby, I. 1992. An introduction to marine aggregates and their Quaternary Origin. Quaternary Proceedings 2, 25-31.
132. Shennan, I., Lambeck, K., Flather, F., Horton, B., McArthur, J., Innes, J., Lloyd, J., Rutherford, M. and Wingfield, R. 2000. Modelling western North Sea palaeogeographies and tidal changes during the Holocene, pp. 299-319 in Shennan, I. and Andrews, J. (eds.), Holocene Land-Ocean Interaction and Environmental Change around the North Sea. London: Geological Society.
133. Singer, R., Gladfelter, B. G. and Wymer, J. J. 1993. The Lower Palaeolithic site at Hoxne, England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
134. Smith, D. B. 1988. Bypassing of sand over sand waves and through a sand wave field in the central region of the southern North Sea, pp. 39-50 in De Boer, P. L., Van Gelder, A., Nio, S.-D. (eds.), Tide-Influenced Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
135. Streif, H., 1990. Quaternary sea-level changes in the North Sea, an analysis of amplitudes and velocities, pp. 201-14 in Brosche, P. and Sündermann, P. J. (eds.), Earth's Rotation from Eons to Days. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
136. Streif, H., 2004. Sedimentary record of Pleistocene and Holocene marine inundations along the North Sea coast of Lower Saxony, Germany. Quaternary International 112, 3-28.
137. Stride, A. H., Belderson, R. H., Kenyon, N. H. and Johnson, M. A. 1982. Offshore tidal deposits: sand sheet and sand bank facies, pp. 95-125 in Stride, A. H. (ed.), Offshore Tidal Sands: Processes and Deposits. London: Chapman and Hall.
138. Trimmer, M., Petersen, J., Sivyer, D. B., Mills, C., Young, E. and Parker, E. R. 2005. Impact of long-term benthic disturbance on sediment sorting and biogeochemistry in the southern North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298, 79-94.
139. Van Andel, T. H., 2002. The climate and landscape of the Middle Part of the Weichselian glaciation in Europe: the Stage 3 Project. Quaternary Research 57, 2-8.
140. Van Andel, T. H. and Davies, W., 2004. Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation: Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.
141. Van der Molen, J. and de Swart, H. E., 2001a. Holocene wave conditions and wave-induced sand transport in the southern North Sea. Continental Shelf Research 21, 1723-49.
142. Van der Molen, J. and de Swart, H. E., 2001b. Holocene tidal conditions and tide-induced sand transport in the southern North Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (C5), 9339-62.
143. Van de Noort, R., 2004. The Humber Wetlands; the Archaeology of a Dynamic landscape. London: Windgather Press.
144. Van Haren, H., Maas, L., Zimmerman, J. T. F., Ridderinkhof, H. and Malschaert, H. 1999. Strong inertial currents and marginal internal wave stability in the central North Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (19), 2993-96.
145. Van Kolfschoten, T. and Laban, C., 1995. Pleistocene terrestrial mammal faunas from the North Sea. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Deienst. 52, 135-52.
146. Van Kolfschoten, T. and van Essen, H. 2004. Palaeozoological heritage from the bottom of the North Sea, pp. 70-80 in Flemming, N. (ed.), Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
147. Van Leusen, M., Deeben, J., Hallewas, D., Zoetbrood, P., Kamermans, H. and Verhagen, P. 2005. A baseline for predictive modelling in the Netherlands, pp. 25-92 in Van Leusen, M. and Kamermans, H. (eds.), Predictive Modelling for Archaeological Heritage Management: a Research Agenda (NAR Report 29). Amsterdam: PlantijnCasparie Almere.
148. Van Weering, Tj. C. E. 1981. Recent sediments and sediment transport in the northern North Sea: surface sediments of the Skegarrak, pp. 335-60 in Nio, S. D., Shü ttenhelm, R. T. E. and Van Weering, Tj. C. E. (eds.), Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin (International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 5). Oxford: Blackwell.
149. Veenstra, H. J. 1965. Geology of the Dogger Bank area, North Sea. Marine Geology 3, 245-62.
150. Veenstra, H.J. 1969. Gravels of the southern North Sea. Marine Geology 7, 443-64.
151. Verhart, L. B. M. 1995. Fishing for the Mesolithic. The North Sea: a submerged Mesolithic landscape, pp. 291-302 in Fischer, A. (ed.), Man and the Sea in the Mesolithic. Oxford: Oxbow.
152. Verhart, L. 2004. The implication of prehistoric finds on and off the Dutch coast, pp. 57-64 in Flemming, N. (ed.), SubmarinePrehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea (CBA Research Report 141). York: Council for British Archaeology.
153. von Haugwitz, W. and Wong, H. K. 1988. The Dogger Bank: seismic stratigraphy and Holocene sedimentation, pp. 381-407 in Kempe, S., Liebezeit, G., Dethlefsen, V. and Harms, U. (eds.), Biogeochemistry and Distribution of Suspended Matter in the North Sea and Implications to Fisheries Biology (SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband: Mitt. Geol.-Paläontolog. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, 65). Hamburg: Universität Hamburg.
154. Waddington, C. and Passmore, D. 2006. Planning for theFuture. Guidance for Managing the Archaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Resource in the Till-Tweed Valleys, Northumberland. Newcastle/London: UK Archaeological Research Services Ltd/English Heritage.
155. Ward, I., Larcombe, P. and Lillie, M. 2006. The Dating of Doggerland - Post-glacial geochronology of the southern North Sea. Environmental Archaeology 11(2), 207-18.
156. Wenban-Smith, F. 2002. Marine Aggregate Dredging and the Historic
157. Wessex Archaeology. 2003. Artefacts from the Sea. [online] http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/projects/marine/alsf/artefacts-sea/artefacts- sea.html [accessed 27 November 2006].
158. Wessex Archaeology. 2004. Seabed prehistory: gauging the effect of marine aggregate dredging (ALSF Report No. 53146.02). Unpublished report prepared for English Heritage.
159. Westley, K., Dix, J. K. and Quinn, R., 2004. A re-assessment of the archaeological potential of continental shelves, aggregates levy sustainability fund project 3362. Unpublished report prepared for English Heritage. 236 pp.
160. Wilkes, E. 2003. Early History of the English Channel. [online] http://apollo5.bournemouth.ac.uk/ehec/index.htm[accessed27November2006].
161. Wilkinson, T. J. and Murphy, P. L. 1995. The Archaeology of the Essex Coast. Volume 1: the Hullbridge Survey (East Anglian Archaeological Report 71). Chelmsford: Essex County Council.
162. Woolfe, K. J., Larcombe, P., Naish, T. R. and Purdon, R. G. 1998. Lowstand rivers need not incise the shelf: An example from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, with implications for sequence stratigraphic models. Geology 26, 75-78.
163. Wymer, J. J. 1985. Palaeolithic Sites of East Anglia. Norwich: Geo.
164. Zagwijn, W. H. 1979. Early and Middle Pleistocene coastlines in the southern North Sea basin, pp. 31-42 in Oele, E., Schü ttenhelm, R. T. E. and Wiggers, A. J. (eds.),The Quaternary History of the North Sea. Upsala: University of Upsala.
165. Zuo, Z., Eisma, D. and Berger, G. W. 1989. Recent sediment deposition rates in the Oyster Ground, North Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 23(3), 263-69.
166. Zuther, M., Brockamp, O. and Clauer, N. 2000. Composition and origin of clay minerals in Holocene sediment from south-eastern North Sea. Sedimentology 47, 119-34.