Xenoestrogens may be the cause of high and increasing rates of hormone receptor positive breast cancer in the world

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 72, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 652-656

  Dey, Subhojit ^a   Soliman, Amr S ^a   Merajver, Sofia D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN DERIVATIVE; HORMONE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XENOESTROGEN DERIVATIVE;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; ASIA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; URBAN AREA;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; ESTRADIOL CONGENERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN;

EID: 62949084488     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.025     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Parkin D.M., Pisani P., and Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer 80 (1999) 827-841
2. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB, editors. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol. VIII. IARC Science Publication No. 155: Lyon; 2002.
3. Parkin D.M. The global burden of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 8 (1998) 219-235
4. Spear S.L., Willey S.C., Robb G.L., Hammond D.C., and Nahabedian M.Y. Incidence, trends and the epidemiology of breast cancer. Surgery of the breast: Principles and art. 2nd ed. (2006), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 3-26
5. Brody J.G., Rudel R., Maxwell N.I., and Swedis S.R. Mapping out a search for environmental causes of breast cancer. Public Health Rep 111 6 (1996) 494-507
6. Li C.I., Malone K.E., and Daling J.R. Differences in breast cancer hormone receptor status and histology by race and ethnicity among women 50 years of age and older. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev 11 7 (2002) 601-607
7. Chlebowski R.T., Chen Z., Anderson G.L., Rohan T., Aragaki A., Lane D., et al. Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (2005) 439-448
8. Desai S.B., Moonim M.T., Gill A.K., Punia R.S., Naresh K.N., and Chinoy R.F. Hormone receptor status of breast cancer in India: a study of 798 tumors. Breast 9 (2000) 267-270
9. Adami H., Signorello L.B., and Trichopoulos D. Towards an understanding of breast cancer etiology. Semin Cancer Biol 8 (1998) 255-262
10. Li C.I., Daling J.R., and Malone K.E. Incidence of breast cancer by hormone receptor status from 1992 to 1998. J Clin Oncol 21 1 (2003) 28-34
11. Andry G., Suciu S., Pratola D., Sylvester R., Ledlercq G., da Costa P.M., et al. Relation between estrogen receptor concentration and clinical and histological factors: their relative prognostic importance after radical mastectomy for primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25 2 (1989) 319-329
12. Chen W.Y., and Colditz G.A. Risk factors and hormone receptor status: epidemiology, riks-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 4 (2007) 416-423
13. Huang W., Newman B., Millikan R.C., Schell M.J., Hulka B.S., and Moorman P.G. Hormone-related factors and risk of breast cancer in relation to estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status. Am J Epidemiol 151 7 (2000) 703-714
14. Althuis M.D., Fergenbaum J.H., Garcia-Closas M., Brinton L.A., Madigan M.P., et al. Etiology of hormone receptor defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev 13 10 (2004) 1558-1568
15. Manjer J., Malina J., Berglund G., Bondeson L., Garne J.P., et al. Smoking associated with hormone receptor negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer 91 (2001) 580-584
16. Ciocca D.R., Gago F.E., Fanelli M.A., and Calderwood S.K. Co-expression of steroid receptors (estrogen receptor-alpha and/or progesterone receptors) and Her-2/neu: clinical implications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 102 (2006) 32-40
17. Campagnoli C., Clavel-Chapelon F., Kaaka R., Peris C., and Berrino F. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 96 (2005) 95-108
18. Report on carcinogens. Substance profiles: estrogens, steroidal. 11th ed. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program; 2005.
19. Madigan M.P., Zeigler R.G., Benichou J., Byrne C., and Hoover R.N. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (1995) 1681-1685
20. Rockhill B., Weinberg C.R., and Newman B. Population attributable fraction estimation for estimation for established breast cancer risk factors: considering the issues of high prevalence and unmodifiability. Am J Epidemiol 147 (1998) 826-833
21. Evans N. State of evidence. What is the connection between environment and breast cancer? Breast cancer fund. 4th ed. 2006.
22. Soto A., Justicia H., Wray J.W., and Sonnenschein C. p-Nonyl-phenol: an estrogenic xenobiotic released from "modified" polystyrene. Environ Health Persp 92 (1991) 167-173
23. Soto A.M., Chung K.L., and Sonnenschein C. The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ Health Persp 102 (1994) 380-383
24. Zava D.T., Blen M., and Duwe G. Estrogenic activity of natural and synthetic estrogens in human breast cancer cells in culture. Environ Health Persp 105 Suppl. 3 (1995) S637-S645
25. Dees C., Askari M., Foster J.S., Ahamed S., and Wimalasena J. DDT mimics estradiol stimulation of breast cancer cells to enter the cell cycle. Mol Carcinog 18 2 (1997) 107-114
26. Steinmetz R., Young P.C., Caperell-Grant A., Gize E.A., Madhukar B.V., Ben-Jonathan N., et al. Novel estrogenic action of the pesticide residue betahexachlorocyclohexane in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 56 23 (1996) 5403-5409
27. An extensive listing of these studies can be found on: http://www.ourstolenfuture.org [accessed 15.10.08].
28. Charlier C.J., Albert A.I., Zhang L., Dubois N.G., and Plomteux G.J. Polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in women with breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta (2004) 177-181
29. Aronson K.J., Miller A.B., Woolcott C.G., Sterns E.E., McCready D.R., Lickley L.A., et al. Breast adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev 9 (2000) 55-63
30. Muscat J.E., Britton J.A., Djordjevic M.V., Citron M.L., Kemeny M., Busch-Devereaus E., et al. Adipose concentrations of organochlorine compounds and breast cancer recurrence in Long Island, New York. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev 12 (2003) 1474-1478
31. Adami H., Lipworth L., Titus-Ernstoff L., Hsieh C., Hanberg A., Alhborg U., et al. Organochlorine compounds and estrogen-related cancers in women. Cancer Causes Cont 6 (1995) 551-556
32. Brody J.G., Moysich K.B., Humblet O., Attfeild K.R., Beehler G.P., and Rudel R.A. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer. Cancer 109 Suppl. 12 (2007) 2667-2711
33. JmJ Ibarluzea., Fernandez M.F., Santa-Marina L., Olea-Serrano M.F., Rivas A.M., Aurrekoetxea J.J., et al. Breast cancer risk and the combined effect of environmental estrogens. Cancer Causes Cont 16 (2004) 591-600
34. Zhang Y., Wise J.P., Holford T.R., Xie H., Boyle P., Hoar Z., et al. Serum polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P-450 1A1 polymorphisms, and risk of breast cancer in Connecticut women. Am J Epidemiol 160 (2004) 117-183
35. Coyle Y.M. The effect of environment on breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 84 (2004) 273-288
36. Wolff M.S., Britton J.A., Teitelbaum S.L., et al. Improving organochlorine biomarker models for cancer research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev 14 (2005) 2224-2236
37. Wolff M.S., Deych E., Ojo F., and Berkowitz G.S. Predictors of organochlorines in New York City pregnant women, 1998-2001. Environ Res 97 (2005) 170-177
38. RI W. Pesticides and the immune system: the public health risks (1996), World Resources Institute, Washington, DC
39. http://reusablebags.com/facts.php [accessed 15.10.08.
40. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1499 [accessed 15.10.08.
41. Moses M. Designer poisons: how to protect your health and home from toxic pesticides (1995), Pesticide Education Center, San Francisco
42. Byford J.R., Shaw L.E., Drew M.G.B., Pope G.S., Sauer M.J., and Darbre P.D. Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 80 (2002) 49-60
43. Dabre P.D., Byford J.R., Shaw L.E., Hall S., Coldham N.G., Pope G.S., et al. Estrogenic activity of benzylparaben. J Appl Toxicol 23 (2003) 43-51
44. Rivas A., Lacroix M., Olea-Serrano F., Laios I., Leclerq G., and Olea N. Estrogenic effect of a series of bisphenol analogues on gene and protein expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 82 (2002) 45-53
45. Watson C.S., Bulayeva N.N., Wozniak A.L., and Finnerty C.C. Signaling from the membrane via membrane estrogen receptor-alpha: estrogens, xenoestrogens, and phytoestrogens. Steroids 70 (2005) 364-371
46. 2+ fluxes and prolactin release in GH3/B6 pituitary tumor cells. Environ Health Persp 113 (2005) 431-439
47. Recchia A.G., Vivacqua A., Gabriele S., Carpino A., Fasanella G., Rago V., et al. Xenoestrogens and the induction of proliferative effects in breast cancer cells via direct activation of oestrogen receptor-α. Food Addit Contam 21 2 (2004) 134-144
48. Hess-Wilson J.K., Boldison J., Weaver K.E., and Knudsen K.E. Xenoestrogen action in breast cancer: impact on ER-dependent transcription and mitogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 96 (2006) 279-292
49. Robison A.K., Sirbasku D.A., and Stancel G.M. DDT supports the growth of an estrogen-responsive tumor. Toxicol Lett 27 (1985) 109-113
50. Dewailly E., Dodin S., Verreault R., Ayotte P., Sauve L., Morin J., et al. High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86 (1994) 232-234
51. Woolcott C.G., Aronson K.J., Hanna W.M., Sengupta S.K., McCready D.R., Sterns E.E., et al. Organochlorines and breast cancer risk by receptor status, tumor size, and grade (Canada). Cancer Causes Cont 12 (2001) 395-404
52. Gadducci A., Biglia N., Sismondi P., and Genazzani A.R. Breast cancer and sex steroids: critical review of epidemiological, experimental and clinical investigations on etiopathogenesis, chemoprevention and endocrine treatment of breast cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 20 (2005) 343-360
53. Yasui Y., and Potter J.D. The shape of age-incidence curves of female breast cancer by hormone receptor status. Cancer Causes Cont 10 (1999) 431-437
54. Anderson W.F., Chu K.C., Chatterjee N., Brawley O., and Brinton L.A. Tumor variants by hormone receptor expression in white patients with node-negative breast cancer from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 18-27
55. Parkin D.M., and Fernandez L.M.G. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 12 Suppl. 1 (2006) S70-S80
56. Sell S. Stem cell origin of cancer and differentiation therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 51 1 (2004) 1-28
57. Potten C.S., and Loeffler M. Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainities. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 110 4 (1990) 1001-1020
58. Strange R., Metcalfe T., Thackray L., and Dang M. Apoptosis in normal and neoplastic mammary gland development. Microsc Res Tech 52 2 (2001) 171-181
59. Smalley M., and Ashworth A. Stem cells and breast cancer: a field in transit. Nat Rev Cancer 3 (2003) 832-844
60. Reya T., Morrison S.J., Clarke M.F., and Weissman I.L. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414 6859 (2001) 105-111
61. Marx J. Cancer research. Mutant stem cells may seed cancer. Science 301 5638 (2003) 1308-1310
62. Lapidot T., Sirard C., Vormoor J., Murdoch B., Hoang T., Caceres-Cortes J., et al. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367 6464 (1994) 645-648
63. Singh S.K., Clarke I.D., Terasaki M., Bonne V.E., Hawkins C., Squire J., et al. Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain. Cancer Res 63 18 (2003) 5821-5828
64. Al-Hajj M., Wicha M.S., Benito-Hernandez A., Morrison S.J., and Clarke M.F. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003) 3983-3988
65. Bartow S.A. Use of the autopsy to study ontogeny and expression of the estrogen receptor gene in human breast. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 3 (1998) 37-48
66. Keeling J.W., Ozere E., King G., and Walker F. Oestrogen receptor-alpha in female fetal, infant and child mammary tissue. J Pathol 191 (2000) 449-451
67. Dontu G., El-Ashry D., and Wicha M.S. Breast cancer, stem/progenitor cells and the estrogen receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 15 5 (2004) 193-197